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İBNÜ’ş-ŞIHNE, Seriyyüddin Skip to content Ebü’l-Berekât Seriyyüddîn Abdülber b. Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Halebî (ö. 921/1515)
Hanefî fakihi.
9 Zilkade 851’de (16 Ocak 1448) Halep’te doğdu. Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin oğludur. İlk eğitimini babasından aldı. İbnü’l-İmâd ve Gazzî, Sehâvî’den naklen dedesi Ebü’l-Velîd İbnü’ş-Şıhne’den (ö. 815/1412) ders okuduğunu kaydederlerse de bu tarih bakımından mümkün değildir; ayrıca Sehâvî de Abdülberr’in biyografisinde böyle bir bilgi vermemektedir. Daha sonra Kahire ve Kudüs gibi ilim merkezlerinde aralarında İbnü’l-Hümâm, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Şemseddin es-Sehâvî, Cemâleddin İbn Cemâa, Takıyyüddin el-Kalkaşendî, Emîn el-Aksarâyî, Takıyyüddin eş-Şümünnî, Muhyiddin el-Kâfiyeci, Bedreddin en-Nessâbe, Ümmü Hânî el-Hûreniyye, Hâcer el-Kudsiyye ve Zeynüddin İbn Kutluboğa’nın da bulunduğu birçok hocadan başta fıkıh, fıkıh usulü ve hadis olmak üzere çeşitli ilim dallarında tahsil gördü.
İbnü’ş-Şıhne, öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra babasının ve diğer bazı hocalarının izniyle ders okutup fetva vermeye başladı. Babasının Mısır kadılığı sırasında ona nâiblik, Hâkim Camii’nde hatiplik, Hüseyniyye ve Zeyniyye medreselerinde hadis ve Cemâliyye Medresesi’nde tefsir hocalığı, Sargatmışıyye’de muîdlik yaptı. Babası vazifesini yerine getiremeyecek duruma geldiğinde onun Şeyhûniyye Hankahı’ndaki şeyhlik ve müderrislik, Müeyyediyye Medresesi’ndeki hadis hocalığı görevlerine vekâlet etti. Muharrem 890’da (Şubat 1485) babasının vefatı üzerine Şeyhûniyye Hankahı şeyhliğine tayin edildi. Ardından Halep kadısı olan İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Cemâziyelâhir 906’da (Ocak 1501) Burhâneddin İbnü’l-Kerekî’nin yerine Mısır Hanefî başkadılığına getirildiyse de Receb 906 sonlarında (Şubat 1501) azledilince görev selefine verildi. Şevval 906’da (Mayıs 1501) yeniden Kahire Hanefî başkadılığına tayin edildi. 908 yılı Safer ayı başlarında (Ağustos 1502) sultana karşı girişilen isyan hareketi sırasında isyancıların safında yer aldığı gerekçesiyle yakalanıp sürgüne gönderilmesi için ferman çıkmışken affedilip tekrar görevine döndü. 914 yılı Cemâziyelevvel başlarında (Ağustos 1508) kadılık görevi yanında Sargatmışıyye Medresesi’ne müderris oldu.
Sultan Kansu Gavri döneminde onunla ileri derecede dostluk kuran İbnü’ş-Şıhne büyük bir saygı ve itibara nâil oldu. Toplam on üç yıl süren başkadılık görevinden, bir zina davasında sanığın ikrarından vazgeçmesi üzerine recim cezasını uygulamayınca sultan tarafından diğer üç mezhebin kadılarıyla birlikte Zilkade 919’da (Ocak 1514) azledildi. Halep’te 5 Şâban 921 (14 Eylül 1515) tarihinde vefat etti. İbn İyâs, diğer kaynakların aksine ölüm gününü 28 Receb (7 Eylül) olarak kaydeder (Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , IV, 470). Aklî ve şer‘î ilimleri iyi bilen İbnü’ş-Şıhne aralarında Şehâbeddin İbnü’ş-Şelebî, Kutbüddin İbn Sultân, Nûreddin et-Trablusî, Nizâmeddin Yahyâ b. Yûsuf el-Halebî gibi âlimlerin bulunduğu birçok talebe yetiştirmiştir. Sehâvî, rivayetleri konusunda kendisini güvenilir kabul etmediği gibi onu aşırı cüretkâr olarak niteler (eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , IV, 34).
