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İBNÜ’n-NEFÎS Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen Alâüddîn Alî b. Ebi’l-Hazm İbnü’n-Nefîs el-Kareşî ed-Dımaşkī (ö. 687/1288)
Küçük kan dolaşımını keşfiyle ünlü hekim ve düşünür.
Dımaşk yakınındaki Kareşiye’de doğduğu için Kareşî, Dımaşk’ta okuyup şöhretini orada kazandığı için de Dımaşkī nisbesiyle anılır. Ayrıca Kareşî kelimesine bakarak ailesinin Mâverâünnehir’deki Karaş köyünden geldiği ileri sürülüyorsa da bu zayıf bir ihtimaldir. Kendisinden bahseden başlıca tabakat kitaplarında İbn Ebü’l-Hazm künyesinin İbn Ebü’l-Harâm olarak zikredilmesi ve müellif hattı bazı eserlerinde her iki imlâya birlikte rastlanması, nisbesi gibi tam adı hakkında da bazı tartışmalara yol açmış, ancak bu karışıklık müellifin noktalamadaki basit ihmaline hamledilerek bunlardan daha çok İbn Ebü’l-Hazm şekli doğru kabul edilmiştir (meselâ bk. İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, IX, 349; Yâfiî, IV, 207; Ziriklî, V, 78). Nûreddin Zengî’nin Dımaşk’ta inşa ettirdiği Bîmâristânü’n-Nûrî’de tıp tahsil etmiş ve yine aynı şehirdeki Dahvâriyye Tıp Medresesi’nin kurucusu Mühezzebüddin ed-Dahvâr’ın öğrencisi olmuştur. Dımaşk’ta tahsilini tamamlayıp hekimlikte tecrübe ve ün kazandıktan sonra Mısır’a giden İbnü’n-Nefîs, Memlük Sultanı I. Baybars’ın özel hekimliğine ve devletin Suriye-Mısır hekimleri başkanlığına getirilmiş, ayrıca muhtemelen, Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin 1181’de inşa ettirdiği Bîmâristânü’n-Nâsırî’de hocalık yaparak aralarında ünlü cerrah İbnü’l-İbrî’nin de bulunduğu çok sayıda öğrenci yetiştirmiştir. Genellikle kaynaklar İbnü’n-Nefîs’in evlenmediği hususunda görüş birliği içinde ise de Şerḥu’l-Ḳānûn ’da (vr. 10a ) kendisi, oğlu Muhammed’in, soğan yediği için annesinin memesini emmediğini ve bunun soğan kokusundan kaynaklandığını tesbit ettiğini belirtir. Kahire’deki evinde müreffeh bir hayat sürdüğü ve eviyle kütüphanesini Sultan Kalavun tarafından 1284 yılında kurulmuş olan Bîmâristânü’l-Mansûrî’ye bağışladığı bilinmektedir. 21 Zilkade 687 (17 Aralık 1288) tarihinde vefat etti.
İbnü’n-Nefîs tıbbın yanı sıra geniş bir ilmî faaliyet yürütmüştür. Onun ilmî şahsiyeti hakkındaki ayrıntılar, Gırnatalı öğrencisi Esîrüddin Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî’den naklen Safedî’nin el-Vâfî ’si ile onu âdeta tekrar ederek bazı ilâvelerde bulunan İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî’nin el-Mesâlik ’i gibi tabakat kitaplarından öğrenilmektedir. Bu ayrıntılar onun felsefe (mantık), nahiv, fıkıh, fıkıh usulü ve hadis usulü gibi sahalardaki çalışmaları hakkında bilgi verirken zihnî kapasitesini de ortaya koymaktadır. Tıp alanında Hipokrat’ın eserlerini Câlînûs’a (Galen) tercih etmiş, ancak asıl ilgisini hayranı olduğu ve aynı zamanda tıptaki otoritesini aşmaya çalıştığı İbn Sînâ üzerinde yoğunlaştırmıştır; nitekim döneminde “ikinci İbn Sînâ” olarak anılması bu çabasının bir sonucudur. İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn fi’ṭ-ṭıbb ’ı üzerine yaptığı araştırmalar yanında onun el-İşârât ve’t-tenbîhât ’ı ile bir mantık kitabı olan el-Hidâye ’sine de şerhler yazmış, ancak kendisine filozofun eş-Şifâʾ adlı eseri için de bir şerh yazması teklif edildiğinde bu zor işe yanaşmamıştır. Nahivci Bahâeddin en-Nehhâs’tan Zemahşerî’nin el-Ünmûzec adlı kitabını okuduktan sonra bu sahada orijinal yaklaşımlar içeren bir eser telif etmiş ve onun bu başarısı dönemin nahivcilerinden büyük takdir toplamıştır. Öte yandan Şâfiî fıkhında Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Ali eş-Şîrâzî’nin Kitâbü’t-Tenbîh ’ine şerh yazacak derecede bilgi sahibi olmuş ve Kahire’deki Mesrûriyye Medresesi’nde bu konuda ders vermiştir. Sübkî’nin Şâfiî fakihlerinin biyografilerini yazdığı eserinde onu da tanıtması (Ṭabaḳāt , VIII, 305-306) bu alandaki yerini göstermeye yeterlidir.
