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İBNÜ’r-RÛMÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen Alî b. el-Abbâs b. Cüreyc el-Bağdâdî (ö. 283/896)
Hicivleriyle tanınan Arap şairi.
2 Receb 221’de (21 Haziran 836) Bağdat’ta doğdu. Bizanslı bir hıristiyan olan dedesi Cüreyc (Cûrcîs, Circis, Georgios, Gregorios), Halife Emîn’in dayısı Îsâ b. Ca‘fer’in oğlu Ubeydullah’ın âzatlısı idi. Babası Abbas ailenin müslüman olan ilk üyesidir. Hıristiyan bir ailenin çocuğu olduğu için İbnü’r-Rûmî diye tanınan Ebü’l-Hasan Ali’nin annesi Hasene İran asıllı olup Abdullah es-Sicistânî’nin (es-Siczî) kızıdır. İbnü’r-Rûmî şiirlerinde soyundan övgüyle söz eder. Babasını küçük yaşta kaybeden İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin tahsilini en büyük kardeşi Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed üstlendi. İbnü’r-Rûmî Kur’an, dil, edebiyat, şiir, hitâbet ve hesap dersleri aldıktan sonra babasının yakın dostu Muhammed b. Habîb’in yanında öğrenimine devam etti. Bu hocasının vefat ettiği yıl (245/859) Bağdat’a gelen Basra dil mektebi reisi Müberred’in derslerine katıldı; Kûfe dil mektebi reisi Sa‘leb’den de ders aldı. Ayrıca Zeccâc, Ahfeş el-Asgar’dan faydalandı. Dönemin tarih, fıkıh ve hadis âlimlerinin derslerini takip ederek bilgisini ilerletti. Daha sonra zengin kütüphanesiyle Beytülhikme’de kendini ilmî çalışmalara verdi. Şiirlerinde geçen nâdir darbımeseller, eski Yunan filozoflarına telmihler, çeşitli yıldız adlarıyla dil, tarih, edebiyat, hadis, fıkıh, kelâm ve felsefe terimleri onun burada edindiği zengin kültürün göstergeleridir.
Gençlik yıllarında bir süre haraç tahsildarı Selîm b. Abdullah b. Ömer’in yardımcısı olarak çalışan İbnü’r-Rûmî, maaşını yetersiz bulduğu için görevinden ayrılıp hayatını şiir yazarak kazanmaya çalıştı. Onun Şiî ve Mu‘tezilî eğilimli olması sebebiyle kendisine saray kapısının kapandığı söylenir. Ancak gerçekten Şiî olmadığı, hakkı savunan tabiatı gereği haksızlıklara mâruz kalmaları sebebiyle Şîa’yı müdafaa ettiğini ileri sürenler de vardır. İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin, 250’de (864) Kûfe’de isyan eden Şîa reislerinden Ebü’l-Hüseyin Yahyâ b. Ömer et-Tâlibî’nin Müstaîn-Billâh tarafından öldürülmesi üzerine kaleme aldığı şiirler, bir Şîa bildirisi olduğu kadar Abbâsî yönetimini tehdit eden isyan hareketinin de sert bir ifadesi olarak değerlendirilir. Şîa reislerinden Ebû Sehl İsmâil b. Ali en-Nevbahtî onun övdüğü kimseler arasındadır.
İbnü’r-Rûmî, Şîa’ya karşı uzlaşmacı bir politika takip eden Muvaffak el-Abbâsî ile oğlu Mu‘tazıd-Billâh dönemlerinde saraydan beklediği ilgiyi gördü. Ancak uzun süre Abbâsî iktidarınca dışlanmış olması onu sarayın dışında başka hâmiler bulmaya sevketti. 248’de (862) gittiği Sâmerrâ’da Vezir Ahmed b. Hasîb için methiyeler yazdıysa da orada fazla kalamayıp Bağdat’a döndü. Çocukken babasını, genç yaşta hanımını ve ardarda üç çocuğunu kaybetmesi, İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin karamsar bir ruh yapısına sahip olmasına yol açmış, gençlik yıllarında gittiği Sâmerrâ dışında hep Bağdat’ta yaşamış ve burada vefat etmiştir. Uğursuz saydığı bir şey sebebiyle günlerce evine kapanıp dışarı çıkmadığı rivayet edilir.
