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İBNÜ’l-MİBRED Skip to content Ebü’l-Mehâsin Cemâlüddîn Yûsuf b. Hasen b. Ahmed el-Makdisî (ö. 909/1503)
Hanbelî fakihi ve muhaddis.
1 Muharrem 840 (16 Temmuz 1436) tarihinde Dımaşk’ta dünyaya geldi. Doğum yılı bazı kaynaklarda 841 olarak da geçer. Birçok âlim yetiştiren ve V. (XI.) yüzyıldan itibaren Hanbelî mezhebinin gelişimine önemli katkılarda bulunan Benî Kudâme ailesine mensuptur. Babası, dedesi ve kardeşi Ahmed de tanınmış birer âlimdi. Kardeşi için Taʿrîfü’l-ġādî bi-baʿżı feżâʾili Aḥmed b. ʿAbdilhâdî adında bir risâle yazdığı kaydedilir (Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 561). Büyük dedelerinden Abdülhâdî’ye nisbetle İbn Abdülhâdî olarak da anılmakla birlikte daha çok dedesi Ahmed’in lakabı olan Mibred’den dolayı İbnü’l-Mibred (İbnü’l-Mebred) diye meşhur olmuştur. İbnü’l-Mibred ilk eğitimini babası ve dedesinden aldı. Daha sonra Dımaşk’ta Kur’an, tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, tasavvuf, nahiv, tıp ve tarih gibi ilimleri okudu ve özellikle hadis konusunda temayüz etti. Hocaları arasında Zeynüddin el-Habbâl, İbnü’l-Bâlisî, Takıyyüddin el-Cerrâî, Takıyyüddin İbn Kundüs, Alâeddin el-Merdâvî, Burhâneddin İbn Müflih gibi dönemin meşhur âlimleri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Takıyyüddin eş-Şümünnî, Ebû Abdullah İbn Fehd, Kāsım b. Kutluboğa gibi âlimlerden icâzet aldı. Dımaşk dışında sadece Ba‘lebek’e giden İbnü’l-Mibred 908 (1503) yılında da hac farîzasını ifa etti.
İbnü’l-Mibred, öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra el-Medresetü’l-Ömeriyye başta olmak üzere Dımaşk’ta çeşitli medrese ve mescidlerde ders verdi, bir ara kadı nâibliğine getirildi. En tanınmış öğrencisi, kendisi hakkında el-Hâdî ilâ tercümeti Yûsuf b. ʿAbdilhâdî adıyla bir eser yazan tarihçi Şemseddin İbn Tolun’dur. Ayrıca Necmeddin b. Hasan el-Mâtânî, Ahmed b. Muhammed eş-Şüveykî, Ahmed b. Osman el-Havrânî, Müflih b. Müflih el-Merdâvî, Mûsâ b. İmrân el-Cemmâîlî, Ahmed b. Yahyâ b. Utve en-Necdî, Fazl b. Îsâ en-Necdî gibi âlimler de ondan okumuş veya icâzet almıştır. İbnü’l-Mibred 16 Muharrem 909’da (11 Temmuz 1503) Dımaşk’ta vefat etti ve Kāsiyûn tepesindeki mezarlığa gömüldü. Bağdatlı İsmâil Paşa 880’de (1475) öldüğünü söylemekteyse de (Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 560) bu bir zühul eseri olmalıdır.