Eserlerini genellikle başka kitaplara müracaat etmeden yazdığı söylenen İbnü’n-Nefîs’in hamamda yıkanırken dahi yazma isteğini dizginleyemediği ve Archimedes’i hatırlatır tarzda risâle kaleme aldığı rivayet edilmektedir. İbnü’n-Nefîs ilmî dirayetinin farkında olan bir hekimdir ve onun kendine karşı duyduğu güven hissini şu mübalağalı sözlerinde görmek mümkündür: “Eğer eserlerimin benden sonra on bin yıl değerini sürdüreceklerini bilmeseydim onları kaleme almazdım” (İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, IX, 349-353). İbnü’n-Nefîs’in ilmî şahsiyetini Suriye-Mısır tıp akımı şekillendirmiştir. Eyyûbîler ve Memlükler zamanında yakın ilişki içine giren Suriye ve Mısır’daki tıp faaliyeti, Bîmâristânü’n-Nûrî ile Bîmâristânü’n-Nâsırî’nin ilmî birikimini ortak bir gelenekte birleştirmiş ve böylece anılan tıp akımının ortaya çıkmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Bu akımın ilk önemli simalarından biri İbnü’n-Nefîs’in hocası Dahvâr gerek Dımaşk gerekse Kahire’de isim yapan öğrenciler yetiştirmiştir. Bunların arasında bulunan İbn Ebû Usaybia’nın İbnü’n-Nefîs’ten ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ da hiç söz etmemesi (eserin bazı nüshalarında yer alan biyografi sonradan eklemedir) aralarındaki şahsî bir mesele yüzünden olabilir (Meyerhof – Schacht, The Theologus , s. 9-10).
İbnü’n-Nefîs’in tıp tarihindeki en önemli başarısı küçük kan dolaşımını keşfetmesidir. Câlînûs ve onu bu konuda izleyen İbn Sînâ’nın ileri sürdüğü, yürekteki kanın sağ karıncıktan sol karıncığa bir menfez yardımıyla geçtiği şeklindeki varsayımı, iki karıncığı ayıran septumda kanın geçeceği bir menfezin gözlenmediği gerekçesiyle reddeden İbnü’n-Nefîs, kanın sağ karıncıktan pulmonar arterle akciğere gittiğini ve akciğerden pulmonar ven ile kalbin sol tarafına geldiğini ortaya koymuş ve böylece küçük kan dolaşımını açık bir ifadeyle izah etmiştir (Şerḥu Teşrîḥi’l-Ḳānûn , s. 293-294). İbnü’n-Nefîs’ten 300 yıl sonra, Christianismi Restitutio (Nuremburg 1553) adlı eserinde Michael Servetus ve De re anatomica libri XV (Venedik 1559) adlı eserinde de Realdus Columbus bu tezi Batı dünyasında ilk defa ortaya atmışlardır; ardından William Harvey 1628’de neşrettiği Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus adlı kitabında büyük kan dolaşımıyla birlikte küçük kan dolaşımını da ayrıntılı biçimde açıklamıştır. İbnü’n-Nefîs’in bu keşfi, Muhyiddin et-Tatâvî adlı Mısırlı bir araştırmacının Der Lungenkreislauf nach el-Koraschi başlıklı doktora teziyle ilim âlemine duyurulmuş (Freiburg 1924), fakat bu keşif, İbnü’n-Nefîs ile Servetus arasındaki ilmî etkileşimin gerçekleşmesi için yeterli tarihî bağlantılara sahip olunmadığı ileri sürülerek Batılı araştırmacılar tarafından bir süre şüpheyle karşılanmıştır (Ghalioungui, II/4 [1982], s. 299-301). Halbuki İbnü’n-Nefîs’in bu görüşünü dile getirdiği eserlerinin XIV. yüzyılda Sedîdüddin Muhammed b. Mes‘ûd el-Kâzerûnî ve Ali b. Abdullah Zeynülarab el-Mısrî tarafından yeniden ele alınmış olduğu ve Bellunolu Andreas, Alpago’nun (ö. 1520) otuz yıl Suriye