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İBRÂHİM PAŞA, Melek Skip to content (ö. 1097/1685)
Osmanlı veziri ve Budin valisi.
1003 (1595) yılı civarında Sivas Divriği’de doğdu. Genç yaşta İstanbul’a gitti ve hemşerisi Seyyid Mustafa Paşa’nın himayesine girdi. Çeşitli maliye kalemlerinde çalıştı. Mustafa Paşa başdefterdarlığa yükselince kendisi de başbâki kulu oldu. Bu görevi sırasında, kıvrak zekâsı ve rindmeşrepliğinden dolayı “Şeytan” lakabıyla anıldı. Ancak bu lakabı daha sonra IV. Mehmed tarafından “Melek” olarak değiştirilmiştir (aş.bk.).
14 Safer 1067 (2 Aralık 1656) tarihinde başdefterdarlığa getirilen ve yaklaşık dört buçuk yıl kaldığı bu görevi sırasında Vezîriâzam Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın Bozcaada ve Yanova seferlerine katılan İbrâhim Paşa, vezîriâzamın da desteğiyle ulûfe meselelerini hallettiği için vezir rütbesiyle taltif edildi. 4 Ramazan 1071’de (3 Mayıs 1661), aleyhine bir isyan düzenlenen Gürcü Mustafa Paşa’nın yerine Mısır valiliğine tayin edildi. Üç yıl kadar süren bu görevi esnasında Mısır’da devleti uğraştıran önemli bir mesele çıkmadı. 1074 (1663-64) yılında IV. Murad’ın kızı Rukiye Sultan’la evlenip saraya yakınlaştıysa da aynı yıl içinde görevinden alındı ve Mısır irsâliyesini eksik getirme suçlaması ile Kapıarası’nda tutuklandı. Yedi ay hapisten sonra, zimmetinde bulunan 700 kese akçe alınarak serbest bırakılmasının ardından aynı yılın sonlarında Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliğine getirildi. 1083’te (1672) kubbe veziri olarak Kamaniçe seferine gitti. 6 Zilkade 1083’te (23 Şubat 1673) Kandiye muhafızı, 1086’da (1675) Şam beylerbeyi ve Lehistan serdarı oldu; ertesi yıl bu cephede Zuravno (İzvança) civarında yapılan savaşta kazandığı başarılar sayesinde Ukrayna Osmanlı himayesine girdi (Kantemir, III, 12-14). Kışı Babadağı’nda geçirdi ve 1088 (1677) yılında Özü beylerbeyi olarak Ukrayna’nın merkezi Çehrin Kalesi’ni geri almakla görevlendirildi. Zira bir süre önce Osmanlı hükümetince Ukrayna Kazakları’nın başına getirilen Doroşenko, Çehrin’i yeniden meylettiği Ruslar’a bırakmıştı. 1088 Rebîülevvelinde (Mayıs 1677) hareket eden Serdar İbrâhim Paşa, Kırım kuvvetleriyle birleştikten sonra haziran başlarında Çehrin’e vardı ve kaleyi kuşattı. Yüksek bir kaya üzerinde bulunan ve üç tarafı bataklık olan kale 60.000 (bir rivayette 6000) kadar Rus, Alman ve Kazak askeri tarafından savunuluyor, ayrıca bir tarafında bulunan Tasma nehri yoluyla Rusya’dan sürekli yardım alıyordu. İbrâhim Paşa bunu önlemek için Kırım hanını sevkettiyse de çok üstün düşman kuvvetlerine karşı bir şey yapamayan Selim Giray serdara kuşatmayı hemen kaldırmaktan başka çare olmadığını bildirdi. 9 Receb 1088 (7 Eylül 1677) tarihinde Osmanlı ordusu ric‘ata başladı ve hızla Bender’e çekildi. Ancak Ruslar’ın takibine mâruz kalarak birçok top ve mühimmatını kaybetti. Bu başarısız seferden sonra görevinden alınan İbrâhim Paşa merkeze çağrıldı ve Çatalca’da IV. Mehmed’in huzuruna çıktı. Padişah tarafından Çehrin Kalesi gibi küçük bir toprak palankayı alamadığı ve devleti maddî mânevî zarara soktuğu için şiddetle azarlandı. İbrâhim Paşa Çehrin Kalesi’nin küçük, fakat çok sağlam ve etrafının Tasma suyu ile çevrilmiş olduğunu, yirmi üç gün boyunca kuşatıldığını, ancak Rusya’dan 100.000 civarında askerin yardıma gelmekte olması yüzünden Kırım hanıyla da istişare ederek kuşatmayı kaldırdığını söyleyip kendini savunduysa da hapsedilmekten kurtulamadı.
