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İBNÜ’n-NEDÎM Skip to content İBNÜ’n-NEDÎM (ابن النديم) Ebü’l-Ferec Muhammed b. Ebî Ya‘kūb İshâk b. Muhammed b. İshâk en-Nedîm (ö. 385/995 [?]) Arap bibliyografya âlimi, el-Fihrist adlı eserin müellifi.
Müellif: Nasuhi Ünal Karaarslan
Hayatına dair yeterli bilgi yoktur. Bağdat’ta yaşadığı ve orada öldüğü biliniyorsa da doğum tarihi kesin olarak belli değildir. el-Fihrist’te (s. 330), Hâricî fukahasından olan dostu Berdaî’den söz ederken onu 340’ta (951) gördüğünü ve kitaplarının listesini aldığını belirtir. Anılan tarihte bu âlimle tanışıp dostluk kuracak kadar olgun bir yaşta olduğuna göre 320 (932) yılı civarında doğduğu söylenebilir. Ailesi hakkında bilgi bulunmadığı gibi İbnü’n-Nedîm künyesini alış sebebi de tartışmalıdır. Kendisinin, babasının veya dedelerinden birinin nedim olmasından dolayı bu künyeyi aldığı konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Babası gibi İbnü’n-Nedîm de “verrâk” idi. “Virâka” (kitap istinsah edip ciltlemek, kitap ticareti yapmak) mesleğini babasından öğrenmiş, bu sayede devrin ilim, kültür ve sanat çevreleriyle ilişki kurma, değişik konularda pek çok kitap tanıma imkânına kavuşmuştur. el-Fihrist’te çeşitli dinler, mezhepler, ilimler ve sanatlar hakkında bilgi verirken, bu alanlarda yazılmış eserleri ve bunların muhtevalarını tanıtırken âdeta her alanın uzmanı gibi sağlam bilgiler aktarmasından çok yönlü ve esaslı bir tahsil gördüğü belli olmaktadır. Yazı, dil, edebiyat, hadis, fıkıh, felsefe, mantık ve Helenistik dönem ilim ve kültürleriyle ilgili geniş bilgisini hocaları arasında yer alan Ebû Saîd es-Sayrafî, Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, Îsâ b. Ali, Ebû Abdullah el-Merzübânî, İbnü’l-Hammâr, İbn Kirnîb ve Ebû Süleyman es-Sicistânî gibi âlimlere borçludur.
el-Fihrist’te yer alan bilgilerden (s. 227) İbnü’n-Nedîm’in bir süre Musul’da bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Gustav Flügel, eserin bir başka yerindeki ifadeden (s. 490) onun İstanbul’u ziyaret ettiği ve Ayasofya’yı gördüğü sonucunu çıkarıyorsa da (neşredenin girişi, I, XIV) bu husus, Bağdat’ta hıristiyanların oturduğu ve “Dârürrûm” denilen mahalleyi İstanbul, “el-biya‘” kelimesini de Ayasofya Kilisesi şeklinde yorumlamaktan kaynaklanan bir yanılgıdır (Muhammed Yûnus el-Hüseynî, XI/11-12 [1931], s. 681-683). İbnü’n-Nedîm’in vefat tarihi de kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. İbnü’n-Neccâr Târîḫu Baġdâd zeylinde 20 Şâban 385’te (19 Eylül 995), Makrîzî ise 20 Şâban 380’de (12 Kasım 990) öldüğünü bildirirken İbn Hacer, Ebû Tâhir el-Kerhî’den naklen 438 (1046-47) tarihini verir; fakat bu bilginin doğru olmadığını da belirtir. İbn Hacer’e göre bu tarihe kadar yaşamış olsaydı aynı dönemde yetişen İbn Sînâ, İhvân-ı Safâ, Bîrûnî gibi filozof ve bilginlere eserinde yer vermesi gerekirdi. Sonuç olarak İbn Hacer onun 388’de (998) vefat ettiği kanaatine varır (Lisânü’l-Mîzân, V, 72). Ancak İbnü’n-Nedîm’in ölüm tarihiyle ilgili yukarıdaki rivayetlerden ilkini tercih etmek daha isabetli görünmektedir. 385 (995) yılından sonra ölen bazı âlimlerin biyografilerine eserde yer verilmiş olması meselesine gelince bunların el-Fihrist’e sonradan eklendiği kabul edilmektedir. Nitekim müellifin kendisi, eserinde görülebilecek bazı eksikliklerin sonradan okuyucular tarafından tamamlanmasını istemiştir (el-Fihrist, s. 274).
