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İBRÂHİM BEY Skip to content (ö. 1231/1816)
Mısır’daki son kölemen beylerinden.
1148 (1735) veya 1150’de (1737) doğdu. Genelde Çerkez asıllı olduğu kabul edilmekle birlikte Rus asıllı olduğunu söyleyenler de vardır (Crecelius, The Mamluks , s. 135). Efendisi olan Muhammed Ebü’z-Zeheb’e nisbetle el-Kebîr el-Muhammedî lakabıyla anılır. Âzat edildikten sonra Ebü’z-Zeheb’in kız kardeşiyle evlendirilen İbrâhim Bey, 1738 yılında Mısır’ı yöneten yirmi dört Kölemen emîrinden biri oldu. 1186’da (1772) emîr-i hac ve ertesi yıl defterdarlık görevlerinde bulundu. Ebü’z-Zeheb 1189’da (1775) Zâhir el-Ömer’e karşı Suriye seferine çıkınca Kahire’de vekil şeyhülbeled olarak görev yapan İbrâhim, onun Akkâ’da ölmesi üzerine hem vârisi hem de asaleten şeyhülbeled oldu. Fakat iktidarını Muhammed Ebü’z-Zeheb’in bir başka güçlü emîri olan Murad Bey’le paylaşmak zorunda kaldı. 1783 yılı civarında Mısır’da bulunan Volney, İbrâhim Bey’in 600, Murad Bey’in de 400 kadar kölesinin olduğunu, bunların rakibi konumundaki on sekiz-yirmi beyin kölelerinin ise 50-200 arasında değiştiğini belirtmiştir (Travels Through Syria and Egypt , I, 166-167). Askerî işleri Murad Bey’e bırakan İbrâhim Bey idarî işlerle uğraşıyordu. Ancak Ebü’z-Zeheb’in yakın arkadaşlarından olan İsmâil Bey şeyhülbeledliği İbrâhim Bey’e bırakmak istemedi ve aralarında bir mücadele başladı. Bu mücadeleyi kazanan İbrâhim Bey’in bu defa Murad Bey’le arası açılınca Mısır’da karışıklıklar daha da arttı.
Osmanlı hükümeti karışıklığa son vermek için Yeğen Mehmed Paşa’yı Mısır valiliğine tayin etti. Mehmed Paşa, 1200 yılı Muharreminde (Kasım 1785) Mısır’a gidip göreve başlayıncaya kadar İbrâhim Bey vali vekilliği yaptı, bu arada Murad Bey’le barıştı. Daha sonra Murad Bey ile birlikte yeni valiyi hiçe sayıp ağır vergilerle halk üzerinde baskılarını arttırdılar. Ayrıca Süveyş’e Hint malları nakletmek isteyen Fransa ile gizlice anlaşma yaparak müstakil devlet başkanı gibi davranmaya başladılar. Gizli anlaşmanın bir maddesine göre Osmanlı Devleti Mısır’a asker sevkederse Fransa da İbrâhim ve Murad beylere yardım edecek, böylece Mısır’ı işgal etme arzusunu gerçekleştirme yolunda önemli bir adım atmış olacaktı. Bu gelişmeler karşısında Bâbıâli Kaptanıderyâ Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa’yı 1200 Şâbanında (Haziran 1786) donanma ile İskenderiye’ye gönderdi.
Donanmanın Mısır’a gönderilmesi ve Gazi Hasan Paşa’nın şöhreti Kölemen beylerinin paniğe kapılmasına sebep olmuştu. İbrâhim ve Murad beyler Mısır ulemâsını araya koyarak bundan sonra huzursuzluk çıkarmayacaklarını, Devlet-i Aliyye’nin emirlerine uyacaklarını, birikmiş vergi borçlarını ödeyeceklerini bildirip affedilmelerini istediler. Bu arada Hasan Paşa, halka hitaben yayımladığı beyannâmede Kölemen beylerinin haksız olarak topladıkları ağır vergilerle kendilerini ezdiklerini anlatmış, yaptıkları zulüm ve kötülükleri saymış, bütün bu kanunsuz uygulamaların kaldırıldığını, bundan sonra Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinde tesbit edilen verginin alınacağını, İbrâhim ve Murad beylerin de cezalandırılacağını ifade etmişti. Beyannâme büyük bir sevinçle karşılandı. İbrâhim ve Murad beyler affedilmeyeceklerini anlayınca mücadele etmeye karar verdiler. Fakat önce Hasan Paşa’ya Devlet-i Aliyye’nin alacağı olarak ne istiyorsa ödeyeceklerini, buna karşılık kendisinin de Mısır’ı terketmesini, aksi takdirde savaşacaklarını bildirdiler. Aslında savaşa taraftar olmayan İbrâhim Bey, Murad Bey’in ortaya çıkardığı bir emrivâkiyi kabul etmek zorunda kalmış, bu yüzden de araları açılmıştı. Hazırladığı bir orduyla Gazi Hasan Paşa’nın üzerine yürüyen Murad Bey ağır bir yenilgiye uğrayınca İbrâhim ve Murad beyler kaçmak zorunda kaldılar. Şeyhülbeledlik Osmanlı Devleti’ne sadık Büyük İsmâil Bey’e, hac emîrliği de Cidavî Hasan Bey’e verildi. 3 Muharrem 1201’de (26 Ekim 1786) Kölemen beylerine karşı büyük bir zafer kazanan Rakka Valisi Abdi Paşa Mısır valiliğine getirildi.