İlmi ve eserleriyle kendi çağdaşları arasında seçkin bir mevkiye sahip olan İbnü’l-Mibred, usul ve fürûda Hanbelî mezhebinin görüşlerine sıkı sıkıya bağlı idi. Bu mezhebin akaid konularında özellikle Eş‘arîler’e karşı olan geleneksel tavrını sürdürmüş, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’nin görüşleri hakkında Keşfü’l-ġıṭâʾ ʿan maḥżı’l-ḫaṭâʾ (Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye, nr. 1132/1), İbn Asâkir’in Eş‘arî mezhebini metheden Tebyînü keẕibi’l-müfterî adlı eserine karşı da Cemʿu’l-cüyûş ve’d-desâkir ʿalâ İbn ʿAsâkir (Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye, nr. 1132/2) adıyla birer reddiye kaleme almıştır. Öte yandan İbnü’l-Mibred tasavvufa karşı daha mutedil davranmış, hatta bizzat tarikata girerek el-Vuḳūf ʿalâ lübsi’ṣ-ṣûf ve Ṣıdḳu’t-teşevvüf ilâ ʿilmi’t-taṣavvuf adında iki eser kaleme almıştır. Tehẕîbü’n-nefs adlı eserinde ise ilim tâliplerini meşâyihten okumaya ve tasavvuf hırkası giymeye teşvik ederek Selefiyye’den bir grup ulemânın da sâlih insanların elinden hırka giymeyi arzu ettiğini söyler (el-Ḳavâʿidü’l-külliyye , s. 28-29). Ayrıca Muġnî ẕevi’l-efhâm adlı fıkıh kitabında tasavvufî konularla ilgili bir başlık açarak burada bazı tasavvufî esasları özetlemiş, tasavvufun derecelerini sekiz ana kısma ve her dereceyi de kendi arasında çeşitli menzillere ayırmıştır (s. 71-74). Eserinde böyle bir bölüme yer vermiş olması Hanbelî fıkıh kitaplarının sistematiği açısından dikkate değer bir farklılıktır.
Eserleri. Daha on yedi yaşında iken başta hadis olmak üzere fıkıh, kelâm, cedel, tarih, siyer, biyografi, vaz‘, tasavvuf, edebiyat ve tıp konularında eser vermeye başlayan İbnü’l-Mibred, büyük bir kısmı Şam’daki Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de bulunan irili ufaklı 400’ü aşkın risâle ve kitap kaleme almıştır. İbnü’l-Mibred, kitaplarının sayısı ve çeşitliliği bakımından Celâleddin es-Süyûtî’ye (ö. 911/1505) benzemektedir. Ancak Süyûtî’nin eserleri daha çok meşhur olmuş, onun kitapları ise itinasız bir şekilde yazıldığından güç okunmaları sebebiyle daha az yayılmıştır. Öte yandan İbnü’l-Mibred’in, çok eser yazmasından dolayı bazı konularda fazla derinleşemediği ve özellikle hadis ricâliyle ilgili çeşitli hatalar yaptığı ileri sürülmüştür (Baḥrü’d-dem , neşredenin girişi, s. 20). Neşredilen eserlerinden bazıları şunlardır:
1. Mesʾele fi’t-tevḥîd ve fażli lâ ilâhe illallāh (Kitâbü’t-Temhîd fi’l-kelâm ʿale’t-tevḥîd ) (nşr. Abdülhâdî Muhammed Mansûr – Abdülkādir el-Arnaût, Beyrut 1416/1995). Kelime-i tevhidin önemi çeşitli âyet ve hadislerle anlatılmaya çalışılır. Eserin sonunda “Mietâ fazîletin li-kelimeti ‘lâ ilâhe illallāh’” adlı bir cüz bulunmaktadır.
2. eş-Şeceretü’n-nebeviyye fî nesebi ḫayri’l-beriyye (Kahire 1289; İstanbul 1303; Bulak 1285; nşr. Muhyiddin Dîb Mestû, Dımaşk-Beyrut 1414/1994; nşr. Ahmed Selâhaddin, Kahire 1997). Eserde Hz. Peygamber’in nesebi verildikten sonra aşere-i mübeşşere ile Resûl-i Ekrem’in hanımlarının soyu anlatılır. Ayrıca Hz. Peygamber’in çocukları, torunları, amcaları, halaları, dayı ve teyzeleri, müezzinleri, köle ve câriyeleriyle yakın mesai arkadaşlarının ve kullandığı çeşitli malzemelerin isimleri sayılır.