İbnü’n-Nedîm’in bazı Sünnî âlimlerinden söz ederken “Haşviyye’dendir” ifadesini kullanması, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’yi Cebriyye’den sayması (a.g.e. , s. 257), hoca ve dostları arasında İsmâilî ve Mu‘tezilîler’in bulunması gibi hususlar sebep gösterilerek onun Şiî-Mu‘tezilî olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Ancak “Haşviyye’dendir” şeklindeki iddiası (a.g.e. , s. 255) İbn Küllâb gibi nâdir kişilerle ilgili olup bütün Sünnî ulemâyı aynı kategoride saydığı anlamına gelmez. Eş‘arî’ye “Cebriyye” (el-Mücbire) başlığı altında yer vermesi de (a.g.e. , s. 257) İbnü’n-Nedîm’in Şiî olduğunu göstermeye yetmez. Esasen müellif, bu başlık altında daha çok Eş‘arî’nin Mu‘tezile’den ayrılışını halkın huzurunda nasıl açıkladığı konusu üzerinde durur. Bununla birlikte onun ılımlı bir Şiî sayıldığını ortaya koyan daha güçlü deliller bulunmaktadır. İlim ve kültür çevresini oluşturan kimseler de genellikle Mu‘tezile kelâmcıları ile Fârâbî okulundan yetişen mantıkçılardı.
İbnü’n-Nedîm’in 377 (987) yılında kaleme aldığı, Fihristü’l-kütüb, Fihristü’l-ʿulûm ve Fihristü’l-ʿulemâʾ adlarıyla da bilinen, fakat kısaca el-Fihrist diye tanınan kitabı İslâm dünyasında bibliyografik eserler türünün ilkidir. Zamanla kaybolmuş pek çok eserin adı, konusu ve müellifi hakkındaki bilgiler sadece bu eser sayesinde günümüze ulaşabilmiştir. Buna rağmen İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin İbnü’n-Nedîm hakkındaki oldukça menfi görüşlerinden de anlaşılacağı üzere (Lisânü’l-Mîzân, V, 72-73), muhtemelen Şiî ve Mu‘tezilî olduğu şeklindeki yaygın kanaat sebebiyle tarih ve tabakat yazarlarının büyük çoğunluğu müellif ve eserini tamamen ihmal etmiş, bazısı da birkaç satırla anmıştır.
İslâm’ın altın çağı olarak kabul edilen ilk dört asırda dinî, fikrî ve ilmî alanlarda yazılmış Arapça telif eserlerle tercümeler ve bunların müellifleri hakkında verdiği bilgilerle ilim dünyasına ışık tutan el-Fihrist “makale” adını taşıyan on bölümden oluşmakta ve her bölüm “fen” başlığıyla alt bölümlere ayrılmaktadır. Birinci bölüm çeşitli milletlerin konuştuğu diller, kullandığı yazılar ve bunların özelliklerinin yanı sıra mukaddes kitaplar, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, kıraat ilmi ve kurrâlara ayrılmıştır. İkinci bölüm dil ve gramer hakkında olup Arap nahvinin teşekkülü, Kûfe ve Basra dil okullarında nahiv ilminin gelişmesi gibi konularla ilgili bilgiler içermektedir. Üçüncü bölümde tarih, siyer, ensâb âlimleri ve bunların eserleriyle kâtipler, divanlar, nedimler, mûsikişinaslar tanıtılmakta ve eğlenceye dair konulara yer verilmektedir. Dördüncü bölüm şiir ve şairler, beşinci bölüm kelâm ve İslâm’da kelâm akımları hakkındadır. Altıncı bölüm fıkha ve fıkhî mezheplere ayrılmış olup eserin en geniş kısmıdır. Yedinci bölüm felsefeye ve Eskiçağ’dan intikal eden ilimlere, sekizinci bölüm sihir, büyü, tılsım, illüzyon ve hurafelere ayrılmıştır. Dokuzuncu bölüm Kaldeliler, Sâbiîler, Maniheistler, Mezdekîler gibi eski Mezopotamya ve Pers din ve kültürlerinin uzantısı olarak varlıklarını devam ettiren din, mezhep ve kültürleri, onuncu bölüm de İlkçağ’dan itibaren eski kimya alanındaki çalışmaları içermektedir. Eserde birinci bölümün ikinci kısmında yahudi ve hıristiyan kutsal kitaplarına da temas edilmekte, yahudi âlimlerinden sadece Saîd b. Yûsuf el-Feyyûmî’ye (Saadiya Gaon) yer verilmekte, ayrıca bazı hıristiyan din âlimleri tanıtılmaktadır.