İbnü’ş-Şıhne bazı fetvaları ve davranışları ile dikkati çekmiştir. Mekke muhtesibi Hayır Bey, kahvenin haram olduğu konusunda Mekke âlimlerinin verdiği fetvayı Mısır ulemâsına sorunca Hanefî başkadısı İbnü’ş-Şıhne de sarhoşluk verici olduğu ve içildiği meclislerin şarap meclislerine benzediği gerekçeleriyle kahvenin azının da çoğunun da içilmesinin kesinlikle helâl olmadığına ve helâl olduğunu savunanların ta‘zîr cezasına çarptırılması gerektiğine fetva vermiştir (metni için bk. Abdülkādir b. Muhammed el-Cezîrî, s. 72). İbn Tolun, onu tanıyanların, hakkında övücü sözler söylemediklerini belirtmekte (Gazzî, I, 219), dönemin ulemâsına ve ileri gelenlerine karşı kullandığı ifadeler ve davranışları sebebiyle babasına oldukça sıkıntılı anlar yaşattığı kaydedilmektedir. Hiciv şairi Ubeyd es-Selemûnî, vakıf istibdâlleri konusunda yaptığı uygulamalar sebebiyle İbnü’ş-Şıhne’yi hicveden bir kaside yazınca Sultan Gavri’nin huzurunda yargılanarak ta‘zîr cezasına çarptırılmıştır. İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Müeyyediyye Medresesi vakıfları arasında bulunan Fahreddin er-Râzî tefsirini gizlice Osmanlı sultanına göndermekle itham edilmiş ve bundan dolayı devâdâr kendisini ta‘zîr cezasına çarptırınca atabegin ricasıyla cezadan kurtulmuştur. İbnü’ş-Şıhne’yi bu eleştiriler karşısında savunanlar da çıkmış, öğrencisi Dımaşk müftüsü Kutbüddin İbn Sultân kendisi hakkında iyi şeyler söylemiş ve eserlerinde görüşlerine yer vermiştir (İbnü’l-İmâd, VIII, 99). Çağdaşı Süyûtî ise bazı ilmî konularda kendisini eleştirmek üzere el-Ker ʿalâ ʿAbdilber (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lala İsmâil, nr. 678; Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., nr. 161) ve Refʿu’ş-şer ve defʿu’l-herri’ṣ-ṣâdıreyn min ʿAbdilber adıyla iki eser yazmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. Tafṣîlü ʿiḳdi’l-ferâʾid (fevâʾid) bi-tekmîli Ḳaydi’ş-şerâʾid . İbn Vehbân’ın Hanefî fıkhına dair Ḳaydü’ş-şerâʾid ve naẓmü’l-ferâʾid (Manẓûmetü İbn Vehbân) adlı eserinin yine kendisi tarafından ʿİḳdü’l-ḳalâʾid adıyla yapılan şerhi ihtisar edilip bazı ilâve ve düzeltmelerde bulunulmak suretiyle kaleme alınmıştır. Eserin son kısmı kelâm konularına ayrılmıştır. Birçok yazma nüshası mevcut eser (meselâ bk. Süleymaniye Ktp., Süleymaniye, nr. 506, Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 848, Lâleli, nr. 1037, 1048, Esad Efendi, nr. 786, Yenicami, nr. 475, Giresun, nr. 19, Fâtih, nr. 1813, Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 596, Damad İbrâhim Paşa, nr. 569, Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa, nr. 354; Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., nr. 366, 400 [ilk cildi]; Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 2326, 2482, Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1251), Hasan b. Ammâr eş-Şürünbülâlî tarafından Teysîrü’l-maḳāṣıd şerḥu Ḳaydi’ş-şerâʾid ve naẓmi’l-ferâʾid adıyla ihtisar edilmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Yenicami, nr. 476/2; Hidîviyye Ktp., nr. 1040; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 22594b; Princeton Üniversitesi Ktp., Yahuda, nr. 1082; Halep, el-Hizânetü’t-Talasiyye, nr. 32; Tunus, Mektebetü câmii’z-Zeytûne, nr. 1950/2).