bölgesinde dolaşarak müslüman hekimlerin çalışmalarını inceleyip Batı dünyasına tanıttığı bilinmektedir. İbnü’n-Nefîs’in Şerḥu’l-Ḳānûn adlı kitabındaki birleşik ilâçlarla ilgili bölümü Latince’ye çevirip neşreden bu yazarın İbnü’n-Nefîs’in keşfinden haberdar olduğu da tesbit edilmiştir (DSB , IX, 603-606). İbnü’n-Nefîs’in Câlînûs ve İbn Sînâ gibi iki tıp otoritesini aşan bu keşfi onun anatomide gözleme verdiği önemle açıklanmaktadır. Her ne kadar şeriatı ihlâlden sakındığı ve hayvanlara acıdığı için canlı hayvan ve ölü insan üzerinde teşrih uygulamadığını, bu konularda daha ziyade kitaplara müracaat ettiğini yazmışsa da (Şerḥu Teşrîḥi’l-Ḳānûn , s. 17) eserinde yer alan çok sayıdaki gözlem tanımlaması bunun aksini göstermektedir. Zira insan kalbinin karıncıklarını ayıran septumda bir menfezin ve yine geleneksel teorinin aksine insan kalbinin altında onu destekleyen bir kemiğin bulunmadığını ileri sürmesi başka türlü açıklanamaz.
Kitâbü’ş-Şâmil fi’ṣ-ṣınâʿati’ṭ-ṭıbbiyye adlı eserinde ameliyat tekniği üzerine verdiği ayrıntılı bilgiler ise İbnü’n-Nefîs’in aynı zamanda başarılı bir cerrah olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Ona göre her ameliyat üç aşamadan meydana gelir: Muayene ve teşhis, operasyon, ameliyat sonrası bakım. Bunların her üçünde de hasta, cerrah ve hasta bakıcının dikkat etmesi gereken hususlar ayrıntılarla tasvir edilmiştir (Iskandar, Islamic Medicine , II/4 [1982], s. 318-322).
İbnü’n-Nefîs’in felsefe yönü, mantık çalışmalarının dışında özellikle Fâżıl b. Nâṭıḳ da denilen er-Risâletü’l-Kâmiliyye fi’s-sîreti’n-nebeviyye adlı felsefî romanında görülmektedir. İbn Sînâ’nın Ḥay b. Yaḳẓân adlı eserine karşı yazıldığı ve filozofların nübüvvet, şeriat ve mead (âhiret) konularındaki fikirlerine yönelik bir reddiye amacı taşıdığı belirtilen bu eser (İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, IX, 350), aslında İbn Sînâ’nın Ḥay b. Yaḳẓân ’ından çok İbn Tufeyl’in aynı adı taşıyan romanıyla paralellik arzetmektedir. Eserde Hay b. Yakzân’ın yerini Kâmil adlı kahraman almakta ve Fâzıl b. Nâtık adlı şahsın ağzından, onun ıssız bir adada anasız babasız doğumuyla başlayan ve Hayy’in hayatına büyük benzerlikler gösteren entelektüel serüveni anlatılmaktadır. Ancak Kâmil, sahip olduğu fıtrî aklın kâinat ve el değmemiş tabiatla münasebeti sonucu varlığın metafizik ilkelerini keşfetmekle kalmaz, İslâm peygamberiyle şeriatının zuhurunu ve İbnü’n-Nefîs’in yaşadığı döneme kadarki İslâm tarihini de yine tamamen aklî olarak keşfeder. İslâm dininin şer‘î yapısını, peygamberinin sîretini ve onun irtihalinden sonraki tarihî gelişmeleri ıssız bir adada yaşayan, sosyokültürel etkiden tamamen uzak kalmış bir insanın aklın gereği olarak önceden bilmesi teoloji ilkeleriyle çelişkili görünmekteyse de (Muhsin Mahdi, XXXI [1970], s. 197) İbnü’n-Nefîs’in amacı, İslâm akîdelerinin akla en uygun tarzda vazedildiğini göstermek ve İslâm tarihinin mâkul bir seyir takip ettiğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu telakki onu, tarihte vuku bulmuş ve bulacak olan hadiselerin akla ve