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İBRÂHİM ENÎS AHMED Skip to content (1906-1977)
Arap dünyasında modern dil bilimi araştırmalarının öncüsü.
Kahire’de doğdu. İlkokuldan sonra Ezher Üniversitesi Dârülulûm Fakültesi’nin hazırlık okulu el-Medresetü’t-techîziyye’den lise diploması aldı ve Ezher’in Dârülulûmi’l-ulyâ kısmına girdi. Burada öğrenci iken şiir yazmaya başladı, sosyal ve kültürel etkinliklere katıldı, okulun tiyatro grubuna başkan seçildi. Kendi yazdığı eş-Şeyḫu’l-müteṣâbî adlı piyesin baş kahramanını bizzat kendisi oynadı. 1930’da Ezher’den mezun olduktan sonra liselerde öğretmenlik yaptı. 1933’te Eğitim Bakanlığı’ndan kazandığı bursla İngiltere’ye gidip Londra Üniversitesi’ne kaydoldu. 1939’da edebiyat alanında bakaloryasını aldı, 1941’de felsefe ve Sâmî diller alanında doktorasını verdi. Burada da sosyal etkinliklerden geri kalmadı. 1938’de Londra’daki en-Nâdi’l-Mısrî’ye başkan seçildi.
İngiltere’den döndükten sonra Dârülulûm Fakültesi’ne öğretim üyesi olarak tayin edildi, mesleğinde yükselerek dil bilimi alanında profesör oldu. Fakültede dil bilimi, Sâmî diller ve şarkiyat alanlarında, ayrıca Arap dili bölümünde başkan sıfatıyla görev yaptı. 1955 yılında fakültenin dekanlığına getirildiyse de hemen ardından işlerin arzu ettiği şekilde gitmediğini belirterek istifa etti. 1958’de ikinci defa getirildiği dekanlık görevini birkaç yıl sürdürdü. 1963-1964 öğretim yılında Amman’daki Ürdün Üniversitesi’nde çalıştıktan sonra Dârülulûm Fakültesi’nde misafir profesör olarak ders verdi. Bu fakültedeki ilk yıllarında gittiği İskenderiye Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde iki yıl çalıştı. Burada dil bilimiyle ses bilimi araştırmalarının, dil seslerinin sınıflandırılması ve mukayesesinin modern yöntemlerle yapılacağı ses bilimi (fonetik, savtiyyât) laboratuvarını kurdu. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb onun öğrencilerindendir. 1948 yılından itibaren uzmanlık yaptığı Mecmau’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye’ye 1961’de üye oldu. Burada metot, lehçeler ve el-Mu‘cemü’l-kebîr komisyonlarında bulundu. Dil sesleri, Arap lehçeleri, lafız-delâlet-semantik, şiirde müzikalite ve çeşitli gramer meseleleri üzerine araştırmalar yaptı. 1967’de, dayısı Zekî Mühendis’in yerine kurumun çıkardığı dergiyi (Mecelletü’l-Mecmaʿi’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye) yirmi ikinci sayısından itibaren yönetti. 1958’de Delâletü’l-elfâẓ (semantik) adlı eserinden dolayı kendisine Mısır devlet teşvik ödülü verildi. 8 Temmuz 1977 tarihinde Kahire’de vefat etti. Ailesi kütüphanesini Dârülulûm Fakültesi’ne bağışladı.