Buhtürî’den sonra zamanının en büyük şairi kabul edilen İbnü’r-Rûmî şiirlerinde görülen derin hayaller ve ilginç görüşler, ayrıca sehl-i mümteni derecesinde sadelikle ustalığın kaynaşması bakımından Câhiliye şairi Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî’ye, fikir ve sanatta araştırmacı bir ruha sahip olması yönünden Mütenebbî’ye benzetilir. Bilhassa duygusallıkla tabiiliğin hâkim olduğu bazı parçalarında bu benzerlik daha açık şekilde görülmektedir.
İbnü’r-Rûmî başta Benî Tâhir olmak üzere Benî Vehb, Benî Cerrâh, Benî Müneccim, Benî Mersed, Benî Furât, Benî Hammâd ve Benî Nevbaht’a mensup vezir, vali, emîr ve kâtip düzeyindeki devlet ricâline övgüler yazmıştır. Bunların birçoğu İran kökenli olduğu gibi Benî Müneccim Mu‘tezilî, Benî Nevbaht ile Benî Furât da Şiî idi. Kendisine karşı cimri davranılması veya beklediği ölçüde bağışta bulunulmamasından dolayı daha önce övdüğü kimselerin çoğu da onun hiciv oklarına hedef olmuştur. Halife Mu‘tez-Billâh ile Tâhirîler’den Muhammed, Süleyman ve Ubeydullah, Benî Vehb’den Kāsım b. Ubeydullah gibi şahsiyetler, ayrıca Mu‘temid’in vezirleri İsmâil b. Bülbül ile Ebû İshak İbnü’l-Müdebbir, Benî Nevbaht’tan Muhammed, Ebü’l-Fazl, Ebû Yahyâ, Ebû Sehl onun hicivlerine mâruz kalmıştır. Hatta bazı kaynaklarda, ağır şekilde hicvettiği Vezir Kāsım b. Ubeydullah tarafından bir ziyafet sırasında zehirletilerek öldürüldüğü iddia edilmektedir. Fakat bu rivayetin doğru olması mümkün görünmemektedir. Zira Kāsım b. Ubeydullah onun ölümünden beş yıl sonra vezirliğe getirilmiştir.
Dil âlimi ve edip Tevvezî ile Kitâbü’t-Teşbîhât müellifi İbn Ebû Avn ve Benî Mersed ailesi onun övdüğü kişiler arasındadır. Buhtürî ile Hâlid el-Kahtabî ise yerdiği çağdaş şairlerdendir. En büyük rakibi olarak gördüğü Buhtürî’yi hicvettiği “Kasîde-i Bâiyye”sinde şiirleri zayıf ve çalıntı olduğu halde Buhtürî’nin şanslı, kendisinin ise şanssız olduğunu söyleyen İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin şiirleri şair Hüseyin b. Dahhâk tarafından rivayet edilmiştir. Di‘bil onun bazı şiirlerine nazîreler yazmış, İbn Ebû Tâhir de şiirlerini hicvetmiştir. Miskāl el-Vâsıtî (Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Ubeydullah), İbnü’l-Müseyyeb (el-Müseyyebî), Ebû Osman Sa‘d b. Hüseyin en-Nâcim, Ahmed b. Ammâr, Ebû Ca‘fer (Muhammed b. Ahmed) İbnü’l-Hâcib, İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin yakın dostları ve öğrencileri arasında zikredilir.