ilâhî hikmete uygun olduğu sonucuna götürmüştür. Issız adaya bir yabancının gelişi, İbn Tufeyl’in Hayy’i için akılla ulaşılan hakikatlerin teyidi ve tamamlanması anlamını taşırken Kâmil için yalnızca bir insan toplumunun varlığından haberdar olması anlamını taşımaktadır. Öte yandan Hayy’in şeriat ve nübüvvet gibi kavramlara ulaşması bu yabancı sayesinde mümkün olurken Kâmil bunları ve ayrıntılarını kendi kendine keşfetmiştir. Onun, bir dinin ancak bir toplum içinde gelişebileceğini anlaması ise başka insanların varlığını öğrenmesiyle mümkün olmuştur. Bu risâlenin vurguladığı ana fikirler şunlardır: Sosyokültürel şartlandırmalardan arınmış fıtrî akıl metafizik gerçeklere ana hatlarıyla ulaşabilir; insan medenî (içtimaî) bir canlı, İslâm dini de özü itibariyle medenî bir dindir; akıl şeriat ve nübüvvetin gerekliliğini tesbit edebilir; ilâhî kitapta avam için remiz ve kinayeli hikâyelerle öğüt verme yoluna başvurulmuştur; ruhun gerçekliği vardır, mead ise hem beden hem ruhla idrak edilebilir (Abu Shadi Al-Roubi, II/4 [1982], s. 325-334).
Klasik terminolojide sem‘î veya naklî denilen bilgilerin aklî gerekliliği hakkındaki bu tasavvuruna karşılık İbnü’n-Nefîs ilimleri sem‘î ve aklî olmak üzere iki ana gruba ayırmaktadır. Tıp ve hendese gibi aklî ilimler sadece aklî öncüller kullanırken sem‘î ilimler hem naklî hem aklî öncülleri birlikte kullanır. Şer‘î ve edebî olarak iki grupta toplanan sem‘î ilimler birinci kategoride tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, kelâm, kıraat gibi alt şubelere, ikinci kategoride ise muhtelif dil ilimlerine ve sanatlarına ayrılır. Şer‘î ilimlerin en şereflisi Allah’ın zât ve sıfatlarından bahsettiği için kelâm ilmidir (el-Muḫtaṣar , s. 95-98).
Eserleri. 1. Şerḥu Teşrîḥi’l-Ḳānûn . İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn ’unun ilk üç bölümünü oluşturan anatomi kısmına yapılmış bir şerhtir. Eser ilk defa, İbnü’n-Nefîs’in küçük kan dolaşımını keşfiyle ilgili olarak Muhyiddin et-Tatâvî tarafından ilim âleminin gündemine getirilmiş ve birçok tartışmaya yol açmıştır. Kitabın ilmî neşrini Selmân Katâye ile Bûl Galyûncî (Paul Ghalioungui) 1988 yılında Kahire’de yapmışlardır.
2. el-Mûcez fi’ṭ-ṭıb (Mûcezü’l-Ḳānûn ). el-Ḳānûn ’un, Şerḥu Teşrîḥ ’te işlediği anatomi kısmı dışında kalan bölümlerinin özetidir. İslâm dünyasında büyük şöhret kazanan ve çok sayıda şerh, ta‘lîkāt ve tercüme çalışmasına konu olan eserin ilmî neşri Abdülkerîm el-Azbâvî ve Ahmed Ammâr tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir (Kahire 1406/1986).
3. el-Müheẕẕeb fi’l-kuḥli’l-mücerreb . Göz hastalıklarıyla ilgili orijinal fikirler ihtiva eden ve çağı bakımından konusunda zirve kabul edilen eser Zâfir el-Vefâî ve Muhammed Revvâs Kal‘acî tarafından neşredilmiştir (Rabat 1988).
4. Şerḥu Fuṣûli Buḳrâṭ . Hipokrat’ın Aforizmalar (Fuṣûl ) adlı eserinin bir yorumudur. Önce 1883 ve 1892 yıllarında İran’da (Tahran [?]) iki defa taş baskısı yapılan eserin (DMBİ , V, 55) modern neşrini Yûsuf Zeydân ve Mâhir Abdülkādir Muhammed Ali gerçekleştirmiştir (Beyrut 1988; Kahire 1991).
