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İBRÂHİM HAMDİ Skip to content (ö. 1176/1762-63’ten sonra)
Atlas adlı eseriyle tanınan Osmanlı coğrafyacısı.
Hayatı hakkında bilinenler hemen tamamen kendi eserine dayanmaktadır. Bu gün Bartın’a bağlı olan Ulus ilçesinin Endüz Çiftliği / Küçük Endüz köyünde doğduğunu belirten İbrâhim Hamdi ailesinin on iki imamdan Zeynelâbidîn’e kadar uzandığını, dedesi Seyyid Hüseyin ve babası Seyyid Bayram’ın ziraatla uğraştıklarını, babasının II. Mustafa’nın (1695-1703) Avusturya seferleri dolayısıyla bir süre Tımışvar’da bulunduğunu, dönüşte Edirne’de öldüğünü ve Gazi Mihal Köprüsü başında gömüldüğünü yazar. Ayrıca anne tarafından akrabaları hakkında da geniş bilgi verir. Yine eserinden öğrenildiğine göre İbrâhim Hamdi çocukluk ve gençlik yıllarını babasının yanında önce Yanova’da, bu kalenin düşmesi üzerine de Tımışvar’da geçirdi ve tahsilini burada tamamladı. Tasavvufî terbiyesini, II. Mustafa ile III. Ahmed’in ikram ve iltifatlarına nâil olan Selim Dede’den aldı. Fakat asıl hocası kendisinden Arapça öğrendiği ve tefsir okuduğu el-Hâc Eyyûb Efendi’dir. Tımışvar’da dersiâm olan Peçuylu Pîrî Ahmed Efendi de hocalarındandır. Yerli kulu cebecilerinden olduğu anlaşılan İbrâhim Hamdi (Atlas , vr. 254a ), Tımışvar’daki yirmi yıllık ikameti esnasında çeşitli görevler üstlenmiş, bu vesileyle de birçok yerde bulunmuştur. Zengin bir aileye mensup olduğundan bu şehrin 1716’da düşmesi dolayısıyla maddî yönden büyük zarara uğradı (a.g.e. , vr. 255b ). Daha sonra Tırnova’ya döndü ve Hotin’e yerleşti. 1721’de başlayan Hotin Kalesi’nin tamirinde görev aldı. Ardından cebehâne kâtibi, bir süre sonra da Hotin defterdarı ve Hotin muhafızı Abdi Paşa’nın kâtibi oldu. Başta İstanbul olmak üzere birçok merkezle, bu arada Lehistan’da bulunan müslüman Tatar oymağı Lipkalar’la yapılan yazışmalar onun tarafından gerçekleştirildi. 1727’de Amasra’ya giden İbrâhim Hamdi, 1733-1734 yıllarında İstanbul’da Akbıyık mahallesinde oturmuş, bu sırada Ayasofya Camii’nde I. Mahmud tarafından yaptırılan tamiratı incelemiştir (a.g.e. , vr. 125b ). 1736-1737 seferleri sırasında ordu mensubu olarak İsakçı, Kartal ve Babadağı’nda bulunan İbrâhim Hamdi’nin bütün ömrü kendi ifadesine göre sınır boylarında geçmiş, 1749’da annesini ziyaret amacıyla memleketine gitmiş ve yoğun bir şekilde eserini telifle meşgul olmuştur. Vefat tarihi bilinmemekle beraber bunun, eserinde yer alan ve kendisine ait olan bir ilâvede görülen 1176 (1762-63) yılından sonra olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
İbrâhim Hamdi’nin ciddi, dürüst, sorumluluk sahibi bir kişi olduğu, çeşitli dilleri öğrenmeye olan kabiliyetini Lipkalar’la yazışmalarda gösterdiği, seyahat etmeyi sevdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Hotin Kalesi’nin tamirinin bitimine Abdi Paşa’nın isteğiyle söylediği tarih manzumesi şairlik yönünün de bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu manzumeyi Rusçuklu Gümüş Kolçakoğlu Bekir Ağazâde ta‘lik hatla taşa yazmış, İbrâhim Hamdi de bunu oyarak taşa işlemiş ve tezhiplemiştir. Ayrıca başka mimari eserlere de manzum tarihler yazıp hakkâklık yaptığı, meselâ 1137’de (1724-25) ölen oğlu Seyyid Abdurrahman’ın mezar kitâbesini yazarak taşa nakşettiği bilinmektedir. Zağarcıbaşı Kayyimoğlu Mehmed Ağa’nın yaptırdığı hayratın yazısı ve nakşı da yine ona aittir (a.g.e. , vr. 278a ).
