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İBNÜ’t-TAYYİB es-SERAHSÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs Ahmed b. et-Tayyib b. Mervân es-Serahsî (ö. 286/899)
Kindî ekolüne mensup filozof ve âlim.
Muhtemelen 218-222 (833-837) yılları arasında Horasan bölgesindeki Serahs şehrinde doğdu. Bazı kaynaklarda babasının adı Muhammed olarak kaydedilmektedir. Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî’nin en seçkin öğrencisi ve Kindî ekolünün önde gelen temsilcilerinden olduğu için on beş yaşlarındaki veliaht Ahmed b. Talha’nın (Mu‘tazıd-Billâh) öğretmeni oldu. 271 (885) yılında Mu‘tazıd kumandasındaki orduyla askerî sefere katıldı. Filistin’de Remle ile Dımaşk arasındaki Tavâhîn’de vuku bulan ve Mısır ordusuna karşı Mu‘tazıd’ın zaferiyle sonuçlanan bu savaş dolayısıyla yaptığı yolculuklar sırasında gözlemlerini kaydederek ilk dönem İslâm coğrafyası bakımından önemli olan ve bazı parçaları günümüze ulaşmış bulunan bir risâle kaleme aldı. Yaklaşık bir yıl sonra Mu‘tazıd ile Bağdat’a dönen Serahsî’nin 279 (892) senesine kadar geçen hayatı hakkında bilgi yoktur. Aynı yıl Mu‘tazıd’ın halife olması üzerine onun nedimi tayin edildi. 282’de (895) hisbe, miras ve köle pazarıyla ilgili görevleri üstlendiyse de (İbn Ebû Usaybia, s. 293; Safedî, VII, 5) bu itibarlı konumu birkaç ay sürdü. 283’te (896) hapse atıldı ve 286’da (899) öldürüldü.
Serahsî’nin itibardan düşerek hapse atılmasının ve daha sonra öldürülmesinin sebepleri hakkında erken dönem kaynaklarında farklı bilgiler vardır (Mes‘ûdî, VIII, 179-180). İbnü’n-Nedîm’e göre, halife devlet işlerinde Serahsî’ye güvendiği için ona Vezir Kāsım b. Ubeydullah ve kölesi Bedr hakkında bir sır vermiş, fakat Serahsî vezire düşmanlığından dolayı bu sırrı açıklamıştır. Buna çok sinirlenen halife Serahsî’yi vezirine teslim etmiş, mallarını müsadere ettirmiş ve filozofun hapse atılmasını emretmiştir. Mu‘tazıd-Billâh’ın, Ali b. Îsâ b. Şeyh ile savaşmak amacıyla Diyarbekir’e doğru sefere çıktığı sırada içlerinde bir grup Hâricî’nin de bulunduğu bazı mahkûmlar hapisten kaçmış, bu olay üzerine halife, veziri Kāsım’a ölümle cezalandırılacakların listesini hazırlamasını bildirmişti. Halifeye onaylattığı listeye sonradan Serahsî’nin adını da ekleyen Kāsım böylece filozofun ölümünü hazırlamıştı. Serahsî’nin öldürüldüğünü öğrenen halifenin bu olaya pek üzülmediği anlaşılmaktadır (el-Fihrist , s. 320-321; İbnü’l-Kıftî, s. 55-56). İbnü’l-Cevzî ve Yâkūt gibi müelliflere göre ise Serahsî zındıkça fikirleri yüzünden katledilmiştir (el-Muntaẓam , V, 124; Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , III, 100-101). Safedî de onun nübüvvetle ilgili sapık fikirlerinden dolayı katledildiğini yazmaktadır. Serahsî’nin ölüm sebebi başından itibaren uzun süre bir mesele haline getirilmiş, ilk kaynaklarda tedbirsizlik ve entrikalara bağlanırken daha geç döneme ait eserlerde onun ilhâdına, özellikle de nübüvvetle ilgili sapıkça fikirler taşıdığı iddiasına bağlanmıştır. Gerçekte filozofun bir devlet sırrını açıklaması başına açılan belâların basit bir vesilesi gibi görünmekte, nübüvveti inkâr ettiğine ilişkin muahhar rivayetler temelden yoksun olduğu izlenimi vermektedir. Serahsî’nin Şiî veya Mu‘tezilî olduğu kesin değildir; ancak hocası Kindî kadar Mu‘tezilî eğilimlere, herhangi bir Yeni Eflâtuncu kadar Şiîliği anımsatan ilgilere sahip görünmektedir. Halife Mu‘tazıd-Billâh’a minberlerde Muâviye’yi tel‘in ettirme yönündeki teklifinin ne ölçüde doğru olduğu bilinmemektedir. Fakat en azından bu husus, aynı yönde bir girişim başlattığı bilinen halifenin Serahsî’yi Şiî eğilimleri yüzünden öldürtmüş olduğu ihtimalini ortadan kaldırmaktadır (Rosenthal, Aḥmad b. aṭ-Ṭayyib as-Saraḫsî , s. 37). Ancak İbnü’n-Nedîm’in, İbnü’r-Râvendî ve İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ gibi adı mülhid ve zındığa çıkmış kimseler için yer verdiği “İlmi aklından fazlaydı” ifadesini (el-Fihrist , s. 320) Serahsî için de kullanmış olması, henüz erken dönemde bile onun bazı ilhâdî eğilimler taşıdığı izleniminin yaygın olduğunu akla getirmektedir (Rosenthal, Aḥmad b. aṭ-Ṭayyib as-Saraḫsî , s. 33).