5. Risâletü’l-aʿżâʾ . İnsan organizmasının yapısı ve işleyişiyle organların yarar ve hikmetleri üzerine kaleme alınan eserde fizyolojiden hareketle canlının karakterine dair sonuçlara da ulaşılmaktadır. Muhtemelen müellif hattı olan tek nüshasına dayanılarak ilmî neşri Yûsuf Zeydân tarafından yapılmıştır (Kahire 1991).
6. er-Risâletü’l-Kâmiliyye fi’s-sîreti’n-nebeviyye (Fâżıl b. Nâṭıḳ ). Mahiyet ve muhtevası yukarıda açıklanan eser önce The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs başlığıyla Max Meyerhof ve Joseph Schacht tarafından İngilizce tercüme ve notlarla (Oxford 1968), daha sonra da Abdülmün‘im Muhammed Ömer tarafından ilmî bir incelemeyle birlikte (Kahire 1985, 1987) yayımlanmıştır.
7. el-Muḫtaṣar fî ʿilmi uṣûli’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî . Yûsuf Zeydân tarafından İbnü’n-Nefîs’in eserleri hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi veren bir incelemeyle birlikte neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1991).
8. el-Muḫtâr mine’l-aġziye . Perhize dairdir. Yûsuf Zeydân, Berlin’deki yegâne nüshasına (nr. 6400) dayanarak eseri yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1992).
9. eş-Şâmil fi’ṣ-ṣınâʿati’ṭ-ṭıbbiyye . Müellifin en hacimli eseridir. Kitap 300 cilt halinde (her cilt ortalama doksan varak hacminde düşünülmelidir; bk. EI2 [İng.] , III, 897) tasarlanıp müsvedde olarak yazılmış, ancak seksen cildine son şekli verilebilmiştir. Eserin bazı ciltleri -bir kısmı müellif hattı olmak üzere- günümüze ulaşmış ve bunların cerrahlıkla ilgili bölümleri Albert Zekî İskender tarafından İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiştir (bk. bibl.).
10. Şerḥu’l-Ḳānûn . İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn ’u için yazılmış “el-Külliyât” kısmı başta olmak üzere basit ve mürekkep ilâçlar, baştan ayağa kadar hastalıklar ve belli organlara has olmayan hastalıklar konusunda yazılmış dört kitaplık şerhtir. İslâm dünyasında el-Ḳānûn ’un “el-Külliyât” kısmına şerh yazılması Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin de dahil olduğu yaygın bir gelenektir; ancak İbnü’n-Nefîs, İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî’nin özellikle vurguladığı gibi (Mesâlik , IX, 352) bununla yetinmeyip belirtilen kısımları da şerhetmiştir. Eserin bir nüshası Wellcome Historical Medical Library’de (WMS, Or., nr. 154) mevcuttur. İbnü’n-Nefîs, bu eserin “Şerḥu’l-Külliyyât” kısmında (bu kısmın bir nüshası da Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 6273’te kayıtlıdır) küçük kan dolaşımıyla ilgili keşfini tekrar etmektedir (DSB , IX, 603).
11. Buġyetü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn ve nüzhetü’l-müteṭabbibîn . Tek yazma nüshası Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi’nde (Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 2470) bulunan eserde tıbbın teorik ve pratik yönleri birlikte ele alınmıştır. Bu muhtasar tıp eseri Ramazan Şeşen tarafından ilim âlemine tanıtılmıştır (bk. bibl.).
12. Şerḥu Ebîzîmyâ li-Buḳrâṭ .
13. Şerḥu Tabîʿati’l-insân li-Buḳrâṭ .
14. Şerḥu Taḳdimeti’l-maʿrife . Bu üç kitap Hipokrat’ın sırasıyla Edipemics , De Natura hominis ve Prognostics adlı eserlerine yazılmış şerhleridir (yazma nüshaları için bk. DSB , IX, 605).
15. Şerḥu Mesâʾili Ḥuneyn . Süryânî hekim ve mütercim Huneyn b. İshak’ın sorulu-cevaplı tarzda kaleme aldığı tıbba giriş mahiyetindeki el-Mesâʾil fi’ṭ-ṭıb adlı eserinin şerhidir (Leiden Üniversitesi Ktp., MS., Or., nr. 49).
16. el-Vüreyḳāt . Mantığa dair muhtasar bir eser olup müellif sonradan buna el-Vüreyḳāt fi’l-manṭıḳ adlı bir şerh yazmıştır. Yegâne yazma nüshası Oxford’da kayıtlıdır (Bodleian, Huntington, nr. 468).