İlim, kültür ve medeniyet tarihi bakımından büyük değere sahip olan el-Fihrist’in ilk ilmî neşrini yapmak üzere Gustav Flügel 1850’de çalışmaya başlamış, onun 1870’te ölümü üzerine Johannes Roediger ve August Mueller eksikleri tamamlayarak neşri gerçekleştirmişlerdir (Leipzig 1871-1872). Bu çalışma ilk olmasına rağmen bazı Grekçe ve Latince isimlerin doğru olarak tesbiti ve çeşitli indeksleriyle sonraki neşirlerden daha kullanışlıdır. Ancak sadece Paris, Viyana ve Leiden nüshalarına dayandığı ve el-Fihrist’ten iktibasta bulunan diğer klasik kaynaklarla karşılaştırılmadığı için bunda çok sayıda eksik ve okuma hatası mevcuttur. Hellmut Ritter, yayımladığı bir araştırmada (Isl. , XVII [1928], s. 15-23) Viyana (nr. 33) nüshasının Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nden (nr. 1134), Viyana Nationalbibliothek (nr. 34) nüshasının da yine Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki başka bir nüshadan (nr. 1135) istinsah edildiğini, Paris Bibliothèque Nationale yazmasının (nr. 1400) Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshanın (nr. 1134) bir kısmının, Leiden Universitätsbibliothek’teki yazmanın ise (nr. 20) Viyana’dakinin (nr. 34) aynısı olduğunu tesbit etmiş, Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshanın da (nr. 1134) Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshadan (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1934) istinsah edildiğini ve asıl nüshanın bu olduğunu göstermiş, ayrıca buradan hareketle Flügel neşrinin birçok yanlış ve eksiklik içerdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Flügel neşrine esas teşkil eden Paris nüshasında daha çok İslâmî ilimlere, Leiden nüshasında ise eski medeniyetler döneminde ortaya çıkan ilimlere ağırlık verilmesi, İbnü’n-Nedîm’in bu kitabının birbirinden bağımsız iki ayrı eser olduğu düşüncesine yol açmıştır. Ancak bu nüshaların ikisinin de 377 (987) tarihini taşıması ve kitabın başlangıcında ortaya konan yöntemin son kısımda da kullanılmış olması bu düşüncenin doğru olmadığını göstermektedir (Muhammed Yûnus el-Hüseynî, XI/11-12 [1931], s. 679). Belki de çok eski bir tarihte bu muhteva farklılığından dolayı el-Fihrist ikiye ayrılmış ve bu durum her parçanın ayrı bir eser gibi telakki edilmesine sebep olmuştur. Flügel neşrinin sekiz sayfalık bir ilâve ile birkaç defa tıpkıbasımı yapılmıştır (Kahire 1348; Beyrut 1964, 1398/1978). Rızâ Teceddüd, Flügel’in ulaşamadığı nüshalardan da faydalanmak suretiyle el-Fihrist’i Farsça’ya çevirerek yayımlamış (Tahran 1384/1965), daha sonra da eserin Arapça yeni bir neşrini gerçekleştirmiştir (Tahran 1391/1971). Mustafa eş-Şüveymî Chester Beatty (Dublin), Süleymaniye ve Köprülü kütüphanelerindeki yazmaları esas alarak mevcut basmalarıyla da karşılaştırmak suretiyle eserin ilk dört makalesini yeniden yayımlamış (Tunus 1405/1985), Bayard Dodge ise bir giriş, dipnot ve zengin indekslerle birlikte el-Fihrist’i İngilizce’ye çevirmiştir (London 1970). Flügel ayrıca el-Fihrist’in Mani hakkındaki kısmını Arapça metin, tercüme ve açıklamalarıyla birlikte neşretmiştir (Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften, Leipzig 1862). İbnü’n-Nedîm, yazı ve yazı malzemesini konu alan Kitâbü’l-Evṣâf ve’t-teşbîhât adlı bir eser daha yazdığını söylüyorsa da (el-Fihrist, s. 17) bunun günümüze ulaşmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (nşr. G. Flügel), Leipzig 1871-1872, neşredenin girişi, I, XIV; a.e. , Beyrut 1398/1978, s. 17, 227, 255, 257, 330, 490. Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , XVI, 106. İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , V, 72-73.Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1303. M. Berthelot, “Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, the tenht discourse transl.”, La chimie au moyen âge: L’alchimie arabe, Paris 1893, III, 26-40. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 147-148; Suppl., I, 226-227. J. Fück, “Some Hitherto Unpublished Texts on the Muʿtazilite Movement from Ibn al-Nadīm’s Kitāb al-Fihrist”, Professor Muḥammed Shafi‘ Presentation Volume (ed. S. M. Abdullah), Lahore 1955, s. 51-74. a.mlf., “Eine arabische Literaturgeschichte aus dem 10. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Der Fihrist des Ibn an-Nadim”, ZDMG , LXXXIV (1930), s. 111-124. a.mlf., “Neue Materialien zum Fihrist”, a.e. , XC/2 (1936), s. 298-321. a.mlf., “The Arabic Literature on Alchemy According to an-Nadīm (A.D. 987), a Translation of the Tenth Discourse of the Book of the Catalogue (al-Fihrist) with Introduction and Commentary”, Ambix, IV, London 1951, s. 81-144. a.mlf., “Nedîm”, İA , IX, 167-169. a.mlf., “Ibn al-Nadīm”, EI2 (Fr.), III, 919-920. Sarton, Introduction , I, 662. Sezgin, GAS , I, 385-388. Tâhir Ahmed Mekkî, “el-Fihrist li-Muḥammed b. İsḥâḳ en-Nedîm”, Dirâsât fî meṣâdiri’l-edeb, Kahire 1986, s. 295-317. Abdüttevvâb Şerefeddin, “Revâʾiʿu’t-türâs̱i’l-İslâmî: el-Fihrist li’bni’n-Nedîm”, el-Mecelletü’l-Maġribiyye li’t-tevs̱îḳ ve’l-maʿlûmât, sy. 4, Tunus 1986, s. 74-86. Ch. M. Fraehn, “Ibn Abi Jakub el-Nedim’s Nachricht von der Schrift der Russen im X. Jahrhundert Ch., Kritisch beleuchtet”, Bulletin scientifique puplié par l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, St. Petersburg 1835. J. von Hammer-Purgstall, “Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrist Extraits … sur la religion des sabéens, traduits”, JA , XII (1841), s. 246-272. I. Goldziher, “Beiträge zur Erklärung des Kitāb al-Fihrist”, ZDMG , XXXVI (1882), s. 278-284. M. T. Houtsma, “Zum Kitāb al-Fihrist”, WZKM , sy. 4 (1890), s. 224. H. Ritter, “Philologika I.: Zur Überlieferung des Fihrist”, Isl. , XVII (1928), s. 15-23; XVIII (1929), s. 316. Muhammed Yûnus el-Hüseynî, “Es̱er ḫâlid fî târîḫi’l-fikri’l-ʿArabî: Kitâbü’l-Fihrist li’bni’n-Nedîm”, MMİADm. , XI/11-12 (1931), s. 678-687. H. G. Farmer, “Tenth Century Arabic Books on Music as Contained in Kitāb al-Fihrist of Abu’l-Faraj Muḥammad Ibn al-Nadīm”, Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society, II, Leiden 1959-61, s. 37-47. Cevâd Ali, “ʿİlmü’bni’n-Nedîm bi’l-Yehûdiyye ve’n-Naṣrâniyye”, MMİIr. , VIII (1961), s. 84-113. a.mlf., “Mâ ʿarrafehü’bnü’n-Nedîm ʿani’l-Yahûdiyye ve’n-Naṣrâniyye”, a.e. , X (1963), s. 156-183. “Terceme-i Fârsî-yi Kitâbü’l-Fihrist”, ed-Dirâsâtü’l-edebiyye, VIII/1-2, Beyrut 1325/1966, s. 187-191. B. Dodge, “Ḥayâtü’bni’n-Nedîm”, RAA , XLV (1970), s. 545-555. R. Sellheim, “Das Todesdatum des Ibn an-Nadīm”, IOS , IV (1974), s. 429-432. Friedrich W. Zimmermann, “On the Supposed Shorter Version of Ibn an-Nadīm’s Fihrist and its Date”, Isl. , LIII/2 (1976), s. 267-273. Samir Khalil, “Theodore de Mopsueste dans le «Fihrist» d’Ibn an-Nadīm”, Le Muséon, XC/3-4, Louvain 1977, s. 355-362. David A. King, “The Origin of the Astrolabe According on the Medieval Islamic Sources”, MTUA , V/1-2 (1981), s. 49-50. Şa‘bân Abdülazîz Halîfe, “el-Fihrist li’bni’n-Nedîm: dirâse biyûcrâfiyye, bibliyûcrâfiyye, bibliyûmetriyye”, Mecelletü Merkezi’l-ves̱âʾiḳ ve’d-dirâsâti’l-insâniyye, III/3, Katar 1991, s. 143-175. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî, “el-Fihrist li’bni’n-Nedîm”, Tİ , II, 193-210. Hasan Ensârî, “İbn Nedîm”, DMBİ , V, 43-48.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 171-173 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.