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İBRÂHİM PAŞA CAMİİ Skip to content Bulgaristan’ın Hezargrad şehrinde XVI. yüzyılda yapılmış cami ve külliyesi.
Kuzey Bulgaristan’da, Türk döneminde Hezargrad olarak adlandırılan bugünkü Razgrad’da esasında bir külliyenin merkezi olan cami, XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısı içinde Sadrazam Makbul İbrâhim Paşa tarafından yaptırılmıştır. İbrâhim Paşa’nın cami ve dârütta‘lîm ile bunlara vakfettiği Niğbolu livâsındaki yerler için divan kâtibi Mehmed b. Kara Üveys eliyle hazırlanan Rebîülevvel 940 (Eylül-Ekim 1533) tarihli vakfiye Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi’ndedir (nr. 7029). Hüseyin Ayvansarâyî, Galata’da Haliç kıyısındaki Eski Yağkapanı Camii’nden bahsederken bâni Sadrazam İbrâhim Paşa’nın ayrıca Selânik’te kiliseden çevrilme Ayasofya Camii ile Kavala ve Hezargrad’da da camileri ve başka hayratı olduğunu bildirir. Evliya Çelebi, 1062 (1652) yılında Melek Ahmed Paşa ile Özü’ye giderken uğradığı Hezargrad’ı İbrâhim Paşa’nın bu şehir toprağından olduğu için imar ettiğini bildirir. Halbuki İbrâhim Paşa, Adriyatik kıyısındaki Parga’dandır. Evliya Çelebi caminin içinin son derece tezyinatlı olduğunu, yapı ile uyumlu bir minaresi, şadırvanı, imareti, dârüttedrîs, dârülkurrâ, sıbyan mektebi ve hamamı bulunduğunu belirterek şehirdeki on iki handan Kurşunlu Han’ın ve 300 kadar dükkânın çoğunun da yine İbrâhim Paşa evkafından olduğunu kaydeder. Onun bildirdiğine göre, Hezargrad kendisine arpalık olarak verilen Molla Hak Efendi diye meşhur Ahmed b. Hüsâmeddin’in kabri de bu caminin hazîresindedir. İbrâhim Paşa Camii’nde bulunan 1025 (1616) tarihli Arapça bir kitâbeden anlaşıldığı üzere cami tam olarak bitirilememiş ve daha sonra bu tarihte Mahmud Paşa tarafından tamamlatılmıştır.
1980’li yıllarda burada yapılan bir kazı ile bugünkü yapının altından daha küçük ölçülerdeki bir camiye ait duvarlar ortaya çıkarılmıştır (DİA , XVII, 299). Durumun tam olarak açıklanabilmesi için kazı buluntuları hakkında geniş bilgiye ve yerinde değerlendirilmeye ihtiyaç vardır. Gerd Schneider’in hazırladığı rekonstrüksiyonda külliyenin genel görünüşü yer almaktadır (a.g.e. , XVII, 300). M. J. M. Jouannin ve M. Jules van Gaver’in 1840’ta yayımlanan kitaplarının sonundaki gravürlerden birinde İbrâhim Paşa Camii ve komşusu Saat Kulesi etrafındaki binaları ile birlikte görülmektedir (Ayverdi, s. 163, rs. 71). F. Kanitz, Doksanüç Harbi’nde âdeta Rus ordusuna rehber olan Bulgaristan hakkındaki büyük kitabında caminin tarihini 1025 diye verirken bunun milâdî karşılığını yanlış olarak 1614 şeklinde gösterir. Kanitz’e göre Türkler, dinî yapılarında uygulanan asil mimari ve teknik kalitenin gerçekleşmesini genellikle reâyâya bıraktıklarından bu heybetli eseri de herhalde Makedon-Ulah mimarlar yapmıştır. Ancak Kanitz’in bu garip iddiasının yanında işaret ettiği başka bir husus caminin 1870’li yıllardaki durumu için önemlidir: “İbrâhim Paşa Camii’nin etraftaki yedi vakıf köyden sağlanan 7000 altın lira geliri olmasına rağmen bakımı için fazla bir özen gösterilmediğinden ihmal edilmiş üst örtüsünden sızan rutubet bu güzel eserin her tarafına zarar vermektedir; bu sebeple acele olarak esaslı bir restorasyona girişilmesi temenni edilir.” Aynı müellifin bildirdiğine göre caminin hemen yanında, Midhat Paşa’nın Tuna vilâyeti valiliği yıllarında yaptırdığı ve önünde bahçesi de olan zarif bir konak bulunmaktadır.
Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi, “Caminin üstünün 1603’te yapıldığını bildiren bir levha vardır. Bazı rivayetlerde 1616 ve 1625 deniyor” şeklindeki ifadesiyle tarihleme hususunda şüphelere işaret ettikten sonra külliyenin parçaları olan imaretle çifte hamamın belgelere göre 1070 (1659-60), 1167 (1753-54) yıllarında tamir edildiğini ve bunların İbrâhim Paşa’nın evkafından olduklarının 1275’te (1858-59) bildirildiğini kaydeder. Yine Ayverdi caminin 1079 (1668-69) tarihli arşiv kayıtlarında adının geçtiğini de belirtmiştir (Avrupa’da Osmanlı Mimârî Eserleri IV , s. 52).
Balkanlar’da yakın tarihte meydana gelen felâketleri atlatan İbrâhim Paşa Camii külliyesini teşkil eden diğer binaları kaybetmiştir. Son yıllara gelinceye kadar ayakta bulunan caminin yanındaki medrese, sıbyan mektebi, imaret, çifte hamam ve handan bir kalıntı olup olmadığı bilinmemektedir. 1932’ye doğru J. Petkov tarafından yazılan bir turist rehberinin Razgrad bahsinde burada hâlâ birkaç caminin görüldüğü, bunlardan birinin 1515’te yapılan İbrâhim Paşa Camii olduğu kaydedilmekle yetinilmiştir. Ch. J. Veyrenc’in kaleme aldığı daha yeni bir rehberde ise Bulgaristan’ın en güzel camilerinden olan İbrâhim Paşa Camii’nin 1614 yılında yapıldığı yazılarak yanlışlık tekrarlanmıştır. Fakat en şaşılacak husus, Veyrenc’in herhalde tek kaynak olarak kullandığı Kanitz’in iddiasından hareketle Arnavut ustaların Bulgar ustaların da yardımlarıyla bu camiyi inşa ettiklerini bildirmesidir. Veyrenc’e göre, binanın heybetli kitlesine zarif minarenin orantılarını ustalıkla kaynaştırma becerisini gösteren kalfaların bu sanat bilgisine hâlâ hayranlık duyulur. Mimarisinin haşmeti kadar caminin içi de dikkate değer. Burada güzel kalem işi nakışlarla sanatlı biçimde bezenmiş Arap harfli yazılar görülür. Ayverdi, 1976’da Hezargrad’a uğradığında camiyi “… metruk, taş dolgulu hımış son cemaat yeri yıkık, kapısı zincirle bağlanmış” olarak görmüştür. Rejimin İslâmiyet’e karşı hoşgörülü olduğunu ortaya koymak için devletçe oradaki müftülüğe yayımlatılan bol resimli bir kitapta ise İbrâhim Paşa Camii’nin harap ve bakımsız durumu gösterilmemiştir. Bulgaristan başmüftüsünden alınan resmî bilgiden, caminin II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra tamamen kapalı kaldığı ve bugüne kadar hizmete açılmadığı anlaşılmıştır. Camiyi Bulgaristan Kültür Bakanlığı koruma altına almışsa da günümüze kadar bir restorasyon yapılmamıştır. Ancak Bulgaristan başmüftülüğü tarafından restoresi için para toplanmış olup yakında tamirine başlanması beklenmektedir. Son zamanlarda Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kültür Bakanlığı’ndan caminin durumunu tesbit için bir heyet gönderilmiş, fakat bundan da henüz bir sonuç alınamamıştır.
İbrâhim Paşa Camii dıştan kare bir yapı görünümündedir. Ölçüleri 20 × 20 m. kadar tahmin edilen yapı muntazam işlenmiş kesme taşlardan yapılmıştır. Cephelerde sıralanan üçer sıra halindeki sivri kemerli pencereler harimi aydınlatır. Bu pencereler alt dizide dört, ikinci dizide üç, en üst dizide iki adet olmak üzere ritmik bir düzene göre açılmıştır. Kare kitle üstte sekizgene dönüşür. Bunun üstünde ise pencereli kasnaklı ve kurşun kaplı, çapı herhalde 18 metreden az olmayan bir kubbe harimi örter. Klasik dönem Osmanlı-Türk cami mimarisinin nisbet ve âhengine sahip bulunan bu heybetli eserin en garip özelliği, kare kitlenin sekizgene dönüştüğü köşelerde yükselen, âdeta küçük minareleri andıran ağırlık kulesi görevindeki tepeleri külâhlı kulelerdir. Bunlar Jouannin ve Gaver’in, Kanitz’in gravürlerinde de belirlidir. Ana binanın orantıları ile dış estetiğine çok ters düşen ve Türk yapı sanatında başka benzeri olmayan bu garip kulelerin niçin yapıldığı bilinmemektedir. Caminin inşa