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İBNÜ’ş-ŞIHNE, Ebü’l-Velîd Skip to content Ebü’l-Velîd Muhibbüddîn Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Mahmûd es-Sekafî el-Halebî (ö. 815/1412)
Hanefî fakihi, tarihçi.
749’da (1348) Halep’te doğdu. Türk asıllıdır. Atalarından Hüsâmeddin Mahmûd’un, Eyyûbî Sultanı el-Melikü’l-Azîz Gıyâseddin döneminde 616 (1219) yılı civarında Halep şıhnesi olması dolayısıyla aile fertleri daha sonra İbnü’ş-Şıhne diye anılmıştır. Ebü’l-Velîd İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin babası Ebü’l-Fazl Kemâleddin Halep’te Hanefîler’in üstadı konumunda idi (Ravżü’l-menâẓır , s. 289). Kardeşi Abdurrahman ise önce Hama Hanefî kadılığı yapmış, Mâlikî mezhebine geçmesinin ardından Halep Mâlikî kadılığına getirilmiştir.
Oğlu Ebü’l-Fazl Muhammed’den ayrılabilmesi için İbnü’ş-Şıhne el-Kebîr diye anılan Ebü’l-Velîd ilk derslerini Halep’te babasından aldı. Kur’an’ı ve muhtelif ilimlere dair birçok metni ezberledi. Daha sonra öğrenimini Dımaşk ve Kahire’de sürdürdü; başta fıkıh ve edebiyat olmak üzere çeşitli alanlarda kendini yetiştirdi. Genç yaşta iken hocaları Kahire Kadısı Şerefeddin İbn Mansûr ve Halep Kadısı Emînüddin Muhammed b. Ali el-Enefî’den fetva ve ders verme icâzeti aldı. 777’de (1375) tekrar gittiği Kahire’de ilim çevrelerinde adını duyurdu. Ertesi yıl Ömer b. Reslân el-Bulkīnî ve Ekmeleddin el-Bâbertî’nin tavsiyeleriyle, Sultan el-Melikü’l-Eşref Şa‘bân tarafından görevden alınan Cemâleddin İbnü’l-Adîm’in yerine Halep kadılığına ve Halâviyye Medresesi müderrisliğine tayin edildi. Kısa aralıklarla bu görev kendisiyle İbnü’l-Adîm arasında el değiştirdi. 787’de (1385) İbnü’l-Adîm’in vefatı üzerine dördüncü defa Halep kadılığına getirildikten sonra da iki defa bu görevden alındı ve tekrar iade edildi. Sultan Berkuk’a karşı ayaklanan Yelboğa en-Nâsırî’yi desteklediği için Berkuk Halep’e gelince onu azledip öldürmek istediyse de Üstâdüddâr Cemâleddin Mahmûd b. Ali’nin araya girmesiyle bundan vazgeçerek malını müsadere ettirdi ve kendisini Kahire’de ikamete mecbur tuttu (28 Cemâziyelevvel 793 / 3 Mayıs 1391). Kahire’de Cemâleddin Mahmûd’un evine yerleştirilen İbnü’ş-Şıhne ondan büyük destek gördü. Üç yıl sonra Halep’e dönerek ders okutmak ve kitap yazmakla meşgul oldu. el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Ferec’in Halep’e ilk gelişinde tekrar kadı oldu (802/1400). Halep nâibi Cekem, el-Melikü’l-Âdil unvanıyla saltanatını ilân edinceye kadar (809/1407) bu görevini sürdürdü. Bu isyanda, kendisine çok saygı gösteren Cekem’in yanında yer alan İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Ferec’in Halep’i ele geçirmesinin ardından yakalandıysa da kaçmayı başardı. Ancak Ferec onu affedip Halep kadılığına tayin etti (809/1407).
İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Şam bölgesinde iktidarı ele geçirip Ferec ile mücadele eden el-Melikü’l-Müeyyed Şeyh el-Mahmûdî tarafından Dımaşk Hanefî kadılığına getirildiyse de (17 Cemâziyelâhir 812 / 27 Ekim 1409) Şeyh el-Mahmûdî isyanının bastırılması üzerine Halep’te yakalanarak Dımaşk’a götürüldü, Emîr Nevrûz’un huzuruna çıkarıldı ve kaleye hapsedildi (10 Ramazan 813 / 6 Ocak 1411). Buradan Kahire’ye götürülen tutuklularla birlikte Ferec tarafından tekrar affedilip serbest bırakıldı. Kahire’de sır kâtibi Fethullah et-Tebrîzî ile yakınlık kuran İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Cemâliyye Medresesi’ne müderris oldu. Zamanla Ferec’in güven ve saygısını kazandı. 814 (1411) yılında Şeyh el-Mahmûdî ile savaşmak üzere Dımaşk’a yürüyen Ferec’in maiyetinde yer aldı. Leccûn Savaşı’nı kaybedip Dımaşk’a giden Ferec, kuşatma sırasında Mısır Başkadısı Nâsırüddin İbnü’l-Adîm, Şeyh el-Mahmûdî’nin saflarında yer alınca İbnü’ş-Şıhne’yi onun yerine Mısır Hanefî başkadılığına tayin etti (23 Muharrem 815 / 5 Mayıs 1412). Ancak İbnü’ş-Şıhne göreve başlamadığı gibi nâib de göndermeyerek Dımaşk’ta ders verdi. Ferec iktidarı kaybedip öldürülünce İbnü’l-Adîm Mısır başkadılığına iade edildi. İbnü’ş-Şıhne, kendisine büyük saygı duyan Dımaşk nâibi Nevrûz tarafından Arîş’ten Fırat’a kadar olan bölgenin kadılığına getirildiyse de kendisi memleketi olan Halep kadılığı ile yetindi ve Nevrûz’un maiyetinde oraya ulaştıktan kısa bir süre sonra vefat etti (12 Rebîülâhir 815 / 22 Temmuz 1412).
Özellikle fıkıhta otorite olan İbnü’ş-Şıhne mezhep imamının usul ve kaideleri çerçevesinde ictihad yapmış, tahrîc ve tercihlerde bulunmuştur (Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Nihâyetü’n-nihâye , vr. 27a ; Sehâvî, eẕ-Ẕeyl , s. 410; Şevkânî, II, 265). 803 (1400) yılında Timur Halep’i alınca şehrin âlimlerini huzuruna getirtip onlara bazı sorular sorduğunda âlimlerin temsilcisi sıfatıyla İbnü’ş-Şıhne bu sorulara cevap vermiştir. İki taraftan ölenlerden hangilerinin şehid olduğu sorusuna, “Allah’ın adı en yüce olsun diye savaşan Allah yolundadır” meâlindeki hadisle karşılık vermesinden çok memnun olan Timur ona ve arkadaşlarına iyi muamele edilmesini emretmiştir.
Şairliği yanında hat sanatında da kabiliyeti olan İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin öğrencileri arasında Ebü’l-Bekā İzzeddin Muhammed b. Halîl el-Hâdırî, Bedreddin İbn Selâme, Takıyyüddin İbn Kādî Şühbe, İbnü’l-Ezraî, Kemâleddin İbnü’l-Hümâm, İbnü’t-Tenesî, İbn Hatîb en-Nâsıriyye, Veliyyüddin Muhammed b. Ahmed es-Seftî ve İbn Ubeydullah gibi âlimler vardır. 813 (1410) yılında İbnü’ş-Şıhne Kahire’ye geldiğinde İbnü’l-Hümâm onun derslerine katılmış, Halep’e dönünce de birlikte gitmiş ve vefatına kadar yanından ayrılmamıştır. Oğullarından Abdüllatîf, Safed kadılığı ve Kahire kadı nâibliği, Muhammed ise Halep ve Kahire başkadılığı yapmıştır. Diğer oğlu Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne, babasının biyografisine dair bir eser yazmayı planladığını belirtmekle beraber (Nihâyetü’n-nihâye , vr. 27b ; Şerḥu’l-Manẓûme , vr. 2b ) bu eseri yazıp yazmadığı bilinmemektedir.
Eserleri. 1. Ravżü (Ravżatü)’l-menâẓır fî ʿilmi’l-evâʾil ve’l-evâḫir (nşr. İbrâhim ed-Desûkī, Kahire 1290, İbnü’l-Esîr’in el-Kâmil fi’t-târîḫ adlı eserinin kenarında; nşr. Mahmûd Kāsım, Kahire 1303, Mes‘ûdî’nin Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb adlı eseriyle birlikte; nşr. Seyyid Muhammed Mühennâ, Beyrut 1997). Eserde müellif, Ebü’l-Fidâ’nın 729 (1329) yılına kadar gelen el-Muḫtaṣar fî târîḫi’l-beşer adlı umumi tarihini özetleyerek 806 (1403) yılına kadar meydana gelen olayları ilâve etmiştir. Timur’la olan hâtıralarını genişçe anlattığı bölüm, kendi biyografisini ve Timur’un Halep’i ele geçirmesi hakkında önemli bilgileri içeren birinci elden kaynak değeri taşımaktadır. Eserinin sonlarında, 806’da (1403) Halep ve çevresinde meydana gelen büyük depremden de söz edilmektedir. İbn Hacer bu kitapta birçok hata bulunduğunu kaydeder (İnbâʾü’l-ġumr , VII, 97). Müellifin oğlu Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Nüzhetü’n-nevâẓır fî Ravżi’l-menâẓır ve İḳtiṭâfü’l-ezâhir fî ẕeyli Ravżi’l-menâẓır adıyla esere iki zeyil yazmış ve torunu Celâleddin Muhammed en-Nusaybînî son zeyli Nûrü’l-ḫilâf fî münteḫabi’l-İḳtiṭâf ismiyle ihtisar etmiştir (Halep Evkaf Ktp., Ahmediyye, nr. 347).