Basra’nın zenciler tarafından yakılıp yıkılması üzerine kaleme aldığı mersiyede İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin Hureymî’nin Bağdat mersiyesinden etkilendiği görülmektedir. Ebû Firâs el-Hamdânî’nin Bizans’ta esir iken yazdığı, vatan hasretine dair “Rûmiyyât” adı verilen şiirleri ise onun bu tarz şiirlerini hatırlatmaktadır. İbnü’r-Rûmî fizikî kusurları ustalıkla karikatürize eden, alaycı ve güldüren hicivde en usta şair kabul edilir; onun hicivleri darbımesel olmuştur. Gözleme dayalı tasvirlerde oldukça başarılı bulunan İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin tabiat tasvirleri, bu konuda usta kabul edilen Sanevberî’ninkilere benzetilmiştir. Zayıf bir bünyeye sahip olduğu halde yemeğe düşkün olan şairin şiirlerinde yiyecek ve içecek tasvirlerinin yoğunluğu dikkat çeker. Genç yaşta yitirdiği eşi, ardarda ölen çocukları ve annesinin vefatı üzerine kaleme aldığı mersiyeleri yoğun duygu yüklüdür. Kasidelerinin nesîb bölümlerinde gazelleri bulunduğu gibi müstakil gazelleri de mevcuttur. Ancak bazı kısa gazel parçaları, onun emir üzerine şiir yazan bir salon şairi olduğu izlenimi uyandırmaktadır.
İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin şiirleri genellikle uzun olup 100-150 beyti aşan çok sayıda şiiri vardır. “Kasîde-i Nûniyye”si 500 beyte ulaşır. Ele aldığı bir fikri derinlemesine incelemeyi seven şair biçim, renk ve hareket tasvirlerinde son derece başarılıdır. Nergisi güle tercih ederek iki çiçeği diyalog halinde konuşturan İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin bu risâlesine ilk defa İbn Bürd el-Asgar reddiye şeklinde nazire yazmıştır. İbnü’r-Rûmî gençliğinde mugannî Benân için şarkı sözleri kaleme almıştır. Onun şiirlerine yansıyan mûsiki kurallarına ve usulüne dair geniş kültürü, mûsiki aletleriyle ses hakkındaki başarılı tasvirleri buradan ileri gelir.
Arap edebiyatının en hacimli divanına (17.000 beyit) sahip olan İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin şiirlerini öğrencisi İbnü’l-Müseyyeb kendisinden rivayet ederek derlemiş, ayrıca Kitâbü Aḫbâri İbni’r-Rûmî adlı bir eser kaleme almıştır. Yine öğrencilerinden olup hicivleriyle tanınan şair Miskāl (Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Ya‘kūb) el-Vâsıtî de onun şiirlerini kendisinden dinleyip rivayet edenlerdendir. Ebü’l-Hasan İbnü’l-Asb el-Milhî, İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin divanını Miskāl’den rivayet etmiştir. Öğrencisi Ebû Ca‘fer İbnü’l-Hâcib ile dostu Ebû Osman en-Nâcim de onun râvileri arasında yer alır. Ebû Osman şiirlerinden yaptığı seçmeleri İḫtiyâru şiʿri İbni’r-Rûmî adlı eserinde toplamıştır. Yakın dostlarından İbn Ammâr es-Sekafî de Kitâbü Aḫbâri İbni’r-Rûmî ve’l-iḫtiyâr(ât/el-muḫtâr) min şiʿrihî adıyla bir eser yazmıştır. İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin şiirleri Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî (ö. 335/946) tarafından derlenerek bir divan oluşturulmuştur. Ebü’t-Tayyib Verrâk İbn Abdûs el-Cehşiyârî, Sûlî’nin derlemesini yeniden düzenlemiş ve 1000 beyit kadar da ilâvede bulunmuştur. İbn Nübâte el-Mısrî’nin (ö. 768/1366) Muḫtâru Dîvâni İbni’r-Rûmî adlı eseri zamanımıza intikal etmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 4261). Hâlidiyyân’ın Aḫbâru şiʿri İbni’r-Rûmî adıyla bir kitap yazdığı, İbn Sînâ’nın onun şiirlerinden yaptığı seçmeleri şerhettiği, İbn Rüşd’ün ise şairin divanının tamamına şerh yazdığı belirtilmektedir (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 125; Sezgin, GAS , II, 587).