Kindî’nin isteği üzerine hıristiyanlarla girdiği bir tartışma, İbnü’t-Tayyib’in dinler arası ilişkiler konusunda yetkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Günümüze Kitâb fîhi’ş-şüzûrü’ẕ-ẕehebiyye fî meẕhebi’n-Naṣrâniyye başlığıyla ulaşan ve yanlışlıkla Süryânî mantıkçısı Yahyâ b. Adî’ye nisbet edilen bir mecmuada (The Bibliotheca Mediceo-Laurenziana, nr. 299), Serahsî’nin katıldığı bu tartışma toplantısının safhalarını aktaran bir risâle yer almaktadır. Risâledeki tartışma, Kesker Piskoposu İsrâil el-Keskerî ile Serahsî arasında geçmiş olup dönemin Nusaybin metropolü Îliyyâ (Elias) tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Toplantı Bağdat’ta yapılmış ve üç İbrâhimî dinden geniş bir kitle bunu takip etmiştir. Îliyyâ’nın anlattığına bakılırsa Hıristiyanlığın “üç uknûm” inancı etrafında geçen felsefî tartışmada Serahsî’nin zaman zaman zor anlar yaşadığı haberini alan Kindî onu bir daha bu tür tartışmalara girmemesi konusunda uyarmıştır (Moosa, XCII/1 [1972], s. 19-24). Ancak böyle bir konuda Serahsî’nin zor duruma düştüğü iddiası onun filozof kimliğiyle bağdaşmamaktadır. Bu toplantının asıl dikkat çekici yönü ise tam bir hoşgörü havası ve ifade özgürlüğü içinde geçmiş olmasıdır.
Serahsî ilmî ve edebî ilgileri son derece canlı olan bir filozoftur. Kaynaklarda zikredilen eserleri ve çok sayıda klasik müellifin Serahsî ismine yaptığı atıflar bu ilgi alanlarının çeşitliliği hakkında yeterli fikir vermektedir. Onun şiir ve belâgat dışındaki mantık bölümleri üzerine yazdığı “muhtasar” eserlerin adları Kindî’ninkilerle hemen hemen aynıdır. Tabiat felsefesi ve metafizik sahasında da hocasını yakından takip ettiği, meselâ tıpkı üstadı gibi atomculuğu reddeden görüşleri savunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çeşitli atmosfer olaylarının ele alındığı yahut dağların işlevinin incelendiği çalışmaları onun fizik ilimlerinin özel alanlarına inebildiğini göstermektedir. Tıp sahasında ortaya koyduğu çalışmalarda eleştirel bir tavra sahip olduğu belirtilmektedir. Meselâ tıbba giriş mahiyetinde yazmış olduğu bir eser, doğrudan doğruya ünlü tıp otoritesi ve mütercim Huneyn b. İshak’ın aynı nitelikteki bir eserinin eleştirisidir. Beslenme rejimiyle ilgili olarak Câlînûs’a yönelttiği bazı eleştiriler Ebû Bekir er-Râzî tarafından cevaplandırılmıştır (İbn Ebû Usaybia, s. 423; ayrıca bk. Sezgin, III, 259).