XX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Avrupa’da doğan modern dil bilimi araştırmaları, özellikle ses bilimi, lehçe bilimi, morfoloji ve sentaks alanlarında yoğunluk kazanmış, bu arada İsviçreli dilbilimci Ferdinand de Saussure, Batı’da modern lengüistiğin öncüsü olarak görüldüğü gibi İbrâhim Enîs de Arap âleminde ve Arap dil biliminde bu alanın öncüsü kabul edilmiştir. İngiltere’de iken modern dil biliminin meselelerine dair Saussure ve diğer bilginlerin görüşlerini öğrenip Arap dilinin meselelerine uygulamış, 1939’da Mısır’a dönünce bu alandaki bilgiler kabul görmüş, sadece i‘rab hakkındaki görüşü reddedilmiştir. Ona göre Kur’an’a i‘rab I. (VII.) yüzyılın sonu ile II. (VIII.) yüzyılın başlarında uygulanmıştır. Araplar kelime sonlarını -bugün de konuşmalarda görüldüğü gibi- hep sâkin telaffuz ederlerdi. Müslüman nahiv âlimleri Yunan gramerinin etkisiyle i‘rab olgusunu icat etmiştir (Min Esrâri’l-luġa , s. 182 vd.; Delâletü’l-elfâẓ , s. 207 vd.). İ‘rab harekelerinin fâillik-mef‘ûllük gibi cümle öğelerini belirleme işlevi yoktur, sadece cümledeki kelimeleri birbirine ulama vazifesi görür. Cümle öğelerini ise Arap söz dizimi düzeniyle her öğenin cümle içinde bulunması gereken yerler ve cümlelerde zarflarla edatlar gibi yan unsurlar belirler. İ‘rab harekeleri iki sâkin harfin çakışmasını önlemek için kullanılır. Çünkü kelimelerde aslî telaffuz kelime sonlarının sâkin olmasıdır. Hareke de bu sâkin harfi okumak ve ulamak için getirilir. Aslında İbrâhim Enîs bu düşüncelerinde öncelikle Arap dil bilimi âlimi Kutrub ile Karl Vollers ve Paul E. Kahle gibi şarkiyatçılara uymuştur.
İbrâhim Enîs’in dil tetkik yöntemi sarf, nahiv, fonetik, mu‘cem (sözlük) ve delâlet (semantik) meselelerini yeni bir metotla incelemek, bu konularda Batı dünyasının düşüncelerini doğru bir şekilde anlayıp Arap diline uygulamak, çalışmaları tartışmalarda değil dilin öz meselelerinde yoğunlaştırmak, yüksek edebî tahlili göz ardı etmemek, dil olgularının istatistiğini, verilerinin değerlendirmesini yapmak, Arap dilinin olgularıyla diğer Sâmî dillerin olguları arasında mukayeseler yapmak, Basra ve Kûfe dil mekteplerinin görüşlerini inceleyip karşılaştırmak gibi ilkelere dayanır. Ona göre kelime üç değil dört kategoriye ayrılır: Genel olarak ismin ve mantıkçıların küllî isim dediklerinin dahil olduğu isim; işaret, mevsul ve sayı adlarının dahil olduğu zamir; fiil; nahivcilerin mâna harfleri dediği ve zarfları da kapsayan edat. İbrâhim Enîs, Arap dilinin seslerine ilişkin örnek bir telaffuz projesinin hazırlanıp Arap ülkelerinde basın yayın organları vasıtasıyla yaygınlaştırılması, okullarda mahallî lehçelerin gücünün kırılması için gerekirse yasa çıkarılması, Arapça’nın ve diğer Sâmî dillerin özüne ulaşmak amacıyla Arap âlemindeki halk lehçelerinin incelenmesi gibi özgün projeler ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. el-Eṣvâtü’l-luġaviyye (Kahire 1947, 1950, 2007). Modern dil yöntemlerine göre dil seslerinin, seslerin mahreç ve niteliklerinin, değişim ve dönüşümlerinin, dili oluşturan seslerin fonolojik ve fonetik özelliklerinin incelendiği Arapça yapılmış ilk önemli çalışmadır. Yazar eserinde kısa ünlülerle (harekeler) uzun ünlüler (med harfleri) arasında sadece nicelik bakımından fark olduğunu belirtir. 