İbnü’r-Rûmî divanının önce bazı bölümleri basılmıştır. Muhammed Şerîf Selîm, hâ harfine kadar olan kısmı Kahire’deki bir nüshaya dayanarak şerhiyle birlikte yayımlamıştır (I-II, Kahire 1917-1922). Kâmil Kîlânî (I-III, Kahire 1924), Abbas Mahmûd el-Akkād (Kahire 1930), Mahmûd Sâmî el-Bârûdî (Kahire 1909-1911), Muhammed Tevfîk el-Bekrî, Muhammed Abdülganî Hasan (Beyrut 1900; Kahire 1971) ve Ahmed Hâlid (Tunus 1977) İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin şiirlerinden seçmeler yapmışlardır. Saîd el-Bustânî divanın dâl ve zâ harfleri arasındaki kısmını iki cilt halinde neşretmiştir (Paris 1961-1967). İbnü’r-Rûmî divanının tamamının ilmî neşrini ilk defa Hüseyin Nassâr gerçekleştirmiştir (I-VI, Kahire 1973-1981). Divan, bazı güç kelimelerinin şerhiyle birlikte Ahmed Hasan Besec tarafından da yayımlanmıştır (I-III, Beyrut 1415/1994). Abdülkerîm Julius Germanus, İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin bazı kasidelerini “Sulle orme di Maometto” (Mailand 1938) adıyla İtalyanca’ya, “Az Arab Szellenizég Megújhoddása” (Budapest 1944) adıyla Macarca’ya ve “İbn Rûmî’s Dichtkunst” (AOH , VI [1957], s. 215-286) adıyla Almanca’ya tercüme etmiştir.
Eski antolojilerle edebiyata dair eserlerde İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin şiirlerine ait bol malzeme bulunmaktadır. Bunların başlıcaları şunlardır: İbn Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî, Kitâbü’z-Zehre ; İbn Ebû Avn, Kitâbü’t-Teşbîhât ; Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Dîvânü’l-Meʿânî ve Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn ; Ebû Ali el-Kālî, el-Emâlî ; Ebû İshak el-Husrî, Zehrü’l-âdâb ve Cemʿu’l-cevâhir ; İbn Reşîḳ, el-ʿUmde ; Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb ; Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir ; Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî, Esrârü’l-belâġa ; İbnü’ş-Şecerî, Dîvânü’l-Ḥamâse ; Şerîf el-Murtazâ, el-Emâlî (Ġurerü’l-fevâʾid ve dürerü’l-ḳalâʾid) . Ayrıca Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr’in Ebû Temmâm, Buhtürî ve İbnü’r-Rûmî gibi şairlerin seçme şiirlerinden oluşan Müʾnisü’l-vaḥde adlı eseri günümüze ulaşmıştır (Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1400; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Edeb, nr. 5070).