Gelecekte vuku bulacak bazı önemli olayların tarihini tesbit amacıyla astrolojiyle de yakından ilgilenen Serahsî’nin Kitâb fî ḳırâni’n-naḥseyn fî burci’s-sereṭân adlı eseriyle Bîrûnî’nin dikkatini çektiği bilinmektedir. Bîrûnî, el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye ’nin modern neşrinde atlanmış bulunan bir pasajında Serahsî’nin astrolojiye dair anılan kitabında İslâm devletine ömür biçtiğini aktarmakta ve bunu sapkın inançlı birinin kötü niyetli kehaneti olarak yorumlamaktadır. Bîrûnî, Serahsî’nin döneminin en meşhur mülhidi olduğu kanaatindedir (Rosenthal, Aḥmad b. aṭ-Ṭayyib as-Saraḫsî , s. 132).
Aritmetik ve cebir üzerine olduğu gibi o dönemde matematik ilimlerinden sayılan mûsikiye dair de eser vermiş olan Serahsî, muhtesiplik ve nedimlik gibi görevlerde bulunması dolayısıyla tarihe ve edep kültürüne özel bir ilgi göstermiştir. Mes‘ûdî onun kısa bir dünya tarihi yazdığından söz etmektedir (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , II, 71-72). Hisbe uygulamalarına ilişkin olarak ortaya koyduğu metinler, kendisinin bir süre bu uygulamaları bizzat yürütmüş olmasıyla ilgili birikimi yansıtır mahiyettedir. Bu arada müzikli eğlence ve sohbet meclisleri, satranç teknikleri, yemek pişirme usulleri gibi konulara da el atmış görünen Serahsî’nin edep sahasında asıl dikkat çekici eserinin kaynaklarda Kitâbü Âdâbi(Edebi)’l-mülûk adıyla anılan eser olduğu söylenebilir. Serahsî imzasını taşıyan bu isimde bir yazma nüshanın ortaya çıkarılması, filozofun müstakil eserlerinden hiçbirinin günümüze ulaşmaması sebebiyle ilim çevrelerinde ilgi uyandırmış, fakat Franz Rosenthal bu yazmanın ona aidiyeti konusunda ciddi tereddütleri olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Filozofa nisbet edilen nüshanın, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Rezîn adlı ilmî şahsiyeti tesbit edilememiş bir müellif adına bir başka versiyonu mevcuttur. Her iki nüshanın dayandığı ortak metin, aslında Muhammed b. Hâris es-Seâlibî (et-Tağlibî) tarafından kaleme alınan ve yanlışlıkla Kitâbü’t-Tâc adıyla Câhiz’e nisbet edilerek yayımlanan eserden ibarettir (Rosenthal, JAOS , CXV/1 [1995], s. 105-109).
Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî’nin el-Beṣâʾir ve’ẕ-ẕeḫâʾir adlı kitabında Serahsî’den sık sık yaptığı iktibaslar (bk. bibl.), onun edep tarzı eser veren müelliflere olan etkisini göstermektedir. Yine Tevhîdî’nin Serahsî ile İbn Sevâbe adlı bir kâtip arasında cereyan eden mektuplaşmayla ilgili aktarmaları, filozofun problemli bir kültür muhitinde çalıştığını ortaya koyması bakımından önemlidir. Bu yazışmalardan anlaşıldığına göre İbn Sevâbe’ye Öklid geometrisi öğrenmesi ve hıristiyan felsefeci İbrâhim el-Kuveyrî’den ders alması salık verilir. Bunu duyan Serahsî, İbn Sevâbe’ye mektup yazarak Kuveyrî gibi hıristiyan bir bilginin geometri dersi adı altında kendisine itikadî sapmaya götürecek felsefî telkinlerde bulunabileceğini hatırlatır. İbn Sevâbe de uzun bir cevabî mektup yazarak gerçekten kendisinin geometri yoluyla sapıklığa sürüklenmek istendiği yolundaki gözlemlerini dile getirir (Aḫlâḳu’l-vezîreyn , s. 235-247).
