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İBNÜ’ş-ŞIHNE, Ebü’l-Fazl Skip to content Ebü’l-Fazl Muhibbüddîn Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Muhammed es-Sekafî el-Halebî (ö. 890/1485)
Hanefî fakihi ve tarihçi.
12 Receb 804 (15 Şubat 1402) tarihinde Halep’te doğdu. Ebü’l-Velîd Muhibbüddin İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin oğludur. Halep, Dımaşk ve Kahire’de çeşitli hocalardan ders aldı. Babasından ve amcası Ebü’l-Büşrâ Fethuddin ile Ebü’l-Bekā İzzeddin Muhammed b. Halîl el-Hazîrî ve Bedreddin Muhammed b. Selâme el-Mardînî’den fıkıh, Burhâneddin el-Halebî’den uzun müddet hadis tahsil etti. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Burhâneddin İbnü’l-Murahhal ve Şehâbeddin Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Vâsıtî’den icâzet aldı. Ayrıca kayınpederi Alâeddin İbn Hatîb en-Nâsıriyye, İbn Kutluboğa, Şehâbeddin İbnü’s-Seffâh ve Nûreddin İbn Hatîbüddehşe’den istifade etti. İslâmî ilimlere, Arap dili ve edebiyatına dair manzum ve mensur birçok temel metni ezberledi. Çok zeki olduğu ve yirmi gün içinde Zeynüddin el-Irâkī ile İbn Mâlik et-Tâî’nin elfiyyelerini ezberleyecek kadar güçlü bir hâfızaya sahip bulunduğu rivayet edilir (Necmeddin İbn Fehd, s. 285).
İlk görevine, babasının isteği üzerine ağabeyi Evhadüddin Abdüllatîf ile birlikte Eşktemüriyye, Cerdîkiyye, Haleviyye ve Şâzbahtiyye medreselerinde ders vermekle başladı. 820’de (1417) Eşktemüriyye Medresesi’ne müderris oldu. Aynı yıl Halep kazaskerliğine getirildi, ardından Şâzbahtiyye Medresesi’ne müderris tayin edildi. Daha sonra Halep Hanefî kadısı (836/1433), ikinci kayınpederi Mısır Şâfiî Başkadısı Veliyyüddin eş-Şeftî’nin desteğiyle sır kâtibi ve ordu nâzırı (848/1445), Haleviyye ve Câveliyye medreselerine müderris, Halep Ulucamii’ne imam-hatip oldu; bu şehirde yetkilerin çoğunu kendisinde topladı. Muhaliflerinin faaliyetleri yüzünden Kahire’ye sır kâtibi olarak gönderildi (857/1453); sekiz ay sonra bu görevden alınıp Kudüs’te ikamete mecbur edildi (1454-1458).
Serbest bırakılınca oğlu Esîrüddin Muhammed’in Hanefî kadısı olarak görev yaptığı Halep’e döndü. Ardından Kahire’de sır kâtipliğine (863/1459) ve Hanefî başkadılığına (866/1462) getirildi. Receb 867’de (Nisan 1463) azledildiyse de Muharrem 868’de (Eylül 1463) yeniden aynı göreve tayin edildi. Bu arada hacca gitti. Cemâziyelâhir 870’te (Şubat 1466) görevine son verildi; ertesi yıl Müeyyediyye Medresesi’nde hadis müderrisliğine getirildi. 6 Muharrem 871’de (18 Ağustos 1466) üçüncü defa tayin edildiği başkadılık görevinden 11 Cemâziyelevvel 877’de (14 Ekim 1472) tekrar azledilerek Kudüs’e sürüldü. 18 Cemâziyelevvel 882’de (28 Ağustos 1477) Şeyhûniyye Hankahı şeyhliğine getirildi. Hayatının sonlarına doğru rahatsızlığı sebebiyle Şeyhûniyye ve Müeyyediyye’deki görevlerine oğlunu gönderdi. 16 Muharrem 890’da (2 Şubat 1485) vefat etti ve el-Melikü’z-Zâhir Berkuk’un türbesi yakınındaki kendi türbesine defnedildi.