2. Min Esrâri’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye (Kahire 1951, 1998). Kalb, ibdâl, naht gibi dilin gelişimini sağlayan olgulardan söz edilen eserin “Ḳıṣṣatü’l-iʿrâb” adlı bölümünde i‘rab harekelerinin sanıldığının aksine cümle öğelerini belirleme değil cümlenin kelimeleri arasında bağlama ve ulama işlevi gördüğü iddia edilmiştir. 3. Fi’l-Lehecâti’l-ʿArabiyye (Kahire 1952, 1973, 1995). Bu eserde Arap dilinde lehçelerin ortaya çıkışı, Kur’an kıraatindeki farklı okuyuşların kadim Arap lehçelerine dayandığı hususu, lehçe, ses, seslerin çeşitleri, mahreçleri ve nitelikleri, İslâm’dan önce Arap dili, fonetik, fesahat, kıraat ve fonetik bilimi, idgam, izhar, ihfâ, imâle gibi fonetik olgular incelenmiştir. Tâmir Abdülvedûd el-Eş‘arî, el-Muṣṭalaḥâtü’ṣ-ṣavtiyye fî kitâbi “Fi’l-Lehecâti’l-ʿArabiyye” li-İbrâhîm Enîs adlı çalışmasında (Kahire 1973) eserde kullanılan ses bilimi terimlerini ele almıştır. 4. Mûsîḳa’ş-şiʿr (Kahire 1952, 1965, 1981, 1988). 5. Delâletü’l-elfâẓ (Kahire 1958, 1991). Eserde dilde delâlet (gösterge) ve semantik bilimi, lafız-anlam, lafız-delâlet, delâletin çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde oluşumu, delâlet çeşitleri gibi meseleler üzerinde durulmuştur. 6. Muḥâḍarât ʿan müstaḳbeli’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyyeti’l-müştereke (Kahire 1959-1960). Müellifin Ma‘hedü’d-dirâsâti’l-Arabiyyeti’l-âliye’de Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Bölümü öğrencilerine verdiği konferanslardan ibarettir. 7. Eṣvâtü’l-luġa ʿinde İbn Sînâ (Kahire 1963). İbn Sînâ’nın dili meydana getiren seslerin oluşum sebeplerini, seslerin mahreç ve sıfatlarını irdelediği Meḫâricü’l-ḥurûf adlı eserindeki görüşlerin değerlendirilmesi ve eleştirisi olup Kahire Arap Dil Kurumu’nun yirmi dokuzuncu devre kongresinde sunulan tebliğleri içermektedir. 8. Ṭuruḳu tenmiyeti’l-elfâẓ fi’l-luġa (Kahire 1967). Yazarın 1966-1967 ders yılında Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Bölümü öğrencilerine verdiği konferanslardan meydana gelen eserde dilin gelişimini etkileyen kıyas, iştikak, kalb, ibdâl, naht ve irticâl gibi konular ele alınmıştır. Diğer Eserleri: eş-Şeyḫu’l-müteṣâbî (tiyatro); Yâ Zeʿîmü vedâʿan (1927 yılında henüz öğrenci iken Mısır devlet adamı Sa‘d Zağlûl hakkında yazdığı ve tek şiiri olan elli beş beyitlik mersiyedir); Rivâye (roman) (Ṣaḥîfetü Dâri’l-ʿulûm , Kahire Ocak 1937); ʿUżvü baʿs̱e (hikâye) (Ṣaḥîfetü Dâri’l-ʿulûm , Nisan 1945); el-Luġa beyne’l-ḳavmiyye ve’l-ʿâlemiyye (Kahire 1970); el-Muʿcemü’l-vasîṭ (I-II, Kahire 1972, 1989, 1991, Muhammed Halefullah Ahmed, Abdülhalîm Müntasır ve Atıyye es-Savâlihî ile birlikte); ʿİlmü’l-aṣvât beyne’l-ḳudemâʾ ve’l-muḥdes̱în (Kahire 2003). Müellif ayrıca Ahmed Muhtâr Ömer’le birlikte İshak b. İbrâhim el-Fârâbî’nin Dîvânü’l-edeb ’ini neşretmiştir (Kahire 1394/1974). İbrâhim Enîs, Kahire Arap Dil Kurumu dergisinin çeşitli sayılarında Arap diliyle ilgili birçok makale yanında çeşitli kongreler için tebliğler kaleme almıştır. Bunlar sülâsînin babları, mürtecel lafızlar, sülâsî mücerred isimlerin kalıpları, harekeyle i‘rab meselesi, Kur’an fâsılaları, “fi‘‘îl” (فعّيل ) kalıbı, naht, “semâ‘”ın etimolojisi, lugavî istatistik, Arap ve İngiliz şiirlerindeki kafiye düzeninin karşılaştırılması gibi meselelerdir. Ṣaḥîfetü Dâri’l-ʿulûm ’da da “Neşʾetü’l-kelâm” gibi (Nisan 1943) birkaç makalesi yayımlanmıştır.