İbnü’n-Nefîs’in günümüze ulaşan başlıca eserlerinin yanı sıra, diğer birçok eseri de kaynaklarda zikredilmektedir. Bunlar arasındaki İbn Sînâ’nın el-İşârât ve el-Hidâye fi’l-manṭıḳ gibi eserlerine yazdığı şerhler, Ebû İshak eş-Şîrâzî’nin Şâfiî fıkhına dair et-Tenbîh adlı eserine yazdığı şerh, nahiv ilmine dair eseri Ṭarîḳu’l-feṣâḥa onun ilgi alanının genişliğine işaret etmesi bakımından önemlidir (İbnü’n-Nefîs’in eserleriyle kendisine nisbet edilen kitaplar hakkında bk. el-Muḫtaṣar , neşredenin girişi, s. 9-82; ayrıca bk. DMBİ , V, 54-55).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., Şerḥu’l-Ḳānûn , Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 6273, vr. 10a .
a.mlf., el-Muḫtaṣar fî ʿilmi uṣûli’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî (nşr. Yûsuf Zeydân), Kahire 1412/1991, neşredenin girişi, s. 9-98.
a.mlf., Risâletü’l-aʿżâʾ (nşr. Yûsuf Zeydân), Kahire 1991, s. 11-69.
İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, Mesâlik , IX, 349-353.
Yâfiî, Mirʾâtü’l-cenân , IV, 207.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt (Tanâhî) , VIII, 305-306.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm , V, 78.
M. Meyerhof – J. Schacht, The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs , Oxford 1968, s. 1-37.
a.mlf.ler, “Ibn al-Nafīs”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 897-898.
M. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam , Leiden 1970, s. 172-176, 213.
Ahmed Yûsuf Hasan, Ebḥâs̱ü’l-müʾtemeri’s-seneviyyi’s̱-s̱âlis̱ li’l-cemʿiyyeti’s-Sûriyye li-târîḫi’l-ʿulûm , Halep 1980, s. 155-177.
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a.mlf., “The Comprehensive Book on the Art of Medicine by Ibn al-Nafīs”, Islamic Medicine , II/4, Kuwait 1982, s. 313-324.
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a.mlf., “Ibnul-Nafees has Dissected the Human Body”, Islamic Medicine , II/4 (1982), s. 306-312.
Âmir en-Neccâr, Fî Târîḫi’ṭ-ṭıb fi’d-devleti’l-İslâmiyye , Nasr 1986, s. 125-135.
Mâhir Abdülkādir Muhammed Ali, Muḳaddime fî târîḫi’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut 1988, s. 95-132.
Ramazan Şeşen, “İbnü’n-Nefîs ve kitâbühü’l-müsemmâ Buġyetü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn ve nüzhetü’l-müteṭabbibîn”, Ebḥâs̱ü’l-müʾtemeri’s-seneviyyi’t-tâsiʿ li-târîḫi’l-ʿulûm ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Halep 1988, s. 149-165.
M. Meyerhof, “Ibn an-Nafīs und seine Theorie des Lungenkreislaufs”, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Medizin (ed. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1991, s. 265-338.
Muhsin Mahdi, “Remarks on the Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs”, St.I , XXXI (1970), s. 197-209.
P. Ghalioungui, “The West Denies Ibn al-Nafis’s Contribution to the Discovery of the Circulation”, Islamic Medicine , II/4 (1982), s. 299-304.
Abu Shadi Al-Roubi, “Ibnul-Nafees as a Philosopher”, a.e. , II/4 (1982), s. 325-334.
Neş’et el-Hamârneh, “Vaṣfü’l-ḥavl ʿinde İbnü’n-Nefîs”, MTUA , VIII/1-2 (1984), s. 3-57.
Esin Kâhya, “Ibn al-Nafīs and his Work Kitāb Mūjiz al-Qānūn”, Studies in History of Medicine & Science , IX/3-4, New Delhi 1985, s. 89-94.
a.mlf., “İbn Nefis ve Eseri, el-Mucez”, Araştırma , XIV, Ankara 1992, s. 189-200.
R. Kruk, “History and Apocalypse: Ibn al-Nafīs, justification of Mamluk Rule”, Isl. , LXXII/2 (1995), s. 324-337.
Seyyid Sâdık Seccâdî, “İbn Nefîs”, DMBİ , V, 52-56.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 173-176 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.