İbrâhim Hamdi’nin şöhreti Atlas adlı coğrafya kitabından gelir. İki cilt olarak telif edilen eserin sadece II. cildi bugün elde mevcuttur (aş.bk.). İlk cildi ve dolayısıyla dîbâcesi olmadığından eserin ismi de bir süre meçhul kalmıştır. Karaçon İmre tarafından “coğrafyaya dair bir kitap” şeklinde bahsedilen eserin (TOEM , I/3 [1329], s. 188) adının Atlas olduğunu ilk defa, muhtemelen kitabın tamamını görmüş olan Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir kaydetmiştir (Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 317). Nitekim eser üzerinde ilk çalışmayı yapan Talat Mümtaz Yaman da kullandığı nüshanın iç kapağında, daha sonra yazıldığı anlaşılan “Atlas-ı İbrâhim Hamdi Efendi, 1163” kaydının bulunduğunu belirtmektedir (Ülkü , XV/85 [1940], s. 42).
Atlas ’ın telif tarihi için farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Talat Mümtaz Yaman’ın kullandığı nüshada müellif çeşitli yerlerde eserinin yazım tarihini vermekteyse de bu tarih 1163 yılının 1 ve 24 Rebîülevveli (8 Şubat, 3 Mart 1750), 25 Zilkadesi (26 Ekim 1750) şeklinde farklılıklar arzetmektedir. Yaman da I. cildi üzerinde yaptığı tesbitlere dayanarak Atlas ’ın 1142-1162 (1729-1749) yılları arasında yazılmış olduğunu belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 42). Bu değişik tarihler aslında ilgili bölümlerin kaleme alındığı zamana dair olsa gerektir. Bundan da Atlas ’ın temize çekilmeyip müsvedde halinde kaldığı sonucu çıkarılabilir. Nitekim II. cildin müellif tarafından gözden geçirilerek tashih edilmiş olması da bu kanaati doğrular gibidir. Burada ta‘lik hatla görülen “mükerrerdir, minhu, sah, tasdîk” gibi düzeltmelerle ilgili geleneksel ifadelerin bizzat müellife ait olduğu kesindir. Zira Hotin Kalesi’nin tamiriyle ilgili kısmın metinde nereye gireceği gösterilerek, “Ta‘lik yazısını taşa resm edip târîhini bu fakir on iki beyit kadar inşad ve taşa hakk ve tezhîbi dahi bizimdir” denilmiş, sonuna da “sah” konulmuştur (Atlas , vr. 276b ). Bu tür ilâveler eserin başka yerlerinde de bulunmaktadır (a.g.e. , vr. 341b ). Müellife ait son telif tarihi 15 Cemâziyelevvel 1176 (2 Aralık 1762) olup burada zelzele sonucunda yıkılan Edirne Murâdiye Camii’nin tamiriyle ilgili olarak padişah fermanı ve sadrazam mektubunun sâdır olması hakkında bilgi vardır (a.g.e. , vr. 190a ). Eserde “tasdîk” ile başlayan ve okunaklı bir nesih hatla yazılan ilâvelerin ise geç tarihli olduğu ve eseri temellük eden biri tarafından yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Muhteva bakımından Atlas önceki Osmanlı coğrafyacılarının eserleri gibi arzın tarifi, hareketleri ve astronomi hakkında bilgilerle başlamaktadır (Yaman, Konya , II/22-23 [1938], s. 1209). I. ciltte Anadolu şehirleri, II. ciltte Afrika, Avrupa ve Amerika kıtalarının şehirleri hakkında mâlûmat verilmektedir. Şehirlerin adları, enlem ve boylam daireleriyle bulundukları iklim belirtildikten sonra coğrafî tavsiflerine geçilmiş, bu arada bazı folklorik bilgilerle dağlar, nehirler, göller ve denizler gibi yeryüzü şekillerinden de söz edilmiştir. Ancak eserde üst ve alt başlıklardaki tenâsübü gösterecek şekilde belli bir terminolojinin kullanılmadığı, tertibinin de bozuk olduğu görülmektedir.