3. ed-Dürretü’l-muḍıyye ve’l-ʿarûsü’l-merżıyye ve’ş-şeceretü’n-nebeviyye ve’l-aḫlâḳu’l-Muḥammediyye (Bulak 1285; Bombay 1289).
4. el-ʿİḳdü’t-tâm fî-men zevvecehü’n-nebî ʿaleyhi’ṣ-ṣalâtü ve’s-selâm (nşr. Ebû İsmâil Hişâm b. İsmâil es-Sekkā, Riyad 1405/1985). Hz. Peygamber’in hanımlarından bahseden küçük bir risâledir.
5. Kitâbü Baḥri’d-dem fî men tekelleme fîhi el-İmâm Aḥmed bi-medḥ ev ẕem (nşr. Ebû Üsâme Vasıyyullah b. Muhammed b. Abbas, Riyad 1409/1989; nşr. Ravhiye Abdurrahman es-Süveyfî, Beyrut 1413/1992).
6. ed-Dürrü’n-naḳī fî şerḥi elfâẓi’l-Ḫıraḳī (nşr. Rıdvân Muhtâr b. Garbiyye, I-III, Cidde 1411/1991). Hanbelî mezhebinde yazılmış ilk temel metinlerden biri olan Hırakī’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ındaki garîb kelimelerle fıkıh terimlerinin açıklandığı bir eser olup tanımlar sırasında âyet ve hadisler yanında Arap şiirinden de deliller getirilmiştir. Usûl-i fıkıh, mantık ve dil terimlerine de yer verilen eser, fıkıh bablarına göre düzenlenmiş bir nevi fıkıh terimleri sözlüğüdür. İbnü’l-Mibred, es-Seġārü’l-bâsim li-taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i Muḫtaṣarı Ebi’l-Ḳāsım adlı eserinde ise Hırakī’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ında geçen hadisleri tahriç etmiştir.
7. el-Ḳavâʿidü’l-külliyye ve’ḍ-ḍavâbiṭü’l-fıḳhiyye (nşr. Câsim b. Süleyman el-Füheyd ed-Devserî, Beyrut 1415/1994). Fıkıh kitaplarının sistematiğine göre yazılmış olan eserde 100 kaideye yer verilmiş ve her konu kendi arasında çeşitli alt başlıklara ayrılmıştır.
8. Muġnî ẕevi’l-efhâm ʿani’l-kütübi’l-kes̱îre fi’l-aḥkâm ʿalâ meẕhebi’l-İmâmi’l-mübeccel Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel (nşr. Abdullah b. Ömer b. Düheyş, Cidde 1388/1968; nşr. Abdülazîz b. Muhammed b. İbrâhim Âlü’ş-Şeyh, Kahire 1391/1971; nşr. Ebû Muhammed Eşref b. Abdülmaksûd, Riyad 1416/1995). Hanbelî fıkhına dair muhtasar bir kitap olup diğer üç mezhebin görüşlerine de yer verilmiştir. Eserde önce akaid konularından bilinmesi gereken hususlar, Arapça’yla ilgili dil kuralları ve fıkıh usulü kaideleri, birtakım fıkhî terimler, tasavvuf ve dereceleri, imamdan rivayet yolları ve tercihe dair bazı kavramlar özet şekilde anlatılmış, daha sonra klasik fıkıh konuları kitab ve bab sistematiği içerisinde incelenmiştir. Bizzat müellif ve diğer bazı âlimler tarafından şerhedilen eseri ayrıca Abdülmuhsin b. Nâsır Âl-i Ubeykān Ġāyetü’l-merâm şerḥu Muġnî ẕevi’l-efhâm adıyla tahâret bahsine kadar şerhetmiştir (Riyad 1991).
9. Kitâbü’l-Ḥisbe (nşr. Habîb Zeyyât, el-Meşriḳ , XXXV/3 [Beyrut 1937], s. 384-390).
10. es-Siyerü’l-ḫâṣ ilâ ʿilmi’ṭ-ṭalâḳi’s̱-s̱elâs̱ (nşr. Abdullah b. Ömer b. Düheyş, Mekke 1398/1978).