Eserleri. Serahsî’nin elliyi aşkın eserinden hiçbiri -filozofa aidiyeti henüz kanıtlanmamış olan Âdâbü’l-mülûk hariç- günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Bunların tesbiti konusunda en ayrıntılı çalışmayı Franz Rosenthal yapmıştır (Aḥmad b. aṭ-Ṭayyib as-Saraḫsî , s. 40-134). Filozofa ait başlıca eserler şunlardır: İḫtiṣâru Kitâbi Îsâġūcî li-Furfûriyûs , Muḫtaṣaru (İḫtiṣâru) Kitâbi Kâtîġūryâs , Muḫtaṣaru (İḫtiṣâru) Kitâbi Bârirmînâs , Muḫtaṣaru (İḫtiṣâru) Kitâbi Anâlûṭîḳa’l-ûlâ , Muḫtaṣaru (İḫtiṣâru) Kitâbi Anâlûṭîḳa’s̱-s̱âniye , Kitâb ilâ baʿżı iḫvânihî fi’l-ḳavânîni’l-ʿâmmeti’l-ûlâ fî ṣınâʿati’d-diyâlektîkîye ey el-cedeliyye ʿalâ meẕhebi Arisṭoṭâlîs , İḫtiṣâru Kitâbi’s-Sûfistîkî li-Arisṭoṭâlîs (bu yedi eser, ilki Porphyrios’un Eisagoge ’si olmak üzere Organon külliyatında yer alan kitapların özetlerinden ibarettir), Kitâb fî aḥdâs̱i’l-cev , Kitâb fî kevni’ḍ-ḍabâb , Kitâb fî menfaʿati’l-cibâl , Kitâbü’l-Medḫal ilâ ṣınâʿati’ṭ-ṭıb (Huneyn b. İshak’ın Kitâbü’l-Mesâʾil ’ine yöneltilmiş bir eleştiridir), er-Red ʿalâ Câlînûs fî emri’ṭ-ṭuʿmi’l-mür , Kitâbü’l-Aris̱mâṭîḳī fi’l-aʿdâd ve’l-cebr ve’l-muḳābele , Kitâbü’l-Medḫal ilâ ṣınâʿati’n-nücûm , Kitâb fî ḳırâni’n-naḥseyn fî burci’s-sereṭân , Kitâbü’l-Mûsiḳī el-kebîr , Kitâbü’l-Mûsiḳī eṣ-ṣaġīr , Kitâbü’l-Mesâlik ve’l-memâlik , er-Risâle (Mu‘tazıd-Billâh’ın Remle’ye düzenlediği askerî sefere katılan filozofun coğrafî gözlemleriyle ilgili notlarıdır), Kitâb fî enne’l-cüzʾ yenḳasim ilâ mâ lâ nihâye leh , Kitâb fî enne’l-mübdeʿât fî ḥâli’l-ibdâʿ lâ müteḥarrike ve lâ sâkine , Kitâb fî edebi’n-nefs ile’l-Muʿtażıd , Kitâbü Âdâb(Edeb)i’l-mülûk (yk.bk.), Kitâbü’l-Aġşâş ve ṣınâʿati’l-ḥisbe el-kebîr , Kitâbü’l-Lehv ve’l-melâhî , Kitâb fi’ş-şanṭranci’l-ʿâliye , Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭabîḫ , Risâle fî vaṣfi meẕâhibi’ṣ-Ṣâbiʾîn , Kitâb fî vaḥdâniyyetillâh .
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Meynard) , II, 71-72; VIII, 179-180.
Ebû Ali et-Tenûhî, Nişvârü’l-muḥâḍara (nşr. D. S. Margoliouth), Kahire 1918, I, 65.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 166, 309-310, 320-321, 383.
Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, Aḫlâḳu’l-vezîreyn (nşr. Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tancî), Dımaşk 1385/1965, s. 235-247.
a.mlf., el-Beṣâʾir ve’ẕ-ẕeḫâʾir (nşr. Vedâd el-Kādî), Beyrut 1408/1988, I, 82; IV, 116-118, 157, 206-207; VIII, 10, 13, 19, 43, 101, 207; IX, 195-197, 201-203.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, el-Muġnî , V, 152-154.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam , V, 124.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , III, 98-102.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ , s. 55-56.
İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 263, 293-295, 423.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 448-449.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , VII, 5-8; XII, 17.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , I, 189-190.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 375.
Franz Rosenthal, Aḥmad b. aṭ-Ṭayyib as-Saraḫsî , New Haven 1943, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “as-Sarakhsî (?) On the Appropriate Behavior for Kings”, JAOS , CXV/1 (1995), s. 105-109.
a.mlf., “al-Sarak̲h̲sī”, EI2 (İng.) , IX, 35.
Sezgin, GAS , III, 259; V, 263; VI, 162-163; VII, 137.
Matti Moosa, “A New Source on Aḥmad Ibn al-Ṭayyib al-Sarak̲h̲sī: Florentine MS Arabic 299”, JAOS , XCII/1 (1972), s. 19-24.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 230-232 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.