2. Elfiyye fi’l-ʿulûmi’l-ʿaşere (Manẓûme fi’l-ʿulûm) . Tasavvuf, usûl-i fıkıh, nahiv, mantık, belâgat, ferâiz, tıp, usûlü’d-dîn, icmâ ve sîretü’r-resûl olmak üzere on ilmi konu alan recez vezninde 1000 beyitlik bir manzumedir. Tamamı Berlin Staatsbibliothek nüshasında (Wetzstein’sche Sammlung, nr. 1591’de: katalog sıra nr. 1820, 3022, 4413, 4718, 4865, 5186, 6307, 6759, 7255, 9588), bazı bölümleri ise çeşitli mecmualarda günümüze intikal etmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2743’te ʿUḳūdü’l-cevâhir ve’s-sebʿu’z-zevâhir adıyla; Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., Kemankeş Emîr Hoca, nr. 273; Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 3727; İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 1291; Amasya Beyazıt İl Halk Ktp., nr. 1511; Mektebetü câmiati’l-Melik Suûd, nr. 773; Hidîviyye Ktp., nr. 8396; British Museum, nr. 421/18; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 21506b; ayrıca bk. Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 177). Eserin bazı bölümlerine şerhler yazılmıştır: a) Ferâiz bölümü Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 1316; Mektebetü câmiati’l-Melik Suûd, nr. 822/3; Princeton Üniversitesi Ktp., Yahuda, nr. 1637) ve İbn Halel el-Basrî diye tanınan Ahmed b. Abdullah el-Heyâbî (er-Risâletü’l-mübeyyine li-meʿânî Manẓûmeti İbni’ş-Şıḥne , Mektebetü Haremi’l-Mekkî, Genel, nr. 2066) tarafından şerhedilmiştir. b) Manẓûme fî ʿilmi’l-belâġa (Urcûze fi’l-meʿânî ve’l-beyân ve’l-bedîʿ, el-Urcûzetü’l-beyâniyye, Miʾetü’l-meʿânî ve’l-beyân) adlı bölümün (Kahire 1297, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1323, Mecmûʿ min mühimmâti’l-mütûn içinde) şerhleri de şunlardır: Muhibbüddin Muhammed b. Dâvûd el-Ulvânî el-Hamevî, Şerḥu Manẓûmeti İbni’ş-Şıḥne el-Ḥalebî fî ʿilmi’l-meʿânî ve’l-beyân (Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., nr. 1143; İzmir Millî Ktp., nr. 795; Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 7256, 7257; Chester Beatty Library, nr. 4796, 4817; Hidîviyye Ktp., nr. 24.218; Russian Academy of Sciences, The Institute of Oriental Studies, Arabic Manuscripts, nr. A 1090); Şemseddin Muhammed b. Mahmûd el-Ömerî et-Trablusî, Dürerü’l-ferâʾidi’l-müstaḥsene fî şerḥi Manẓûmeti İbni’ş-Şıḥne (Hidîviyye Ktp., nr. 3496; Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 7258); Necmeddin el-Gazzî, Mevâhibü’r-raḥmân ʿalâ Miʾeti’l-meʿânî ve’l-beyân (Hidîviyye Ktp., nr. 3540; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Katariyye, nr. 393; Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ, nr. 400); Mansûr b. Ali es-Sütûhî el-Ezherî, ed-Dürerü’l-müderveze fî şerḥi’l-Urcûze (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 7259); İbn Kennân, Lisânü’n-niẓâm fî şerḥi manẓûmeti İbni’ş-Şıḥneti’l-hümâm (imâm) (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 7260; İbn Kennân bu şerhini Zeynü’r-rebîʿ fî ʿilmi’l-meʿânî ve’l-beyân ve’l-bedîʿ adıyla ihtisar etmiştir [Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 7261, 7368]). c) Siyer bölümü torunu Seriyyüddin İbnü’ş-Şıhne tarafından Şerḥu’l-Manẓûmeti’l-Ḥalebiyye fi’s-sîreti’n-nebeviyye adıyla şerhedilmiştir (Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 1468; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 6167h).
3. Sîretü’n-nebî . Elfiyye fi’l-ʿulûmi’l-ʿaşere içindeki siyer manzumesinden ayrıdır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2712, Lâleli, nr. 2057; Princeton Üniversitesi Ktp., Yahuda, nr. 4547).
İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin kaynaklarda zikredilen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Tefsîr , Dürretü’l-eṣdâf (Şerḥu’l-Keşşâf) , Evżaḥu’d-delîl ve’l-ebḥâs̱ fîmâ yeḥıllü bihi’l-muṭallaḳati’s̱-s̱elâs̱ , Muḫtaṣar fi’l-fıḳh , Muḫtaṣaru Manẓûmeti’n-Nesefî (Nesefî’nin hilâfiyata dair olan eserini Ahmed b. Hanbel’in görüşlerini de ekleyerek 1000 beyitte özetlemiştir), er-Riḥletü’l-kaṣriyye bi’d-diyâri’l-Mıṣriyye . Lisânüddin İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin Lisânü’l-ḥükkâm fî maʿrifeti’l-aḥkâm adlı eseri bazı kaynaklarda yanlışlıkla Ebü’l-Velîd’e nisbet edilmiştir (Brockelmann, GAL , II, 178).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebü’l-Velîd İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Ravżü’l-menâẓır fî aḫbâri’l-evâʾil ve’l-evâḫir (nşr. Seyyid Muhammed Mühennâ), Beyrut 1997, s. 15, 289-290, 294, 299-303.
Makrîzî, es-Sülûk , VII, 294, 325; VIII, 519, 537, 554, 586, 665, 737-738, 764; X, 108, 114, 157, 213, 254.
İbn Hacer, İnbâʾü’l-ġumr , VI, 165, 223; VII, 52, 95-97.
a.mlf., el-Mecmaʿu’l-müʾesses li’l-muʿcemi’l-müfehres (nşr. Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî), Beyrut 1414/1994, III, 232-234.
a.mlf., Ẕeylü’d-Düreri’l-kâmine (nşr. Adnân Dervîş), Kahire 1412/1992, s. 225-226.
Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Nihâyetü’n-nihâye fî taḥrîri taḳrîri’l-Hidâye , Süleymaniye Ktp., Âşir Efendi, nr. 108, vr. 26b -27b .
a.mlf., Nüzhetü’n-nevâẓır fî Ravżı’l-menâẓır , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hekimoğlu, nr. 814, vr. 1b , 4b -5a , 122b -124a .
a.mlf., Şerḥu’l-Manẓûme fi’l-ferâʾiż , Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 1316, vr. 1b -3a .
İbn Tağrîberdî, ed-Delîlü’ş-şâfî (nşr. Fehîm M. Şeltût), Kahire 1403/1983, II, 699.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , X, 3-6.
a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Refʿi’l-iṣr (nşr. Cûde Hilâl – Muhammed Mahmûd Subh), Kahire 1966, s. 357-360, 406-428.
İbn İyâs, Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , I/2, s. 824, 826.
Radıyyüddin İbnü’l-Hanbelî, ez-Zebed ve’ḍ-ḍarab fî târîḫi Ḥaleb (nşr. Muhammed Altuncî), Küveyt 1409, s. 41-42.
Temîmî, eṭ-Ṭabaḳātü’s-seniyye , I, 231-232.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 157, 202, 920-921; II, 1868.
Şevkânî, el-Bedrü’ṭ-ṭâliʿ , II, 264-265.
Leknevî, el-Fevâʾidü’l-behiyye , s. 51.
Ahlwardt, Verzeichnis , II, 358; III, 90; IV, 31, 203, 284, 475; V, 566; VI, 158, 400-403, 454; IX, 64-65, 157.
Fihristü’l-Kütübḫâneti’l-Ḫidîviyye , IV, 136, 142, 155; V, 63; VII, 454, 475, 483, 488, 493, 639.
Râgıb et-Tabbâh, İʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ bi-târîḫi Ḥalebi’ş-şehbâʾ , Halep 1342-44/1923-25, I, 58-60, 64; IV, 401-402; V, 161-164, 328-329.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 37, 136-137.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 178-179; Suppl. , II, 176-177.
Fuâd Seyyid, Fihristü’l-maḫṭûṭât , Kahire 1382/1962, II, 44.
Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Câmiʿati Ümmi’l-ḳurâ , Mekke 1403/1983, I, 98, 311, 314, 357.
Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Câmiʿati’l-Melik es-Suʿûd , Riyad 1404/1984, VI, 278, 316.
el-Münteḫab min maḫṭûṭâti Dâri’l-kütübi’l-Ḳaṭariyye , Beyrut 1986, s. 97.
Abdullah b. Abdurrahman el-Muallimî, Muʿcemü müʾellifî maḫṭûṭâti Mektebeti’l-Ḥaremi’l-Mekkiyyi’ş-şerîf , Riyad 1416/1996, s. 58, 76.
Meryem Sâdıkī, “İbn Şıḥne”, DMBİ , IV, 69-71.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 222-224 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.