11. S̱imârü’l-maḳāṣıd fî ẕikri’l-mesâcid (nşr. Muhammed Es‘ad Talas, Dımaşk 1941; Beyrut 1975).
12. Nücûmü’l-mesâ tekşîfü ʿan meʿâni’r-resâ li’ṣ-ṣâliḥâti mine’n-nisâʾ (nşr. Muhammed Hâlid el-Harsa, Dımaşk 1411/1990).
13. Târîḫu’ṣ-Ṣâliḥiyye . Dımaşk’ın Sâlihiyye mahallesiyle ilgili olan eseri İbn Kennân es-Sâlihî (ö. 1153/1740) bazı ilâvelerle birlikte el-Mürûcü’s-Sündüsiyye adıyla ihtisar etmiştir (nşr. Muhammed Ahmed Dehmân, Dımaşk 1346/1947). Şemseddin İbn Tolun, el-Ḳalâʾidü’l-cevheriyye fî târîḫi’ṣ-Ṣâliḥiyye adlı kitabında hocasının bu eserinden bazan isim vererek, bazan da isim vermeden geniş bir şekilde yararlanmıştır (bk. s. 138, 246-248, 257, 259, 260-261, 263, 266, 270, 295, 297, 299).
14. Ẕeylü İbn ʿAbdilhâdî ʿalâ Ṭabaḳāti İbn Receb (Riyad 1408/1988). İbn Receb’in, İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ’ya ait Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile ’ye yazdığı Kitâbü’ẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Ṭabaḳāti’l-Ḥanâbile ’nin zeylidir.
15. el-Cevherü’l-münaḍḍad fî ṭabaḳāti müteʾaḫḫirî aṣḥâbı Aḥmed (nşr. Abdurrahman b. Süleyman el-Useymîn, Kahire 1407/1987). Bu da yine İbn Receb’in eserine zeyil mahiyetindedir.
16. Muʿcemü’l-kütüb (nşr. Yüsrî Abdülganî el-Bişrî, Riyad 1409/1989). Eseri Abdullah b. Dâvûd ez-Zübeyrî el-Hanbelî tamamlamıştır.
17. İtḥâfü’n-nübelâʾ bi-aḫbâr ve eşʿâri’l-küremâʾ ve’l-buḫalâʾ (nşr. Yüsrî Abdülganî el-Büşrî, Kahire 1409/1989).
18. Nüzhetü’l-müsâmir fî aḫbâri Mecnûni Benî ʿÂmir (nşr. Muhammed Altuncî, Beyrut 1414/1994). Müellif bu eserinde, Leylâ ile Mecnûn hikâyesinde geçen Mecnûn’un Benî Âmir kabilesine mensup Kays b. Mülevvah olduğunu ispat etmeye çalışır. Eserde Leylâ ile Mecnûn hikâyesi ayrıntılı biçimde anlatılır ve âşıkların şiirleri nakledilir.
19. Vuḳūʿu’l-belâʾ bi’l-buḫli ve’l-buḫalâʾ . Cimriliğin zararları, tarihte cimriliğiyle meşhur olan bazı kişiler ve cimrilerin ortak özellikleri hakkındadır. Fedwa Malti-Douglas eseri geniş bir şekilde tanıtmıştır (BEO , XXXI [1980], s. 17-50).
20. el-İḳtibâs li-ḥalli müşkili Sîreti İbn Seyyidinnâs (Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye, nr. 3794/1, vr. 1-47). Müellifin İbn Seyyidünnâs’ın ʿUyûnü’l-es̱er ’ine yazdığı bu şerh, İḳtibâsü’l-iḳtibâs li-ḥalli müşkili Sîreti İbn Seyyidinnâs adıyla ve ʿUyûnü’l-es̱er ’le birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut, I-II, 1394/1974).