Gazi Hasan Paşa, İbrâhim ve Murad beylerin kesin olarak Mısır’dan çıkarılmasında kararlıydı. Onların Saîd taraflarında bir yerde kendilerine oturma izni verilmesi yönündeki taleplerini, yanlarındaki kalabalığı dağıtmaları halinde kabul edebileceğini bildirince İbrâhim ve Murad beyler tekrar mücadeleye başladılar. 27 Rebîülevvel 1201’de (17 Ocak 1787) yapılan savaşta bir kere daha yenilgiye uğradılar; kuvvetlerinin bir kısmı dağılıp bir kısmı teslim olurken kendileri 5-600 kişilik maiyetleriyle canlarını zor kurtardılar. Ancak bu sırada yeni bir Osmanlı-Rus savaşı başlamak üzere olduğundan Gazi Hasan Paşa İstanbul’a dönmeden önce bu beylerin arzularını kabul ederek Saîd taraflarında oturmalarına razı oldu. Fakat onlar burada da rahat durmadılar ve asker toplamaya başladılar.
Daha sonra Rusya’nın İskenderiye Konsolosu Baron Konus’un İbrâhim ve Murad beylerle gizlice haberleştiğine, onları Mısır’da bağımsız bir devlet kurmak için isyana teşvik ettiğine ve bu konuda her türlü desteği sağlayacaklarına dair belgeler ele geçti (Uzunçarşılı, IV/1, s. 515-516, 564).
Bu sırada Şeyhülbeled İsmâil Bey ve birçok emîr 1205 (1791) yılındaki veba salgınında ölünce İbrâhim ve Murad beyler büyük bir kuvvetle Kahire yakınlarına kadar geldiler. Vali İzzet Mehmed Paşa ile yeni şeyhülbeled Osman Bey’e mektup göndererek pişman olduklarını ve kendilerine Kahire’de oturma izni verilmesini istediler. Kendilerine beş yıldır birikmiş vergi borçlarını ödemeleri gerektiği, bu şart yerine getirildikten sonra padişah nezdinde aracılıkta bulunulacağı bildirildi. Ancak Kölemen beyleri ansızın Kahire’ye girip İsmâil Bey’in konağına yerleştiler. Vali İzzet Paşa durumu İstanbul’a arzedince İstanbul’dan eski tarihli fermanlar yazılıp vergilerini vermek şartıyla suçlarının affedildiği belirtildi, böylece devlet istediklerini yapmak zorunda kaldı. Fakat İbrâhim ve Murad beyler verdikleri sözde durmayarak halkı yine ağır vergilerle ezmeye başladılar. Bu baskılardan bunalan halk 1209 (1795) yılında Ezher ulemâsının önderliğinde ayaklandı ve beyleri kendileriyle bir anlaşma yapmaya zorladı (Cebertî, II, 166-167).
Fransızlar’ın 1213’te (1798) İskenderiye’yi işgal ettikleri haberini İstanbul’a İbrâhim ve Murad beyler bildirdiler. Bu arada Kahire’de yapılan toplantı sonunda Fransızlar’a karşı savaşılmasına, İbrâhim Bey ile Vali Ebû Bekir Paşa’nın Kahire’de kalmasına, Murad Bey’in ise ordunun başında işgalcilerin üzerine yürümesine karar verildi ve sefer hazırlığına başlandı (Cevdet, VI, 328-329). Daha sonra Murad Bey 20.000 kişilik bir kuvvetle yola çıktı. Fakat o güne kadar düzenli bir orduyla savaşmamış tecrübesiz fellâhlardan oluşan Murad Bey’in ordusu Fransız güçleriyle Kahire yakınlarında Piramitler bölgesinde karşı karşıya gelince yenildi. İbrâhim Bey, Hanka ve Sâlihiyye muharebelerinden sonra Suriye’ye kaçtı ve bir süre Gazze’de kaldı; Napolyon’un Filistin’e yaptığı sefer sırasında daha kuzeye çekildi. Murad Bey ise Fransızlar’la anlaşarak Saîd bölgesinde kaldı (a.g.e. , VII, 88-89). Bir müddet sonra İbrâhim Bey, Vezîriâzam Yûsuf Paşa’nın ordusuyla birlikte Mısır’a geri döndüyse de Heliopolis civarında yapılan savaşta Fransızlar’a tekrar yenildi. Murad Bey’in 1216 Muharreminde (Nisan 1801) vebadan ölmesi üzerine (Cebertî, II, 523) İbrâhim Bey yalnız kalmış, bu arada Fransız işgali Kölemenler’in dağılmasına sebep olmuştu.