Yedikule’de elli üç gün mahpus kalan İbrâhim Paşa 1677 yılı sonlarında Kandiye, ardından Erzurum ve Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliklerinde bulundu; daha sonra Budin muhafızlığına, Kara Mehmed Paşa’nın ölümü üzerine de bu eyaletin valiliğine getirildi ve asıl şöhretini burada kazandı. Kısa sürede Budin Kalesi’ni tahkim ederek çok kalabalık Avusturya ordularının saldırılarına karşı aylarca elde tutmayı başardı. Az sayıda asker ve mühimmatla büyük kahramanlıklar gösterdi; zaman zaman yaptırdığı huruç hareketleri sonucu Avusturya ordugâhından aldığı barut vb. malzemeyle Budin Kalesi’ni üç aya yakın savundu. Bu arada Avusturya orduları kumandanının kaleyi teslim etmesi için gönderdiği elçiye, kalede beş yıl yetecek kadar yiyecek ve 100.000 askerin bulunduğunu söyleyerek morallerini bozmaya çalıştı. Daha sonra birkaç defa daha hücum eden Avusturyalılar umdukları neticeyi alamadıkları gibi büyük kayıplara da uğradılar. Son huruç hareketinde yağan yağmurun da etkisiyle Avusturyalılar 20 Zilkade 1095 (29 Ekim 1684) gününden itibaren Budin muhasarasını kaldırıp geri çekilmeye başladılar. Bu ric‘atta 40.000 kadar Kırım askerinin gelmekte olduğu haberinin de büyük rolü vardır. Daha sonra Avusturyalılar’ın bıraktığı cephane, top ve diğer malzemeyi kaleye aldıran İbrâhim Paşa hemen yakılan yerleri onartarak tahkimata başladı (Silâhdar, II, 182). İbrâhim Paşa’nın Tiryâkî Hasan Paşa’yı hatırlatan savaş hilelerinden ve gayretinden çok memnun olan IV. Mehmed onu ve emri altındaki kumandanları ödüllendirmiş, bu arada “Şeytan” lakabını da “Melek”e çevirmiştir (a.g.e. , II, 182).
Budin muhafızlığında gösterdiği metanetten sonra şöhreti çok artan, hatta ismi sadrazamlık için dolaşmaya başlayan Melek İbrâhim Paşa, Vezîriâzam Kara İbrâhim Paşa tarafından şiddetle kıskanılıyor ve ayağının kaydırılması için fırsat kollanıyordu. Padişah huzurunda yapılan toplantıda Macaristan cephesi seraskeri Bekrî Mustafa Paşa’nın yerine başarılı bir kimsenin getirilmesi kararlaştırıldı ve bu makama Melek İbrâhim Paşa tayin edildi (Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, s. 191). Kışı Belgrad’da geçiren Serdar İbrâhim Paşa daha sonra askeri Zemun sahrasında topladı. Fakat Vezîriâzam Kara İbrâhim Paşa, kendisine yeterli asker ve mühimmat yardımında bulunmamış, dolayısıyla Melek İbrâhim Paşa eksik levazımla harekete mecbur olmuştu.
Avusturyalılar’ın Uyvar Kalesi’ni kuşattıkları haberi gelince İbrâhim Paşa Budin önlerine geldi ve burada bir toplantı yapıldı. Bazı kimselerin Uyvar yolunda ilerlemenin çok zor olduğunu söylemeleri üzerine işgal altındaki Estergon’un kurtarılmasına karar verildi. Böylece Avusturyalılar’ın Uyvar’dan vazgeçip Estergon’un yardımına gelecekleri tahmin edilmişti. Gerçekten Estergon’un Türkler tarafından kuşatıldığını duyan Avusturya orduları kumandanı Duc Lotheringen, Uyvar kuşatmasındaki kuvvetlerinin yarısını Estergon’a sevketmekte gecikmedi. Avusturyalılar’ın yaklaştığını öğrenen İbrâhim Paşa, Estergon kuşatmasını kaldırıp ordusunu savaş düzenine soktu. Sağ tarafında Tuna nehri, solda dağ silsilesi, arkasında Budin’e doğru giden bir yol, cephesinde ise geçilmesi zor bir bataklık bulunduğundan Osmanlı ordusu hücum edilmesi güç bir mevkide bulunuyordu. Her iki taraf bir süre saldırmadan bekledi. Serdarın niyetini anlayan Loren dükü gece vakti kaçar gibi yaparak ordusunu geri çekti. Avusturyalılar’ın gerçekten kaçtıklarını zanneden Osmanlı askerleri hızla peşlerine düştüler. Ancak dük âniden durup düzensiz haldeki Osmanlı ordusuna saldırınca, gafil avlanan Osmanlı askerleri bataklık araziden ordugâha doğru çekilmeye, Bavyera prensinin de devreye girmesiyle zor durumda kalarak panik içinde kaçışmaya başladılar. Sonuçta Osmanlı ordugâhı Avusturyalılar’ın eline geçti (Kantemir, III, 89-91). 15.000 kişilik Avusturya ordusunun karşısındaki 80.000 kişilik Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin mağlûbiyeti herkesi şaşırtmıştı. Melek İbrâhim Paşa da Budin’e çekilmek zorunda kaldı. Bu arada haftalardır kuşatma altında bulunan Uyvar Kalesi de düşmüş, halkı katledilmiş, Estergon kurtarılamadığı gibi civarındaki irili ufaklı birçok yerleşim birimi kaybedilmişti. Serdar İbrâhim Paşa’nın Avusturya generali nezdindeki barış arama girişimi de imparator istemediğinden sonuçsuz kaldı (a.g.e. , III, 104-105).