Atlas ’ın I. cildi yakın zamana kadar Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni üyelerinden Ahmed Tevhid Bey’in özel kütüphanesinde iken (İmre, I/3 [1329], s. 188) 1934 yılında onun tarafından Talat Mümtaz Yaman’a hediye edilmiştir. Yaman elindeki nüshayı başı ve sonu noksan, 346 varaktan ibaret, güzel bir nesihle yazılmış olarak tavsif etmektedir (Ülkü , XV/85 [1940], s. 41). Fakat 1942’de Kastamonu’da çıkan yangında Yaman’ın kütüphanesi, bu arada Atlas ’ın I. cildi de yanmıştır (Orhonlu, TD , XIV/19 [1964], s. 117). Eserin II. cildi Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Esad Efendi, nr. 2044). İlk satırının, “… olup lisanların tekellüm ederler” şeklinde başlaması II. cildinin baş tarafının da eksik olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Daha ileride de (Atlas , vr. 60b -61a ) eksiklikler vardır. Fakat bu cilt sonu itibariyle tam olup ta‘lik hattıyla 509 varaktır.
Eserin önemli bir kısmı, müellifin gerçekleştirdiği seyahatleri sırasındaki gözlemlerine dayanmaktadır. Nitekim memleketi ve yöresiyle Tımışvar ve Hotin tarafları başta olmak üzere birçok Rumeli şehri, Lehistan’da yaşayan Tatar oymağı Lipkalar ve İstanbul’a dair verilen bilgiler orijinal olup İbrâhim Hamdi’nin gözlemlerini yansıtmaktadır. Müellif gidemediği yerler için şifahî ve yazılı kaynaklara başvurmuştur. Ancak eserin asıl önemli kısmı yazılı kaynaklara dayanmaktadır. En çok kullandığı eser de Kâtib Çelebi’nin Cihannümâ ’sıdır. İki eser arasındaki benzerlik o derecededir ki Talat Mümtaz Yaman Atlas ’ı Cihannümâ ’nın ilâveli nüshası olarak nitelemekte, bu hükmünü teyit için de her iki eseri karşılaştırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Yaman, Atlas ’ta müellifin memleketi ve yöresiyle ilgili olarak Cihannümâ ’dan farklı bilgilere dikkat çekmiş ve bunları yayımlamıştır (Ülkü , XV/85 [1940], s. 41-44). Bir başka araştırmacı ise Yaman’ın verdiği bilgilere dayanarak I. cildin, Müteferrika neşri Cihannümâ ’daki Ebû Bekir b. Behrâm ed-Dımaşkī’den alınan tasvirlere, II. cildin ise birinci telif Cihannümâ ’ya ve Dımaşkī’nin İhtisâr-ı Tahrîr-i Atlas Mayor ’una zeyil olduğu kanaatindedir (Sarıcaoğlu, Kâtib Çelebi Cihannümâsı ve Kaynakları , s. 128-129). Gerçekten Cihannümâ ’nın üç telif merhalesinin bulunduğu, ayrıca Atlas Mayor ’u tercüme eden Ebû Bekir b. Behrâm’ın, birinci telif nüshasının derkenarlarına ve ana safhaya müdahaleler yapması yanında ikinci telife zeyil olarak bir eser yazdığı bilindiğinden (Sarıcaoğlu, Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan , s. 121-142), İbrâhim Müteferrika’nın tasarruf ve ilâvelerle neşrettiği matbu Cihannümâ ’ya dayanan Yaman’ın iddiası ihtiyatla karşılanmalıdır. Cihannümâ ’nın ana kaynaklarından olan Âşık Mehmed’in Menâzırü’l-avâlim ’i de Atlas ’ın kaynaklarından olmalıdır. İbrâhim