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İBNÜ’l-HAMMÂR Skip to content Ebü’l-Hayr el-Hasen b. Süvâr b. Bâbâ b. Behrâm (Behnâm) (ö. 410/1019 [?])
Süryânî hekimi, filozof, ilâhiyatçı ve mütercim.
Bağdat’ta doğdu ve oradaki Aristocu mantık okulunun önde gelenlerinden Yahyâ b. Adî’nin öğrencisi oldu. Tıp tahsilini kimden yaptığı bilinmemektedir. Ancak ismi, 372 (982) yılında Bağdat’ta kurulan Bîmâristân-ı Adudî’de görevli cerrahlar arasında yer almaktadır (EIr. , I, 330). Büyük dedesi Behrâm’ın adı bazı kaynaklarda Farsça Behnâm (iyilikle anılan) olarak da geçmekte, bu durum onun Ebü’l-Hayr künyesine uygun düşmektedir; ancak daha eski tarihli kaynaklar (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 323; İbnü’l-Kıftî, s. 164) ismi Behrâm şeklinde zikretmektedir. Künyesiyle ilgili olarak da kaynaklarda bazı farklı bilgiler mevcuttur. Şehrezûrî ve Beyhakī, onun künyesinin kendisine bağışlanmış bir arazi parçasıyla ilgili bulunduğunu, Humâr (Humârû) adı verilen bu arazi sebebiyle İbnü’l-Humâr diye anıldığını kaydetmektedir. Beyhakī, araziyi bağışlayan şahısla ilgili olarak Şehrezûrî’nin yalnızca “Sultan” diye andığı kişinin Gazneli Mahmud olduğunu da ilâve etmektedir (Târîḫu’l-ḥükemâʾ , s. 298; krş. Târîḫu ḥükemâʾi’l-İslâm , s. 38).
İbnü’n-Nedîm ve İbn Ebû Usaybia gibi klasik kaynaklar, İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın doğum tarihini Rebîülevvel 331 (Kasım 942) olarak belirtirken mevcut başka veriler bu tarihin daha önce olabileceği kanaatine sevketmektedir. Meselâ 326 (938) yılında doğduğu bilinen Sâhib b. Abbâd’ın 348’de (959) Bağdat’a geldiğinde birçok ünlü isim yanında İbnü’l-Hammâr’la da görüştüğü kaydedilmektedir. İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın henüz on yedi yaşında iken Ebû Saîd es-Sîrâfî, Ebû Süleyman es-Sicistânî gibi o zaman yaşı epeyce ilerlemiş ilmî otoriteler arasında isim yapmış olduğu yolundaki bilgiler mâkul değildir. Ayrıca İbn Ebû Usaybia, hem onun 331 yılında doğduğunu yazmakta hem de 330’larda (941) sağ olduğunu belirten bir rivayeti aktararak çelişkiye düşmektedir. Yine İbn Ebû Usaybia, İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’nin vefatıyla ilgili 290 (903) veya 300 (913) küsur tarihini verdiğini nakletmekte ve bu tarihin İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın dönemine yakın olduğunu söylemektedir (ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 420). Bu tesbit, onun 300 (913) yılı civarında doğmuş olabileceği ihtimaline yol açmaktadır. İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın, 408’de (1017) Hârizm ülkesini ele geçiren Sultan Mahmud tarafından Gazne’ye götürüldüğünde (aş.bk.) 100 yaşını aşmış olduğu şeklindeki rivayet (Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî, s. 297; krş. Beyhakī, Târîḫu ḥükemâʾi’l-İslâm , s. 36) dikkate alınacak olursa doğum tarihinin 300 dolaylarında olması gerekir (Sahbân Halîfât, I, 83-85).
İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın 386’ya (996) kadar Bağdat’ta yaşadığı, bir yandan Bîmâristân-ı Adudî’de cerrah olarak çalışırken öte yandan felsefeyle ilgilendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim 375-380 (985-990) yılları arasında müslüman hekim ve filozof Ebü’l-Ferec İbn Hindû’yu yetiştirmişti. İbn Hindû Miftâḥu’ṭ-ṭıb adlı eserinde hocasına sık sık atıfta bulunmakta ve ona olan saygısını belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 85-86). İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın diğer bir öğrencisi de hıristiyan hekim Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’t-Tayyib’dir. Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, İbn Miskeveyh’in de İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın öğrencisi olduğunu kaydetmektedir (el-İmtâʿ ve’l-muʾânese , I, 35).
İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın, 392 (1002) yılında dönemin Büveyhî veziri Ebû Sa‘d Muhammed b. İsmâil Hemedânî ile Rey’de görüştüğü ve ona bir eserini ithaf ettiği yolunda bazı tesbitler mevcuttur (Beyhakī, Târîḫu ḥükemâʾi’l-İslâm , s. 36; Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî, s. 298; ayrıca bk. EIr. , I, 331; DMBİ , III, 463-464). Hayatının dönüm noktalarından biri, onun Hârizmşah Ebü’l-Abbas Me’mûn b. Muhammed’in himayesine girmesidir. 386’da (996) vefat eden sultanın yerine tahta İbn Sînâ ile ilişkisi bilinen oğlu Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Me’mûn geçmiş, bu sultanın ölümü üzerine de kardeşi Ebü’l-Abbas Me’mûn b. Me’mûn iktidara gelmiştir. Bu süre zarfında Hârizm ülkesinde bulunan İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın, Ebül-Abbas’a Maḳāle fî imtiḥâni’l-eṭıbbâʾ adlı eserini ithaf ettiği kaydedilmektedir (İbn Ebû Usaybia, s. 429). Hârizmşah Me’mûn’un 407 (1017) yılında öldürülmesinden dört ay sonra Hârizm’in fiilen Gazneli Mahmud’un eline geçmesi üzerine İbnü’l-Hammâr, Ebû Nasr İbnü’l-Irâk, Bîrûnî ve diğerleriyle birlikte Gazne’ye götürülmüş, İbn Sînâ ise bir yolunu bulup Hârizm’i terketmiştir. Gazneli Mahmud İbnü’l-Hammâr’a müslüman olmasını teklif etmiş, fakat bu teklifi reddedilmiştir. Ancak daha sonra gördüğü bir rüya üzerine İslâm dinini kabul ettiği, Kur’an’ı ezberleyip fıkıh öğrendiği kaydedilmektedir. O sıralarda 100 yaşını aşmış bulunan İbnü’l-Hammâr, Gazneli Mahmud’un bir davetine giderken attan düşmüş ve ölmüştür (Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî, s. 297; Beyhakī, Târîḫu ḥükemâʾi’l-İslâm , s. 36-37). Kaynaklar ölüm tarihi hakkında bilgi vermezse de 300 (913) dolaylarında doğduğu ve 100 yıldan fazla yaşadığı kabul edilirse 410’da (1019) veya birkaç yıl sonrasında öldüğü söylenebilir.
Felsefede hocası Yahyâ b. Adî’nin Yeni Eflâtuncu-Aristocu çizgisini takip eden İbnü’l-Hammâr, bazı felsefî eserlerinde dinle felsefe arasında tam bir uzlaşma olduğu konusunu işlemiş, eski filozofların Tanrı anlayışı ile semavî dinleri karşılaştırmış, Hıristiyanlık’taki teslîs inancını monoteist açıdan değerlendirmiştir. Klasik yazarların bir kısmı onu daha çok bir mantıkçı olarak takdim eder (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 323; İbnü’l-Kıftî, s. 164). Tabiat felsefesiyle de meşgul olan İbnü’l-Hammâr, meteorolojik olaylar ve gök kuşağı üzerine yazdığı incelemenin yanı sıra Ebû Süleyman es-Sicistânî ile tabii unsurların formlarına dair yaptığı tartışmalar da (İbn Ebû Usaybia, s. 429) onun bu alanda da iyi yetiştiğini göstermektedir. Tevhîdî’nin İbnü’l-Hammâr’ı övdüğü kadar yermesinin sebebi onunla hocası Sicistânî arasında geçen benzeri tartışmalar olmalıdır (el-İmtâʿ ve’l-muʾânese , I, 33-34; II, 38, 83; III, 106).