Fransızlar’ın Mısır’ı terketmesinden sonra İbrâhim Bey 1216 Saferinde (Haziran 1801) şeyhülbeledlik makamına tekrar getirildi. Mısır’da Kölemen nüfuzunu kırmak isteyen Bâbıâli’nin emri üzerine 12 Cemâziyelâhir 1216’da (20 Ekim 1801) diğer beylerle birlikte hapse atıldıysa da İngilizler’in baskısıyla öteki emîrlerle birlikte serbest bırakıldı ve Yukarı Saîd bölgesine gitti. Fransız kuvvetlerini Mısır’dan çıkarmaya gelen Kavalalı Mehmed Ali çok geçmeden burada nüfuzunu arttırmaya başlamıştı. Kavalalı, 1218’de (1803) İbrâhim Bey’i şeyhülbeled olarak Kahire’ye çağırdı, iki yıl sonra da kendisi Mısır valisi oldu. O sıralarda Kölemen beylerinin hâlâ önemli nüfuzu bulunduğundan Mehmed Ali Paşa Mısır’da tam hâkimiyet kurabilmek için bu beylerin etkisiz hale getirilmesi gerektiğine inanıyordu. Bu sebeple İbrâhim Bey’e ve Murad Bey’in halefi olan Osman el-Berdîsî’ye karşı 1 Zilhicce 1218’de (13 Mart 1804) bir suikast hazırladıysa da başarısız oldu. İbrâhim Bey ise ona karşı koyabilmek için beyler arasında birliği sağlamaya çalışıyordu. 1225’lere (1810) gelindiğinde Kölemen beyleri, Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın kendilerine karşı açıkça harekete geçemeyeceği bir kuvvet haline gelmişti. Ancak Mehmed Ali Paşa, 5 Safer 1226’da (1 Mart 1811) Kale’de verdiği bir ziyafette bunların ileri gelenlerini, bazı kaynaklara göre 480 kişiyi (Steindorf, s. 105) tuzağa düşürerek öldürttü (Cebertî, II, 320 vd.; Cevdet, IX, 249-250; Kâmil Paşa, III, 39-40). Fakat İbrâhim Bey davete katılmadığından öldürülmekten kurtulmuştu. Hayatının son yıllarını Dongola’da geçiren İbrâhim Bey Rebîülevvel 1231’de (Şubat 1816) vefat etti. Naaşı Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın izniyle 1232 Ramazanında (Temmuz 1817) Kahire’ye getirilerek burada defnedildi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Vâsıf, Târih (İlgürel) , s. 267, 356, 383-384.
Cebertî, ʿAcâʾibü’l-âs̱âr , II, 166-167, 319-320, 523.
Cevdet, Târih , II, 34; III, 288-323; IV, 104-110; V, 277-282; VI, 319-356; VII, 77, 88-89; VIII, 23 vd., 82 vd.; IX, 249-250.
Kâmil Paşa, Târîh-i Siyâsî-i Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye , İstanbul 1327, III, 39-40.
G. Steindorf, Ägypten in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart , Wien 1916, s. 105.
Enver Ziya Karal, Fransa-Mısır ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 1797-1802 , İstanbul 1938, s. 26-28, 79-81, 207.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/1, s. 503, 509-518, 564, 603-605.
Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi , İstanbul 1963, V, 2631-2633, 2701-2703, 2783-2789, 2799.
P. M. Holt, Egypt and Fertile Crescent: 1516-1922 , London 1966, s. 99-100, 155-156.
a.mlf., “Ibrāhīm Bey”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 992.
M. C. F. Volney, Travels Through Syria and Egypt , London 1972, I, 67-168.
D. Crecelius, The Roots of Modern Egypt , Chicago 1981, s. 111, 140, 180.
a.mlf., “The Mamluk Beylicate of Egypt in the Last Decades Before its Destruction by Muḥammad ʿAlī Pasha in 1811”, The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society (ed. T. Philipp – U. Haarmann), Cambridge 1998, s. 131-135, 137-139, 147-148.
Irâkī Yûsuf Muhammed, el-Vücûdü’l-ʿOs̱mâniyyü’l-Memlûkî fî Mıṣr fi’l-ḳarni’s̱-s̱âmin ʿaşer ve evâʾili’l-ḳarni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer , Kahire 1985, s. 145-157.
Ahmed Hüseyin, Mevsûʿatü târîḫi Mıṣr , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’ş-şa‘b), III, 868, 871.
P. Kahle, “Ibrāhīm Bey”, EI (İng.), III, 436-437.
a.mlf., “İbrahim Bey”, İA , V/2, s. 890-892.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 285-287 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.