Hamdi, bu eseri ya doğrudan ya Cihannümâ veya buna Ebû Bekir b. Behrâm’ın yaptığı ilâveler dolayısıyla kullanmış olmalıdır. Nitekim Selânik ve Köstendil şehirleri anlatılırken Menâzırü’l-avâlim ile olan paralellik bu kanaati kuvvetlendirmektedir (Menâzırü’l-avâlim , II, 16a , 22a ; Atlas , vr. 205b , 208b ). Bu tesbitler ışığında Atlas ’ın Cihannümâ ’nın ilâveli bir nüshası değil, önemli ölçüde yazarın kendi müşahede ve duyduklarına dayanan orijinal bilgilerle ikmal edilmiş ve yer yer Menâzırü’l-avâlim ’le desteklenmiş bir eser olduğu söylenebilir. Nitekim İbrâhim Hamdi’nin, Osmanlı coğrafyacılığının anılan temel eserleri dışındaki kaynakları arasında Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ , Muʿcemü’l-büldân , Kitâb-ı Bahriyye , Hıtâynâme , Künhü’l-ahbâr , Enîsü’l-müsâmirîn , Coğrafya-yı Kebîr ; Müneccimbaşı, Strabo, Plinius, Platon gibi Doğu ve Batı dünyalarının tanınmış eser ve yazarlarının adlarını da vermesi yukarıdaki hükmü desteklemektedir. Ancak İslâm tarih ve coğrafya yazıcılığı geleneğinin icabı kaynakların dizi halinde bir eserden diğerine intikal ettiği hatırlanmalı ve yukarıdaki kitapların hepsinin İbrâhim Hamdi tarafından görülmemiş olabileceği de göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. İbrâhim Hamdi’nin eserinin daha sonraki coğrafyacılar tarafından kaynak olarak kullanıldığı söylenebilir. Nitekim Atlas-ı Cihân adlı coğrafya kitabının (Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî Efendi, Coğrafya, nr. 75), Terceme-i Târîh-i Mühendis Karyo adıyla İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı II. cildi (TY, nr. 5976-5977) Atlas ’ın II. cildiyle paralellik göstermektedir.
İbrâhim Hamdi ve Atlas ’ından ilk bahseden kişi Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir’dir (Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 317). Karaçon İmre, Ahmed Tevhid nüshasını kullanarak Yalova kâğıt fabrikasıyla ilgili bilgileri “İbrâhim Müteferrika” adlı makalesinin sonuna eklemiştir (TOEM , I/3 [1329], s. 188-189). Talat Mümtaz Yaman da önce yine Ahmed Tevhid nüshasındaki Konya ve yöresiyle ilgili mâlûmatı (Konya , II/22-23 [1938], s. 1208-1219), sonra da yazarın memleketi ve civarı hakkında verdiği bilgileri (Ülkü , XV/85 [Mart 1940], s. 41-49; XV/86, s. 147-154; XVI/87, s. 248-257) yayımlamıştır. İbrâhim Hamdi ve eseri hakkında en geniş incelemeyi Cengiz Orhonlu yapmış, muhtevasını yansıtabilmek ve istifadeyi kolaylaştırmak için varak numaralarını da vererek eserin fihristini neşretmiştir (TD , XIV/19 [1964], s. 118-140). Lipkalar’la ilgili makalesinde ise Atlas ’ın bu kavme dair kısmının metnini yayımlamıştır (TM , XVI [1971], s. 74-75). Kemal Samancıoğlu Bartın’la, Necdet Sakaoğlu Amasra ile ilgili çalışmalarında Yaman’ın neşirlerine dayanarak Atlas ’tan iktibaslarda bulunmuşlardır.