21. el-İġrâb fî aḥkâmi’l-kilâb (nşr. Abdullah b. Muhammed et-Tayyâr ve Abdülazîz b. Muhammed el-Huceylân, Riyad 1417/1996).
22. Resâʾilü Dımaşḳıyye (nşr. Salâh Muhammed el-Hıyemî, Dımaşk 1408/1988). Bu eserin içinde müellifin Ġadeḳu’l-efkâr fî ẕikri’l-enhâr , ʿUddetü’l-mülimmât fî taʿdâdi’l-ḥammâmât , el-İʿânât fî maʿrifeti’l-ḫânât , Nüzhetü’r-rifâḳ fî şerḥi ḥâleti’l-esvâḳ adlı risâleleri vardır.
23. Maḥżü’ṣ-ṣavâb fî feżâʾili Emîri’l-müʾminîn ʿÖmer b. el-Ḫaṭṭâb . Abdülazîz b. Muhammed b. Abdülmuhsin el-Füreyh tarafından Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye’de doktora tezi olarak neşre hazırlanmıştır (1415/1994).
24. Maḳbûlü’l-menḳūl min ʿilmeyi’l-cedel ve’l-uṣûl (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 4419). İbn Kennân es-Sâlihî bu esere ez-Zühûrü’l-behiyye fî şerḥi risâleti’l-uṣûli’l-fıḳhiyye adıyla bir şerh yazmıştır (Staatsbibliothek, nr. 4420; Chester Beatty Library, nr. 3548).
Bunların dışında İbnü’l-Mibred’in Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de şu eserleri de bulunmaktadır. Aḥkâmü’l-ḥammâm ve âdâbühû (nr. 4549), Âdâbü’d-duʿâʾ (nr. 3773), el-Erbeʿûne’l-muḫtâre min ḥadîs̱i Ebî Ḥanîfe (nr. 3795), el-İrşâd ilâ ḥükmi mevti’l-evlâd (nr. 3214), İrşâdü’s-sâlik ilâ menâḳıbi Mâlik (nr. 3461), Îżâḥu ṭuruḳı’l-istiḳāme fî beyâni aḥkâmi’l-vülâti ve’l-imâme (nr. 3301), el-Beyân li-bedîʿi ḫalḳı’l-insân (nr. 3196), et-Taġrîd bi-medḥi’s-Sulṭân es-Saʿîd Ebi’n-Naṣr Ebî Yezîd (nr. 3194/4), Tehẕîbü’n-nefs li’l-ʿilm ve bi’l-ʿilm (nr. 3216/3), et-Tevaʿʿud bi’r-recm ve’s-siyâṭ li-fâʿili’l-livâṭ (nr. 3215/1), Cüzʾ min târîḫi’r-Resûl ve Ebî Bekir (nr. 4552), Zebedü’l-ʿulûm ve ṣâḥibü’l-manṭûḳ ve’l-mefhûm (nr. 3192/1), Ṣabbü’l-ḫamûl ʿalâ men vaṣale eẕâhü ilâ evliyâʾillâh (nr. 1141), Żabṭu men ġaber fî-men ḳayyedehû İbn Ḥacer (nr. 1182), Ṭıbbü’l-fuḳarâʾ (nr. 3155), Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân (nr. 1372/1), Maḥżü’l-ḫalâṣ fî menâḳıbi Saʿd b. Ebî Vaḳḳās (nr. 3248/1), Muʿcemü terâcimi’ş-şevâfiʿa (nr. 4551), Hidâyetü’l-insân ile’l-istiġnâʾi bi’l-Ḳurʾân (nr. 345) (müellifin diğer eserleri için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , II, 130-131; Suppl. , II, 130-131, 947; Salâh Muhammed el-Hıyemî, XXVI/2 [1982], s. 788-802).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Mibred, ed-Dürrü’n-naḳī fî şerḥi elfâẓi’l-Ḫıraḳī (nşr. Rıdvân Muhtâr b. Garbiyye), Cidde 1411/1991, neşredenin girişi, I, 13-83, 135-184.