İbnü’ş-Şıhne fıkıh, kelâm, fıkıh usulü alanlarındaki bilgisi yanında dil ve edebiyattaki kabiliyetini yazdığı şiir ve nesirlerde göstermiştir. Hadis ilmini çok sevdiği halde bu alanda ihtisasa sahip değildi. Kendisinden Necmeddin İbn Fehd, Sehâvî, Cemâleddin Hüseyin el-Fethî, Necmeddin İbn Kādî Aclûn gibi âlimler rivayette bulunmuşlardır. Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî ve İbnü’l-Fârız gibi vahdet-i vücûd felsefesini benimseyen sûfîlere karşı sert muhalefet gösteren İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin mevki ve makama düşkün olduğu ve bu yüzden birçok kimseyi kendisine düşman ettiği belirtilir.
Eserleri. 1. Nihâyetü’n-nihâye fî taḥrîri taḳrîri’l-Hidâye . Burhâneddin el-Mergīnânî’nin el-Hidâye adlı fıkıh kitabını gusül bölümüne kadar beş cilde yakın bir hacimde şerhetmiş, fakat çalışmasını sürdürememiştir. Beş bölümden oluşan I. cilt önemli mâlûmatı içeren müstakil bir eser niteliğindedir. İlk bölüm fıkhın tanımı, konusu, gayesi, başka ilimlerle ilişkisi hakkında olup diğer ilimlerle ilişkisinin anlatıldığı kısım kelâm usulü ve fıkıh usulüne dair iki ayrı muhtasar eser mahiyetindedir. Fıkıh usulü bölümünü Ebü’l-Berekât en-Nesefî’nin Menârü’l-envâr ’ını ihtisar ederek yazdığı için buna “Tenvîrü’l-Menâr” adını vermiştir. İkinci bölümde el-Hidâye , üçüncü bölümde şerhte kullanılan terimler hakkında bilgi verilmektedir. Dördüncü bölümde şârihle metnin müellifi arasındaki isnad zincirinde yer alan hocalarla Mergīnânî’nin biyografileri, kaynaklarda el-Menâḳıbü’n-Nuʿmâniyye adıyla anılan beşinci bölümde ise fetva usulü konuları yanında başta Ebû Hanîfe olmak üzere mezhebin ileri gelen âlimlerinin ve el-Hidâye şârihlerinin hayat hikâyeleri yer almaktadır (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1319; Süleymaniye Ktp., Âşir Efendi, nr. 108, Damad İbrâhim Paşa, nr. 586, Yenicami, nr. 510, Yazma Bağışlar, nr. 681; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 1479; Halep Evkaf Ktp., Ahmediyye, Fıkıh, nr. 456). Bu şerhe Muslihuddin Mustafa Sürûrî bir hâşiye yazmıştır. Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (nr. 2504) Nihâyetü’n-nihâye ’nin (el-Cüzʾü’r-râbiʿ ve’l-ḫâmis mine’n-Nihâye şerḥi’l-Hidâye ) kapağında eserin İbnü’ş-Şıhne’ye ait olduğu kaydedilmişse de “Kitâbü’l-Eymân”la başlayıp “Serikat”la biten kitabın el-Hidâye ’ye ait bir başka şerhin bir bölümü olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
2. Nüzhetü’n-nevâẓır fî Ravżi’l-menâẓır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 3232; Damad İbrâhim Paşa, nr. 871; Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa, nr. 814). Müellifin babasının Ravżü’l-menâẓır adlı muhtasar tarihinin şerhi ve zeyli niteliğindedir. Kitabın tarihte ilklerin ele alındığı on bablık evâil bölümü müstakil bir eser sayılır (bir nüshası için bk. Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2986). Kitapta İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin yeri geldikçe kendisi ve ailesiyle ilgili verdiği bilgiler önemlidir. Her ne kadar müellif, babasının eserini yeniden düzenleyip bazı ilâvelerde bulunduğunu ve onun bıraktığı yerden yazabileceği son tarihe kadar yazma-yı planladığını belirtirse de mevcut her üç nüsha girişte yer alan fihristte geçen konuları kapsamaz; âdeta büyük eserin mukaddimesi niteliğinde olan bu nüshalarda genel hatlarıyla Kuzey Suriye’ye dair bilgi verilmiştir. Öğrencisi Necmeddin İbn Fehd, İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin babasının tarihine büyük bir zeyil yazdığını kaydeder (Muʿcemü’ş-şüyûḫ , s. 285); Muhammed Râgıb et-Tabbâh da Halep Ahmediyye Kütüphanesi’nde bir sandık içinde bu esere ait müsveddeyi gördüğünü, fakat bu nüshanın çok eksik ve yazım hatalarıyla dolu olduğunu belirtir (İʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , I, 61).