2. eẕ-Ẕeḫâʾirü’l-Eşrefiyye fî elġāzi’l-Ḥanefiyye (Kahire 1291, 1299, 1307 [Mustafa et-Tâî’nin Tevfîḳu’r-raḥmân bi-şerḥi Kenzi deḳāʾiḳi’l-beyân adlı eserinin kenarında]; Kahire 1291, 1299, 1306, 1319 [Mustafa et-Tâî’nin Kenzü’l-beyân muḫtaṣaru Tevfîḳi’r-raḥmân adlı eserinin kenarında]; nşr. Muhammed Adnân Dervîş, Dımaşk 1994). Hanefî mezhebine göre düzenlenmiş fıkıh bilmecelerini konu alan bu manzum eserde Sadreddin İbn Ebü’l-İz ed-Dımaşkī’nin aynı konudaki et-Tehẕîb li-ẕihni’l-lebîb ’i esas alınmış ve diğer bazı Hanefî ve Şâfiî âlimlerinin eserlerinden de istifade edilmiştir. İbn Nüceym, el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir ’in fıkhî bilmecelere dair dördüncü bölümünü bu eserden faydalanarak, Mehmed Zihni Efendi de Elgāz-ı Fıkhiyye ’yi (İstanbul 1309) bu iki kitapla Hamevî’nin İbn Nüceym’in eserine yazdığı Ġamzü ʿuyûni’l-beṣâʾir adlı şerhini esas alarak hazırlamıştır.
3. Muḫtaṣarü’l-Fevâʾid (Süleymaniye Ktp., Giresun, nr. 19). Necmeddin et-Tarsûsî’nin el-Fevâʾidü’l-fıḳhiyye adlı 1000 beyitlik manzumesini 400 beyitte özetleyen müellif, kütüphane kataloguna Manẓûme fi’l-fürûʿ şeklinde kaydedilen bu eserinden Tafṣîlü ʿiḳdi’l-ferâʾid ’de (Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., nr. 366, vr. 362a) söz etmektedir.
4. Remzü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ bi-şerḥi Kenzi’d-deḳāʾiḳ . Ebü’l-Berekât en-Nesefî’nin Hanefî fıkhına dair metninin şerhidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 1724).
5. el-Manẓûme fi’l-furûḳ (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 5029/8). İbnü’ş-Şıhne bu manzumesini ayrıca şerhetmiştir.
6. Naẓmü’l-mesâʾili’lleti’s-sükût fîhâ rıżâ . Sükûtun ikrar sayıldığı otuz konuyu ele almaktadır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 2485, Esad Efendi, nr. 843, Hafîd Efendi, nr. 59; Princeton Üniversitesi Ktp., Yahuda, nr. 1133). Öğrencisi Nûreddin et-Trablusî bu manzumeyi açıklamıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 843; Princeton Üniversitesi Ktp., Yahuda, nr. 1133).
7. Zehrü’r-riyâż fî ḥükmi’l-mütevaḍḍıʿi fi’l-ḥiyâż (Risâle fî ḥükmi’l-mâʾi’l-müstaʿmel) (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2773/4, Damad İbrâhim Paşa, nr. 680; Âtıf Efendi Ktp., nr. 838; Hidîviyye Ktp., nr. 1093/2; Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 5029).
8. el-Kelâm fî tenfîẕi mâ s̱ebete bi’ş-şehâde ʿale’l-ḫaṭ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 468, Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2773/3, Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 2017, Yenicami, nr. 476; Princeton Üniversitesi Ktp., Garrett, nr. 1731).