a.mlf., el-Ḳavâʿidü’l-külliyye ve’ḍ-ḍavâbiṭü’l-fıḳhiyye (nşr. Câsim b. Süleyman Füheyd ed-Devserî), Beyrut 1415/1994, neşredenin girişi, s. 11-36.
a.mlf., Muġnî ẕevi’l-efhâm (nşr. Ebû Muhammed Eşref b. Abdülmaksûd), Riyad 1416/1995, s. 19-38, 71-74; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 5-16.
a.mlf., Baḥrü’d-dem fî men tekelleme fîhi’l-İmâm Aḥmed bi-medḥ ev ẕem (nşr. Ebû Üsâme Vasıyyullah b. Muhammed b. Abbas), Riyad 1409/1989, s. 33-41; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 15-32.
a.mlf., Mesʾele fi’t-tevḥîd ve fażli lâ ilâhe illallāh (nşr. Abdülhâdî Muhammed Mansûr – Abdülkādir el-Arnaût), Beyrut 1416/1995, neşredenin girişi, s. 11-31.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , X, 308.
Nuaymî, ed-Dâris fî târîḫi’l-medâris (nşr. Ca‘fer el-Hasenî), Kahire 1988, I, 55, 502; II, 64, 109, 111.
İbn Tolun, el-Ḳalâʾidü’l-cevheriyye fî târîḫi’ṣ-Ṣâliḥiyye (nşr. M. Ahmed Dehmân), Dımaşk 1401/1980, s. 138, 246-248, 257, 259, 260-261, 263, 266, 270, 295, 297, 299, 574.
Gazzî, el-Kevâkibü’s-sâʾire , I, 316.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , VIII, 43.
Muhammed Kemâleddin b. Muhammed el-Gazzî, en-Naʿtü’l-ekmel (nşr. M. Mutî‘ el-Hâfız – Nizâr Abâza), Dımaşk 1402/1982, s. 67-72.
Muhammed Şattî, Muḫtaṣaru Ṭabaḳāti’l-Ḥanâbile (nşr. Fevvâz Zemerlî), Beyrut 1406/1996, s. 83-86.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 560-562.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Fihrisü’l-fehâris , II, 1141-1142.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 130-131; Suppl. , II, 130-131, 947.
Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, Muʿcemü’l-müʾerriḫîne’d-Dımaşḳıyyîn , Beyrut 1398/1978, s. 272-276.
Ömer Ferruh, Meʿâlimü’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut 1406/1986, I, 155-158.
Habîb Zeyyât, “Hânâtü Dımaşḳı’l-ḳadîme”, el-Meşriḳ , XXXV/1, Beyrut 1938, s. 66-70.
Fedwa Malti-Douglas, “Yūsuf Ibn ‘Abd al-Hādī and His Autograph of the Wuqū’ al-balā’ bi’l-bukhl wal-bukhalā”, BEO , XXXI (1980), s. 17-50.
Georges Vajda, “Trois manuscrits de la bibliothèque du savant damascain Yūsuf Ibn ‘Abd al-Hādī”, JA , CCLXX (1982), s. 229-256.
Salâh Muhammed el-Hıyemî, “Celâlüddîn b. Yûsuf b. ʿAbdilhâdî el-Maḳdisî ed-Dımaşḳī: ḥayâtühû ve âs̱ârühü’l-maḫṭûṭa ve’l-maṭbûʿa”, MMMA (Küveyt) , XXVI/2 (1982), s. 775-811.
Claude Gilliot, “Textes arabes anciens édités en Égypte au cours des années 1987 à 1990”, MIDEO , XIX (1989), s. 384-385; XX (1991), s. 490.
Ferhat Koca, “Hanbelî Mezhebi”, DİA , XV, 531, 542, 544.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 126-128 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.