Bazı dostları ile Vezir Kāsım b. Ubeydullah’a yazdığı, Câhiz’in üslûbunu hatırlatan küçük risâleleri de bulunan İbnü’r-Rûmî hakkında çok sayıda eser kaleme alınmıştır. Bunların başlıcaları şunlardır: Abbas Mahmûd el-Akkād, İbnü’r-Rûmî ḥayâtühû min şiʿrih (Kahire 1931); Ömer Ferruh, İbnü’r-Rûmî (Beyrut 1942); Rhuvon Guest, Life and Works of Ibn er-Rūmī (Londres 1944; Ar. trc. Hüseyin Nassâr; İbnü’r-Rûmî ḥayâtühû ve şiʿruh , Beyrut 1960); Midhad İkâs, İbnü’r-Rûmî (Dımaşk 1948); Muhammed Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî, et-Teşbîh fî şiʿri İbni’r-Rûmî ve’bni’l-Muʿtez (Kahire 1949); Muhammed Abdülganî Hasan, İbnü’r-Rûmî (Kahire 1955); Mohi al-Din Saber, Ibn al-Rūmī Poète satirique et caricaturiste de Bagdād (Bordeaux 1949, doktora tezi); Îliyyâ Selîm Hâvî, İbnü’r-Rûmî fennühû ve nefsiyyetühû min ḫilâli şiʿrih (Beyrut 1959, 1980); Ali Şelak, İbnü’r-Rûmî fi’ṣ-ṣûret ve’l-vücûd (Beyrut 1960); Said Boustany, Ibn ar-Rūmī sa vie et son oeuvre (Beyrut 1967); Cûrc Gureyyib, İbnü’r-Rûmî dirâse ʿâmme (Beyrut 1968, 1973); Ali Ali Sabîh, eṣ-Ṣûretü’l-edebiyye fî şiʿri İbni’r-Rûmî (doktora tezi, 1393/1973, Câmiatü’l-Ezher külliyyetü’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye); Abdülhamîd Muhammed Cîde, el-Hicâʾ ʿinde İbni’r-Rûmî (Beyrut 1974); Ahmed Hâlid, İbnü’r-Rûmî (Tunus 1977); Cûrc Abdü Ma‘tûk, İbnü’r-Rûmî eş-şâʿirü’l-maġbûn (Beyrut 1404/1984); Safiyye Abdülkādir İsmâil es-Sûdânî, el-Vaṣf fî şiʿri İbni’r-Rûmî (yüksek lisans tezi, 1405/1985, Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ külliyyetü’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye [Mekke]); Ahmed et-Tabbâl, İbnü’r-Rûmî, dirâsetü nuṣûṣ ve ḫaṣâʾiṣ ʿâmme (Trablus 1986); Kâmil Sa‘fân, Ḳırâʾe fî Dîvâni İbni’r-Rûmî (Kahire 1986); İzzeddin el-Ciridlî, el-Ġazel fî şiʿri İbni’r-Rûmî (Beyrut 1987); Halîl Merdem Bek, İbnü’r-Rûmî (Beyrut 1988); Nâzik Sâbâ Yârd, Küllü mâ ḳālehû İbnü’r-Rûmî fi’l-hicâʾ (London 1988); İbrâhim Abdülcevâd, İbnü’r-Rûmî fi’t-türâs̱i’n-naḳdî ve’l-edebî (yüksek lisans tezi, 1985, Yermük Üniversitesi); Hasan ed-Denn, el-Ḳıyemü’l-cemâliyye fî şiʿri İbni’r-Rûmî (yüksek lisans tezi, 1987, Lattakia Üniversitesi); Muhammed Halef el-Hezâime, el-Merʾe fî şiʿri İbni’r-Rûmî (yüksek lisans tezi, 1985, Yermük Üniversitesi); Hassân Hasan, es-Suḫriyye fî şiʿri İbni’r-Rûmî (yüksek lisans tezi, 1987, Lattakia Üniversitesi).
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Gregor Schoeler, “On Ibn al-Rūmī’s Reflective Poetry, His Poem About Poetry”, JAL , XXVII/1 (1996), s. 22-36.
Geert Jan van Gelder, “The Terrified Traveller Ibn al-Rūmī’s Antiraḥīl”, a.e. , XXVII/1 (1996), s. 37-48.
Pieter Smoor, “Elegies and Other Poemes on Death by Ibn al-Rūmī”, a.e. , XXVII/1 (1996), s. 49-85.
Beatrice Gruendler, “Ibn al-Rūmī’s Ethics of Patronage”, Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review , III, Cambridge 1996, s. 1-2, 104-160.
Pieter Smoor, “Ibn al-Rūmī: His Elegies and Mockelegies for Friends and Foes”, Quaderni di studi arabi , XV, Venezia 1997, s. 93-118.
Robert Mckinney, “Ibn al-Rūmī’s Contribution to the Nautical Rahīl”, JAL , XXIX (1998), s. 95-135.
S. Boustany, “Ibn al-Rūmī”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 907-909.
Âzertâş Âzernûş, “İbn Rûmî”, DMBİ , III, 600-608.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 186-188 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.