9. Fetâvâ . Boşanma, vakıf ve yazılı belgeye şahitlik konularını içerir (Hidîviyye Ktp., nr. 5338/1).
10. Mebḥas̱ fi’l-fıḳh . Boşamada yeminle ilgili bazı bilgileri ihtiva etmektedir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 468).
11. Risâle fî ṣalâti’l-cenâze (Princeton Üniversitesi Ktp., Yahuda, nr. 1759; Mektebetü câmiati’l-Melik Suûd, nr. 2187/6).
12. Şerḥu’l-Manẓûmeti’l-Ḥalebiyye fi’s-sîreti’n-nebeviyye . Dedesi Ebü’l-Velîd İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin Elfiyye fi’l-ʿulûmi’l-ʿaşere adlı manzumesinin siyer bölümünün şerhidir (Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 1468; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 6167h). Eser, Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye katalogunda (Fuâd Seyyid, II, 44) onun oğlu Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’ş-Şıhne’ye nisbet edilmişse de mukaddimede şârihin müelliften “dedem” diye söz etmesi (Şeşen, s. 99) bu bilginin doğru olmadığını göstermektedir.
13. Taḥṣîlü’ṭ-ṭarîḳ ilâ teshîli’ṭ-ṭarîḳ . Emîr Yeşbeg ed-Devâdâr’ın Safer 882’de (Mayıs 1477) Kahire’de cadde ve çarşıları genişletme kararı alması üzerine çıkan tartışmalar çerçevesinde konuyu Hanefî fıkıh kaynaklarına göre inceleyen bir eser olup Şâban 886’da (Ekim 1481) tamamlanmış ve Emîr Yeşbeg’e ithaf edilmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2773/2; İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 1337).
14. ʿUḳūdü’l-leʾâlî ve’l-mercân bimâ yeteʿallaḳu bi-fevâʾidi’l-Ḳurʾân (Fihristü’l-kütübi’l-ʿArabiyye , VII, 295; Brockelmann, GAL , II, 83; Suppl. , II, 94).
15. Tefsîru ġarîbi’l-Ḳurʾân (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 94).
16. Suʾâl ve cevâb li-ḳavlihî Teʿâlâ “Yevme yeʾti lâ tekellemü nefsün illâ bi-iẕnih” . Zemahşerî, Beyzâvî ve Tîbî’nin bu âyetlere (Hûd 11/105-108) ilişkin farklı yorumları çerçevesinde konuyu ele alan bir risâledir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2773/1).
17. Mükâtebe ʿan lisâni’l-Muʿiz el-Eşrefî es-Seyfî . Memlük Sultanı Muizz’in II. Bayezid’e gönderdiği bu mektubu İbnü’ş-Şıhne kaleme almıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2773/5).
el-Bedrü’ẓ-ẓâhir fî nuṣreti’l-Meliki’n-Nâṣır , Paris Bibliothèque Nationale’de (nr. 1793) mevcut tek nüshaya dayanılarak Ömer Abdüsselâm Tedmürî tarafından (Beyrut 1983) Afîfüddin İbnü’ş-Şıhne Hüseyin b. Muhammed eş-Şâfiî’ye, Richard T. Mortel tarafından ise (bk. bibl.) Seriyyüddin Abdülber İbnü’ş-Şıhne’ye ait olabileceği belirtilerek yayımlanmıştır.