3. ed-Dürrü’l-münteḫab fî târîḫi memleketi Ḥaleb . Halep’teki saraylar, camiler, medreseler, hanlar, ribâtlar, mesire ve ziyaret yerleri vb. hakkındadır. Muhammed Râgıb et-Tabbâh bu eserin Ebü’l-Yümn b. Abdurrahman el-Betrûnî’ye ait olduğunu iddia etmiş (a.g.e. , I, 31-32), kitabın nâşirlerinden Keiko Ohta ise Nüzhetü’n-nevâẓır ’ın bir bölümü olduğunu belirtmiştir. Serkîs eseri Ebü’l-Fazl’a nisbet ederek yayımlamış, Jean Sauvaget de Ebü’l-Fazl’ın babası tarafından kurulan vakıfları zikretmesi sebebiyle kitabın ona ait olmadığı yolundaki şüpheleri temelsiz bulmuştur. ed-Dürrü’l-münteḫab ’da müellifin vefatından sonraki bazı olayların anlatılması esere bir başkası tarafından bazı ilâvelerde bulunulduğunu göstermektedir. İbn Şeddâd’ın el-Aʿlâḳu’l-ḫaṭîre ’si esas alınarak bazı ilâvelerde bulunulmak suretiyle yazılan eser, ana hatlarıyla Nüzhetü’n-nevâẓır ’ın Halep ile ilgili kısmının bir özeti niteliğinde olup daha sonra Betrûnî tarafından buna bazı bilgiler eklenmiştir. Çeşitli neşirleri yapılan kitabı (nşr. Alfred von Kremer, Viyana 1852; nşr. Yûsuf b. İlyân Serkîs, Dımaşk 1909; Halep 1404; nşr. Abdullah Muhammed ed-Dervîş, Dımaşk 1984; nşr. Keiko Ohta, Tokyo 1990) Jean Sauvaget Les Perles choisies d’Ibn ach-Chihna adıyla Fransızca’ya çevirmiştir (Beyrut 1933; nşr. Fuat Sezgin, Frankfurt 1993).
4. el-Manẓûmetü’l-bâʾiyye fî ʿaḳāʾidi Ehli’s-sünne (el-Cemʿ beyne’l-ʿUmde ve yeḳūlü’l-ʿabd, ʿAḳīde, el-ʿAḳīdetü’s-saʿîde, Manẓûme fi’l-ʿaḳāʾid, Manẓûme fî uṣûli’d-dîn) . Nesefî’nin ʿUmdetü’l-ʿaḳāʾid ’i ile Ali b. Osman el-Ûşî’nin Bedʾü’l-âmâlî (Ḳaṣîdetü yeḳūlü’l-ʿabd) adlı manzumesi bir araya getirilip bazı ilâvelerde bulunularak meydana getirilen eserin yazımı 1 Cemâziyelevvel 862’de (17 Mart 1458) Kudüs’te tamamlanmıştır (nüshaları için bk. Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2269; İskenderiye Ktp., Tevhid, nr. 38, 41; Gotha Ktp., nr. 9; Princeton Üniversitesi Ktp., Yahuda, nr. 2307; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 5258/10, 16708/2; el-Hizânetü’t-Teymûriyye, Mecâmî‘, nr. 218/2; Mektebetü câmiati’l-Melik Suûd, nr. 1434). Bu manzumeyi Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hamevî Taʿlîḳu’l-ḳalâʿid ʿalâ Manẓûmeti’l-ʿaḳāʾid (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2269/2; Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ, nr. 320; İskenderiye Ktp., Tevhid, nr. 41; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 22821b) ve Ebû Azbe Nüzhetü (Behcetü) Ehli’s-sünne şerḥu ʿAḳīdeti İbni’ş-Şıḥne (Mektebetü câmiati’l-Melik Suûd, nr. 508; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 2280; el-Hizânetü’t-Teymûriyye, nr. 227) adıyla şerhetmiştir.