edildiği XVI. yüzyılda böyle bir unsurun tasarlanmış olması muhtemel değildir. Ayverdi’nin düşündüğü gibi bunların geç bir dönemde yapılan bir restorasyonda eklendiği ihtimali akla gelir. Kubbe kasnağında görülen, pencereler arasındaki yassı pilastırlar da klasik dönemin camilerine yabancı olduğuna göre en azından XVIII veya XIX. yüzyılda kubbe kasnağında değişiklik yapılırken bu kuleciklerin de ilâve edildiğini düşünmek mümkündür. Caminin 1930’lu yıllara ait fotoğrafında, son cemaat yeri olarak üstü kiremit kaplı ahşap çatı ile örtülü bir kısmın varlığı görülür. 1810’daki Türk-Rus savaşları sırasında Hezargrad işgal edilerek tahribata uğramış, 1828-1829 savaşında da tahribat sürmüştür. Rus ordusu Hezargrad’dan çekildiğinde caminin son cemaat yerini tahrip etmiş ve savaş hâtırası olarak buradaki mermer sütunları götürmüştür. Bu kısımlar daha sonra ağaç ve kerpiçten inşa edilmiştir. Ana binanın mimarisine bütünüyle ters düşen, üç cephesinde dikdörtgen biçimli pencereler sıralanan bu biçimsiz son cemaat yeri de herhalde camide değişikliklerin yapıldığı XIX. yüzyılda eklenmiştir. Bulgaristan eski başmüftüsü Mehmed Toptchiev tarafından hazırlanan kitapta cümle kapısının iki yanındaki oturma nişlerinin mukarnaslı olduğu görülmektedir. Ahşap kapı kanatları da geçmelidir. Resmin çekildiği yıllarda caminin cephesinin muşamba veya naylonlarla kaplı olduğu da farkedilmekte, ayrıca bazı gergi demirleriyle bu kısımda takviyeler yapıldığı dikkati çekmektedir. XVI. yüzyılın Rumeli’deki eserlerinin başında gelen bu caminin diğer bölümleriyle, Evliya Çelebi’nin İstanbul’daki Rüstem Paşa Camii ile kıyasladığı iç süslemesine dair bilgi yoktur. Fakat şu husus açıkça bellidir ki bu cami Makedon veya Ulah mimarlarına değil, bütün dış orantıları ve bilhassa çok geniş çaplı kubbesiyle Osmanlı dönemi Türk sanatına aittir. Sağ tarafına bitişik olan minaresi, genellikle XVI. yüzyıl minarelerinde rastlandığı gibi uzun ve dilimli bir pabuç kısmına sahiptir. Pahlı gövdenin bitiminde üç sıra halinde mukarnaslı çıkmaları olan bir şerefe görülür. Avrupa kıtasının eski Osmanlı ülkelerindeki minarelerin özelliği olarak bu da ince ve uzundur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sofia National Library, TD , nr. O.A.K. 217/8 (1537-38 tarihli), vr. 11a .
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , III, 310-311.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 28; II, 39.
Hadîkatü’l-vüzerâ , s. 24-26.
M. J. M. Jouannin – M. J. van Gaver, Turquie , Paris 1840, lv. 76.
F. Kanitz, Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan , Leipzig 1880, III, 319-321.
H. D. Jenkins, Ibrahim Pasha: Grand Vizir of Suleiman the Magnificent , New York 1911.
[J. Petkov], Bulgarien , Sofia [1932 ?], s. 162, 175.
Osman Nuri Peremeci, Tuna Boyu Tarihi , İstanbul 1942, s. 141.
Gökbilgin, Edirne ve Paşa Livâsı , s. 75.
a.mlf., “İbrâhim Paşa”, İA , V/2, s. 914-915.
Istorija na Balgarskata Arhitektura (ed. D. Dimitrov), Sofia 1965, s. 602.
Ch. J. Veyrenc, Bulgarie , Genève 1966, s. 408-409.
Mehmed Toptchiev, Mosques and Moslems in Bulgaria , Sofia 1981.
St. Stefanov v.dğr., Istoriceski Spravki za Razgradski Okrug (nşr. Okruzna Direkcija Kulturno – Istoricesko Nasledstvo), Razgrad 1981, s. 45-46.
Ayverdi, Avrupa’da Osmanlı Mimârî Eserleri IV , s. 52, 163-164, rs. 71, 72, 76, 77.
M. Türker Acaroğlu, Bulgaristan’da Türkçe Yer Adları Kılavuzu , Ankara 1988, s. 185.
Osman Keskioğlu, “Bulgaristan’da Bazı Türk Abideleri ve Vakıf Eserleri”, VD , VIII (1969), s. 319-320.
B. Cvetkova, “Hezārg̲h̲rad”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 342.
Machiel Kiel, “Hezargrad”, DİA , XVII, 299.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 337-339 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.