Hassâf’ın Aḥkâmü’l-vaḳf ’ına yazdığı şerhin küçük bir parçası da günümüze ulaşan (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 4761) İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin Şerḥu’l-Elfiyye fi’l-ʿulûmi’l-ʿaşere (dedesinin eserine şerh), Teşnîfü’l-mesmaʿ bi-şerḥi’l-Kenz ve’l-Viḳāye ve’l-Mecmaʿ , el-İşâre ve’r-remz ilâ taḥḳīḳi’l-Viḳāye , Şerḥu Cemʿi’l-cevâmiʿ ve Riyâżü’l-ḳāsımîn adlı eserleri bulunduğu da kaynaklarda belirtilmektedir. Ayrıca Tebük Gazvesi’nde ağlayanların isimlerini sıraladığı ve bu konuda müfessirlerle siyer âlimlerinin ihtilâflarına yer verdiği bir manzumesiyle bu manzumeyi şerhettiği bir risâlesi vardır (Gazzî, I, 220; İbnü’l-İmâd, VIII, 99-100). Ḳaṭʿu’l-mücâdele ʿinde taġyîri’l-muʿâmele adıyla İbnü’ş-Şıhne’ye nisbet edilen eser (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 468; Hidîviyye Ktp., nr. 5338/13; Brockelmann, GAL , II, 83) Süyûtî’ye ait olup el-Ḥâvî li’l-fetâvî içinde yayımlanmıştır (I, 127-145; krş. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1352).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , IV, 33-35.
İbn İyâs, Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , III, 214, 466, 471; IV, 7, 14, 38-39, 58-59, 84-85, 87, 95, 96, 112-114, 125, 135, 158, 294, 298-300, 334, 343, 345-346, 350, 470.
Abdülkādir b. Muhammed el-Cezîrî, ʿUmdetü’ṣ-ṣafve fî ḥilli’l-ḳahve (nşr. Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Habeşî), Ebûzabî 1996, s. 71-72.
Temîmî, eṭ-Ṭabaḳātü’s-seniyye , IV, 259-260.
Gazzî, el-Kevâkibü’s-sâʾire , I, 219-221, 318; II, 115, 260.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 97, 150, 359, 596, 821, 855; II, 960, 962, 1352, 1515, 1865, 1866.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , VIII, 98-100.
Leknevî, el-Fevâʾidü’l-behiyye , s. 113-114.
Ahlwardt, Verzeichnis , IV, 226, 370; VII, 433.
Fihristü’l-kütübi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’l-maḥfûẓa bi’l-Kütübḫâneti’l-Ḫidîviyye , Kahire 1306-1308, III, 27-28, 30-31, 117-118; VII, 165, 167, 295.
Râgıb et-Tabbâh, İʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ bi-târîḫi Ḥalebi’ş-şehbâʾ , Halep 1344/1925, V, 381-383.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 137-138; II, 1225-1226.
Philip K. Hitti v.dğr., Descriptive Catalog of the Garrett Collection of Arabic Manuscripts in the Princeton University Library , Princeton 1938, s. 515-516.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 83, 95, 100-101; Suppl. , II, 88, 94, 431.
Fuâd Seyyid, Fihristü’l-maḫṭûṭât , Kahire 1380-82/1961-62, I, 193; II, 44.
R. Mach, Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts in the Garrett Collection Princeton University Library , Princeton 1977, s. 97-98, 101, 153.
Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti câmiʿati Ümmi’l-ḳurâ , Mekke 1403/1983, II, 121.
Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti câmiʿati’l-Melik Suʿûd , Riyad 1404/1984, VI, 111-112.
el-Münteḫab min maḫṭûṭâti Dâri’l-kütübi’l-Ḳaṭariyye , Beyrut 1986, s. 60.
el-Münteḫab mine’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-ʿArabiyye fî Ḥaleb , Beyrut 1986, IV, 333.
Abdullah Abdurrahman el-Muallimî, Muʿcemü müʾellifî maḫṭûṭâti Mektebeti’l-Ḥaremi’l-Mekkiyyi’ş-şerîf , Riyad 1416/1996, s. 75.
Ramazan Şeşen, Muḫtarât mine’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-ʿArabiyyeti’n-nâdire fî mektebâti Türkiyye , İstanbul 1997, s. 98-99.
Richard T. Mortel, “el-Bedrü’z-zâhir fî nuṣreti’l-Meliki’n-Nâṣır el-mensûb ilâ İbni’ş-Şıḥne”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb: Câmiʿatü’l-Melik Suʿûd , XIV/2, Riyad 1407/1987, s. 661-775.
Meryem Sâdıkī, “İbn Şıḥne”, DMBİ , IV, 73-74.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 225-227 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.