Müellif, kaynaklarını kullanırken dikkatli davranmış, mâkul olmayan fikirleri tenkit etmekten çekinmemiş (Atlas , vr. 120b ), zamana uymayan düşünceleri ayırmaya özen göstermiştir. İbrâhim Hamdi’nin birikimi, coğrafya ilminin XVII. yüzyıla kadar ulaştığı merhaleyi de bilmesine imkân tanıyordu. Dünyanın yuvarlaklığını örneklerle açıklayan müellif zaman-mekân açısından iklimleri, enlem-boylamları, klasik coğrafya bilgilerini ve coğrafî keşiflerin sonuçlarını göz önünde tutarak rakam değerleriyle açıklamış; med-cezir hadisesini, hava ve rüzgâr hareketlerini incelemiş; ancak Batı menşeli eserler yanında Ebû Bekir b. Behrâm’ın eserini de bilmesine rağmen kâinatın merkezinin arz değil güneş olduğu şeklindeki yeni fikre eserinde yer vermemiştir. Ayrıca müellifin, XVIII. yüzyıldaki coğrafya ilminin ulaştığı seviyeden pek haberdar olmadığı da anlaşılmaktadır (Orhonlu, TD , XIV/19 [1964], s. 133-136).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbrâhim Hamdi, Atlas , Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2044.
Âşık Mehmed b. Ömer, Menâzırü’l-avâlim , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 616, tür.yer.; a.e.: Tahlil-Metin (haz. Mahmut Ak, doktora tezi, 1997), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, tür.yer.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 317.
Cengiz Orhonlu, “Geographical Knowledge Amongst the Ottomans and the Balkans in the Eighteenth Century According to Bartinli Ibrahim Hamdi’s Atlas”, An Historical Geography of the Balkans (ed. Francis W. Carter), London 1977, s. 271-292.
a.mlf., “XVIII. Yüzyılda Osmanlılar’da Coğrafya ve Bartınlı İbrahim Hamdi’nin Atlası”, TD , XIV/19 (1964), s. 115-140.
a.mlf., “Lipkalar”, TM , XVI (1971), s. 57-87.
Necdet Sakaoğlu, Amasra’nın Üç Bin Yılı , İstanbul 1987, tür.yer.
Fikret Sarıcaoğlu, Kâtib Çelebi Cihannümâsı ve Kaynakları (yüksek lisans tezi, 1990), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “Cihannümâ ve Ebûbekir b. Behrâm ed-Dımeşki-İbrahim Müteferrika”, Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan , İstanbul 1991, s. 121-142.
Kemal Samancıoğlu, İktisat ve Ticaret Bakımından Bartın , Ankara 1991, tür.yer.
Karaçon İmre, “İbrahim Müteferrika”, TOEM , I/3 (1329), s. 188-190.
Talat Mümtaz Yaman, “200 Sene Evvel Konya, Uluslu İbrahim Hamdi Efendi’ye Göre”, Konya , II/22-23, Konya 1938, s. 1208-1219.
a.mlf., “Cihannümâ’nın İlâveli Bir Nüshası”, Ülkü , XV/85, Ankara 1940, s. 41-49.
Metin Tuncel, “Bartın”, DİA , V, 88.
a.mlf., “Coğrafya [Osmanlılar Dönemi]”, a.e. , VIII, 65.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 314-316 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.