İbrâhim Enîs hakkında birçok çalışma yapılmıştır: Ahmed Temmâm, İbrâhîm Enîs, râʾidü’d-dirâsâti’l-luġaviyye (Kahire 1397); Cühûdü İbrâhîm Enîs el-luġaviyye (tez); Ali Necdî Nâsıf, “ed-Duktûr İbrâhîm Enîs” (MMLA , XL [Kahire 1397/1977]); Ali Seyyid Ahmed, İbrâhîm Enîs Luġaviyyen (Asyut 1984 [Mısır]); Zeyneb Selâhaddin, Cuhûdü İbrâhîm Enîs fi’n-naḥv ve’ṣ-ṣarf (yüksek lisans tezi, www.ta5atub.com//878-topic); Kemâl Muhammed Bişr, İbrâhîm Enîs ve’d-dersü’l-luġavî (Kahire 1999, Mahmûd Fehmî Hicâzî, Muhammed Hasan Abdülazîz, Muhammed Hamâse Abdüllatîf ve İbrâhim ed-Desûkī’nin İbrâhim Enîs’le ilgili makalelerini kapsar); Seyyid Ahmed el-Mahzencî, İbrâhîm Enîs: Ḥayâtühû ve aʿmâlüh (Kahire 2002); Ammâr İlyâs Bevâsile, el-Fikrü’l-luġavî ʿinde İbrâhîm Enîs: Dirâse vaṣfiyye taḥlîliyye fi’l-eṣvâti ve’ṣ-ṣarf (Mûte 2003); İbrâhim b. Kays b. Süleyman el-Hemedânî, İbrâhîm Enîs ve enẓâruhü’d-delâliyye ve’n-naḥviyye (tez, 2004, www.ahlalhdeeth.com); Nâdiye Tevhâmî, İbrâhîm Enîs ve arâʾühû ḫilâle kütübihî: Min Esrâri’l-luġa ve Delâleti’l-elfâẓ ve el-Eṣvâtü’l-luġaviyye (yüksek lisans tezi, 2005, Câmiatü’l-Emîr Abdülkādir li’l-ulûmi’l-İslâmiyye, Kosantîne/Cezayir); Riyâz Zekî Kāsım, “Risâle luġaviyye min Ḳuṭrub ilâ İbrâhîm Enîs: Heli’l-i‘râb hikâye?” (Mecelletü’l-ʿArabî , sy. 642-2012/5 [Küveyt 2012]; www.alarabimag.com/Article); Azîz Erkîbî, Meḫâricü’l-ḥurûf ʿinde’l-ḳurrâʾ ve’l-lisâniyyîn: Dirâse muḳārene beyne’l-Ḥâfıẓ Ebî ʿAmr ed-Dânî ve’d-Duktûr İbrâhîm Enîs (Beyrut 2012).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
İbrâhim Enîs Ahmed, Min Esrâri’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye , Kahire 1958, s. 182 vd.; a.mlf., Delâletü’l-elfâẓ , Kahire 1976, s. 207 vd.; Muhammed Abdülcevâd, Taḳvîmü Dâri’l-ʿulûm , Kahire 1952, II, 119; İbrâhim Medkûr, Maʿa’l-Ḫâlidîn , Kahire 1401/1981, s. 185; Muhammed el-Kettânî, eṣ-Ṣırâʿ beyne’l-ḳadîm ve’l-cedîd fi’l-edebi’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Dârülbeyzâ 1403/1982, II, 1235; Mevsûʿatü aʿlâmi Mıṣr fi’l-ḳarni’l-ʿişrîn (haz. Mustafa Necîb), Kalyûb 1996, s. 71-72; M. Mehdî Allâm, el-Mecmaʿiyyûn fî ḫamsîne ʿâmen , Kahire 1406/1986, s. 4-7; M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf, Tetimmetü’l-Aʿlâm , Beyrut 1418/1998, I, 11-12; Ahmed el-Alâvine, Ẕeylü’l-Aʿlâm , Cidde 1418/1998, s. 17; a.mlf., et-Teẕyîl ve’l-istidrâk ʿalâ Muʿcemi’l-müʾellifîn , Cidde 1423/2002, s. 12; Nizâr Abâza – M. Riyaz el-Mâlih, İtmâmü’l-Aʿlâm , Beyrut 1999, s. 14; Seyyid Ahmed el-Mahzencî, İbrâhîm Enîs: Ḥayâtühû ve aʿmâlüh , Kahire 2002, tür.yer.; Îmân Saîd Celâl, “Enîs, İbrâhîm Aḥmed”, Mv.AU , II, 514-517.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 623-625 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.