5. İstîʿâbü’l-kelâm ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-ʿAḳāʾid . Sa‘deddin et-Teftâzânî’nin eseri üzerine tamamlanmamış bir hâşiyedir (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 428).
6. el-Aḳvâlü’l-mefrûża fî târiki’ṣ-ṣalâti’l-mefrûża (el-Kelâm ʿalâ târiki’ṣ-ṣalât) . Bilerek birkaç vakit farz namazı vaktinden sonraya bırakıp ardından kazâ etmenin günah olup olmadığı konusunda kendisine sorulan bir soruya cevap olarak yazılmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 1656).
7. Şerḥu’l-Manẓûme fi’l-ferâʾiż . Babasının Elfiyye fi’l-ʿulûmi’l-ʿaşere adlı manzumesinin ferâiz bölümünün şerhidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 1316; Princeton Üniversitesi Ktp., Yahuda, nr. 1637; Mektebetü câmiati’l-Melik Suûd, nr. 822/3).
8. el-Emâli’l-Muḥibbiyye bi’l-Medreseti’l-Müʾeyyediyye (Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 264).
9. Şerḥu ḫuṭbeti’l-Ḳāmûs . Fîrûzâbâdî’nin el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ adlı lugat kitabının mukaddimesinin şerhidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Kadızâde Mehmed, nr. 69).
10. Şerḥu Naẓmi’l-muvâfaḳāti’l-ʿÖmeriyye li’l-Ḳurʾâni’ş-Şerîf . Hz. Ömer’in görüşüne uygun şekilde nâzil olan on sekiz âyeti açıkladığı kendi eserinin şerhidir (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 5284). Eseri Brockelmann bir yerde Seriyyüddin İbnü’ş-Şıhne’ye, başka bir yerde Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne’ye (GAL Suppl. , II, 41, 94), Ziriklî ise babası Ebü’l-Velîd’e (el-Aʿlâm , VII, 51) nisbet etmiştir.
11. ʿAhd . Kahire’de Dîvân-ı İnşâ’da sır kâtibi iken yazdığı, Sultan el-Melikü’l-Eşref İnal’ın ölüm döşeğinde iken oğlu el-Melikü’l-Müeyyed Ahmed’i veliaht tayin ettiğine dair 865 (1461) tarihli bu belgenin tam metni Sehâvî tarafından kaydedilmiştir (eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Refʿi’l-iṣr , s. 370-375; ayrıca bk. Fihrisü’l-kütübi’l-ʿArabiyye , VII, 95-96; Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 116).
12. S̱ebet . Kendi rivayetlerini kaydedip hocalarını anlattığı bir eserdir (DMBİ , IV, 73).
İbnü’ş-Şıhne’ye kaynaklarda ayrıca es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye , İḫtiṣârü’n-Neşr (İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin en-Neşr fi’l-kırâʾâti’l-ʿaşr adlı eserinin muhtasarı), el-Müncidü’l-muġīs̱ fî ʿilmi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Tertîbü mübhemâti İbn Beşküvâl ʿalâ esmâʾi’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe , Manẓûme fi’ṣ-ṣalâti’l-vüsṭâ , İktitâfü’l-ezâhir fî ẕeyli Ravżi’l-menâẓır , Şerḥu Elfiyyeti İbn Mâlik , Şerḥu’t-Telḫîṣ adlı eserler nisbet edilmektedir.
Muhammed Râgıb et-Tabbâh, Kılıç Ali Paşa Kütüphanesi eski katalogunda (nr. 739) el-Cevheretü’l-muḍîʾe adıyla Ebü’l-Fazl’a nisbet edilen kitabın, Sehâvî’nin Ebü’l-Fazl’ın eserleri arasında zikrettiği birkaç ciltlik Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanefiyye adlı eser olduğunu belirtir (İʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , I, 64; krş. eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , IX, 304). Ancak söz konusu nüsha Kureşî’nin el-Cevâhirü’l-muḍıyye ’si olup Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne sayfa kenarlarında eserdeki bir kısım hataları düzeltmiş ve Kureşî’nin yer vermediği yahut onun döneminden sonra yaşayan bazı Hanefî âlimlerinin biyografilerini eklemiştir. Bu yanlışlık muhtemelen, kendisi için yazdığı nüshanın kapağında kitap üzerinde yaptığı çalışmayla ilgili açıklamasının yer almasından kaynaklanmıştır. Brockelmann’ın Târîḫ adıyla Ebü’l-Fazl’a nisbet ettiği kitap ise (GAL , II, 53) babasının Ravżü’l-menâẓır adlı eseridir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Nüzhetü’n-nevâẓır fî Ravżi’l-menâẓır , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hekimoğlu, nr. 814, vr. 123b -125b .