İbnü’l-Hammâr, felsefî kanıtlama yönteminin devrinin müslüman kelâmcıları tarafından geliştirilen delillerden daha sağlam olduğu kanaatindedir. Nitekim İskenderiyeli Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin (Abdurrahman Bedevî, giriş, s. 34-35) âlemin kıdemi fikrine karşı geliştirdiği deliller, sonraları başta Gazzâlî olmak üzere çeşitli müslüman düşünürleri etkilemiştir. İbnü’l-Hammâr, âlemin kıdemi fikrine taraftar olmamakla birlikte kelâmcıların, “Cisimler araz planındaki değişmelerden ne bağımsız kalabilir ne de onlardan önce var olabilir; bu değişmeler sonradan meydana geldiğine göre cisim de sonradan var olmuş demektir” şeklindeki delillerini arazları esas aldığı için kabule değer bulmaz. Buna karşılık Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin geliştirdiği, “Her cisim, üç boyutlu olduğu ve sınırlı bir potansiyele sahip bulunduğu için sonludur; şu halde cismanî âlem de mekân ve zaman bakımından sonludur” şeklindeki delilini daha mâkul görür. Çünkü ilkinin aksine bu delil nesnede esasen değişen şeyi değil nesnenin kendisini esas almıştır (Maḳāle , s. 243-247).
Klasik kaynaklar İbnü’l-Hammâr’ı iyi bir hekim olarak tanıtır; öğrencisi İbn Hindû da onun tıptaki otoritesine Miftâḥu’ṭ-ṭıb adlı eserinde her fırsatta işaret eder. İbn Hindû’nun atıflarına göre İbnü’l-Hammâr, Câlînûs’un telakkisine paralel şekilde hekimlikle filozofluk arasında ilgi kurarak filozofu tabip yapmanın tabibi filozof yapmaktan daha uygun olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Buna göre İbnü’l-Hammâr, temel felsefe bilgisini edindikten sonra herhangi bir bilimde uzmanlaşmayı aksi bir yol izlemekten daha güvenilir bulmaktadır (Sahbân Halîfât, II, 522-523, 627). Filozofluğu ve tabipliği şahsında birleştirmiş olan çağdaşı İbn Sînâ, İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın ilmî otoritesinin farkındaydı ve onunla karşılaşıp fikir alışverişinde bulunmayı istemişti (Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî, s. 297; ayrıca bk. Beyhakī, Târîḫu’l-ḥükemâʾi’l-İslâm , s. 36). Onun mineraloji ve farmakolojiye dair çalışmaları da bu alanlara ilgi duyan Bîrûnî’ye kaynaklık etmiştir.
Eserleri. 1. Maḳāle fî enne delîle Yaḥyâ en-Naḥvî ʿalâ ḥades̱i’l-ʿâlem evlâ bi’l-ḳabûl min delîli’l-mütekellimîn aṣlen . Abdurrahman Bedevî tarafından yayımlanan eseri (bk. bibl.) daha önce Bernhard Lewin tahlil etmiştir (bk. bibl.).
2. Maḳūlât . Şerhini Halîl el-Cur (Georr) neşretmiştir (Les catégories d’Aristote dans leurs versions syro-arabes , Beyrut 1948, s. 362 vd.).
Müellifin günümüze ulaşan diğer eserleri şunlardır: Kitâbü’t-Tevfîḳ beyne ârâʾi’l-felâsife ve’n-naṣârâ , Maḳāle fi’t-tevḥîd ve’t-tes̱lîs̱ , Maḳāle fi’ṣ-ṣadîḳ ve’ṣ-ṣadâḳa , Maḳāle fi’s-saʿâde , Maḳāle fi’l-aḫlâḳ (nüshaları için bk. Sbath, I, 42), el-Âs̱âr elletî taẓharu fi’l-cevvi ve ʿilelühâ mine’l-hâle ve ḳavs ḳuzaḥ ve ems̱âli ẕâlik (Muhammed Takī Dânişpejûh, s. 683), Maḳāle fî ṣıfati’r-recüli’l-feylesûf (Râgıb Paşa Ktp., nr. 1463; Ritter, Isl. , XVIII [1929], II, 46).
İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın klasik kaynaklarda atıfta bulunulan eserleri de şöylece sıralanabilir: 1. Kitâbü İmtiḥâni’l-eṭıbbâʾ . Ali b. Zeyd el-Beyhakī Tetimmetü Ṣıvâni’l-ḥikme adlı eserinde bu kitaptan alıntı yapmıştır (Lahor 1935, s. 12-14). 2. Kitâbü Aṭyûs el-Âmidî . Aetius’un mineraloji kitabının Arapça tercümesi olup Bîrûnî bu esere atıfta bulunmaktadır (Kitâbü’l-Cemâhir fî maʿrifeti’l-cevâhir , Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 100). 3. Kitâbü’l-Aġẕiye . Bîrûnî, Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣaydele adlı eserinde bu kitaba sık sık başvurmuştur (Sezgin, III, 323). 4. Ḥavâşî Bavlus . Aeginalı Paul’ün eczacılığa dair eserine düşülmüş notlar olup Bîrûnî Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣaydene ’de, İbn Hindû Miftâḥu’ṭ-ṭıb ’da bu kitaba müracaat etmiştir (Sahbân Halîfât, s. 86; diğer eserleri için bk. İbn Ebû Usaybia, II, 429).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Hammâr, Maḳāle fî enne delîle Yaḥyâ en-Naḥvî ʿalâ ḥades̱i’l-ʿâlem evlâ bi’l-ḳabûl min delîli’l-mütekellimîn aṣlen (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî, el-Eflâṭûniyyetü’l-muḥdes̱e ʿinde’l-ʿArab içinde), Küveyt 1977, s. 243-247.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 323.
Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, el-İmtâʿ ve’l-muʾânese (nşr. Ahmed Emîn – Ahmed ez-Zeyn), Beyrut 1373/1953, I, 32-35; II, 38, 83; III, 106.
a.mlf., el-Muḳābesât (nşr. Muhammed Tevfîk Hüseyin), Bağdad 1989, s. 98-99.
Bîrûnî, Kitâbü’l-Cemâhir fî maʿrifeti’l-cevâhir , Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 100.
Beyhakī, Tetimme , s. 12-14.
a.mlf., Târîḫu ḥükemâʾi’l-İslâm (nşr. Memdûh Hasan Muhammed), Kahire 1417/1996, s. 36-38.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ (Lippert) , s. 164, 301, 313.
İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 420, 428-429.
Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî, Târîḫu’l-ḥükemâʾ (nşr. Abdülkerîm Ebû Şüveyrib), Trablus 1988, s. 296-298.
M. Meyerhof, Von Alexandrien nach Bagdad , Berlin 1930, s. 229, 255.
P. Sbath, el-Fihris , Kahire 1938-40, I, 42.
Sahbân Halîfât, İbn Hindû: Sîretüh, ârâʾühü’l-felsefiyye, müʾellefâtüh , Amman 1966, I-II, tür.yer.
M. Takī Dânişpejûh, Fihrist-i Mikrofilmhâ-yi Kitâbḫâne-i Merkezî-i Dânişgâh-i Tehrân , Tahran 1348 hş., s. 683.
Sezgin, GAS , III, 322-323.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, el-Eflâṭûniyyetü’l-muḥdes̱e ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Küveyt 1977, giriş, s. 34-35.
H. Ritter, “Philologika III”, Isl. , XVIII (1929), s. 46.
B. Lewin, “La notion de muhdath dans le kalām et dans la philosophie: Une petit traité inédit du philosophe chrétien Ibn Suwār”, Orientalia Suecana , III, Uppsala 1954, s. 84-93.
W. Madelung, “Abu’l-Layr b. al-Lammār”, EIr. , I, 330-331.
Seyyid Ca‘fer Seccâdî, “İbn Ḫammâr”, DMBİ , III, 463-465.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 65-66 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.