a.mlf., ed-Dürrü’l-münteḫab fî târîḫi memleketi Ḥaleb (nşr. Keiko Ohta), Tokyo 1990, tür.yer.
Necmeddin İbn Fehd, Muʿcemü’ş-şüyûḫ (nşr. Muhammed ez-Zâhî), Riyad 1402/1982, s. 284-285.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , VI, 189; IX, 295-305.
a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Refʿi’l-iṣr (nşr. Cûde Hilâl – Muhammed Mahmûd Subh), Kahire 1966, s. 125-126, 357-406.
a.mlf., Vecîzü’l-kelâm fi’ẕ-ẕeyl ʿalâ Düveli’l-İslâm (nşr. Beşşâr Avvâd Ma‘rûf v.dğr.), Beyrut 1416/1995, III, 964.
Süyûtî, Naẓmü’l-ʿiḳyân (nşr. Philip K. Hitti), New York 1927, s. 171-172.
İbn İyâs, Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , III, 79, 134, 214.
Kâtib Çelebi, Süllemü’l-vüṣûl ilâ ṭabaḳāti’l-fuḥûl , Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1887, vr. 227a .
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 921; II, 1826, 1866, 1949-1950, 2036, 2039.
Şevkânî, el-Bedrü’ṭ-ṭâliʿ , II, 263-264.
Bahâ Ahmed el-Meyhî – Muhammed Biblâvî, Fihrisü’l-kütübi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’l-maḥfûẓa bi’l-Kütübḫâneti’l-Ḫidîviyye , Kahire 1305, II, 7, 41; III, 146; VII, 69, 95-96, 100-101.
Muhammed Râgıb et-Tabbâh, İʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ bi-târîḫi Ḥalebi’ş-şehbâʾ , Halep 1344/1925, I, 31-34, 60-64; V, 314-332.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 134-135.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 428; II, 53; Suppl. , I, 568; II, 40-41, 94, 116.
Fihrisü’l-Ḫizâneti’t-Teymûriyye , Kahire 1950, IV, 134, 138.
Fuâd Seyyid, Fihrisü’l-maḫṭûṭât , Kahire 1380/1961, I, 164-165; II, 7, 41.
Hâlid Reyyân, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Dâri’l-kütübi’ẓ-Ẓâhiriyye: et-Târîḫ ve mülḥaḳātüh , Dımaşk 1973, II, 528-529.
R. Mach, Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts (Yahuda Section) in the Garrett Collection , Princeton 1977, s. 143, 197, 379.
Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Câmiʿati’l-Melik es-Suʿûd , Riyad 1982-84, V, 207-208, 214; VI, 278.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , VII, 51.
Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Câmiʿati Ümmi’l-ḳurâ , Mekke 1983, I, 98.
el-Münteḫab mine’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-ʿArabiyye fî Ḥaleb , Beyrut 1986, IV, 213-215.
Ramazan Şeşen, Muḫṭarât mine’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-ʿArabiyyeti’n-nâdire fî mektebâti Türkiye , İstanbul 1997, s. 99.
Nikūlâ Ziyâde, “Mâ sâheme bihi’l-müʾerriḫûne’l-ʿArab fi’l-miʾeti’s-seneti’l-aḫîre min dirâseti’t-târîḫi’l-ʿArabî ve ġayrih fî ʿaṣri’l-Memâlîk”, el-Ebḥâs̱ , XII/4, Beyrut 1959, s. 323-324.
D. Sourdel, “Ibn al-S̲h̲iḥna”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 938.
Meryem Sâdıkī, “İbn Şıḥne”, DMBİ , IV, 71-73.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 220-222 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.