Daha sonra Ösek’e gelen İbrâhim Paşa’nın Edirne’den gönderilen erzakı burada açık bir alana yığdırması, bunun da Macarlar tarafından yakılması, hakkında bazı dedikoduların çıkmasına sebep oldu. Kendisine bağlı beylerbeyileri münasip yerlerde kışlamakla görevlendiren serdar kışı geçirmek için Belgrad’a geldi. Ancak kış ortasında Avusturyalılar’ın Rumeli Beylerbeyi Çelebi İsmâil Paşa’nın kışlağı olan Arad Palankası’nı yağmalamaları ve son olumsuz gelişmeler Melek İbrâhim Paşa’nın Budin muhafızlığındaki şöhretine gölge düşürdü. Onun bu başarısızlıklarında, merkezdeki büyük rakibi Vezîriâzam Kara İbrâhim Paşa’nın Macaristan’a eksik mühimmat göndermesinin önemli rolü olduğu da rivayet edilmektedir. 1 Muharrem 1097 (28 Kasım 1685) günü Has Oda Köşkü’nde şeyhülislâm, sadâret kaymakamı, kazaskerler ve yeniçeri ağasının da iştirakiyle padişahın huzurunda yapılan toplantıda İbrâhim Paşa’nın durumu görüşüldü. Sadâret Kaymakamı Sarı Süleyman Paşa, Melek İbrâhim Paşa’yı 100.000’i aşkın askerle Estergon Kalesi’ni alamama, Avusturyalılar’a yenilip pek çok mühimmatın telefine sebep olma, Uyvar Kalesi’ni yardımsız bırakıp göz göre göre düşmana kaptırma, gönderilen erzakın Ösek’te yakılmasına sebep olma, merkeze danışmadan Avusturyalılar’la barış girişiminde bulunma gibi suçlarla itham ederek katlini istedi. Hastalık bahanesiyle toplantıya katılmayan Vezîriâzam Kara İbrâhim Paşa da gönderdiği arîzada aynı fikirde olduğunu beyan etti. Anadolu Kazaskeri Ebûsaidzâde Feyzullah Efendi’nin itirazına rağmen Melek İbrâhim Paşa, meclisin kararı ve Şeyhülislâm Çatalcalı Ali Efendi’nin fetvası doğrultusunda çıkan Sultan IV. Mehmed’in fermanıyla Belgrad’da idam edildi (6 Muharrem 1097 / 3 Aralık 1685; Silâhdar, II, 216). Vücudu orada, merkeze getirilen kesik başı ise Edirne’de gömüldü.
Dönemin tarihçileri tarafından kahramanlıkta Tiryâkî Hasan Paşa’ya, cömertlikte Hâtim et-Tâî’ye benzetilen Melek İbrâhim Paşa ileri görüşlü, ancak politik entrikalardan anlamaz biri olarak nitelenmektedir. Hemen bütün tarihçiler Vezîriâzam Kara İbrâhim Paşa’nın oyunlarıyla haksız yere öldürüldüğünde müttefiktir. Mısır valiliği sırasında Kahire’de bir cami yaptıran Melek İbrâhim Paşa’nın İstanbul Ortaköy’de Defterdarburnu’nda da mescidiyle yalısı vardı. İstanbul’daki Himmetzâde Zâviyesi’ni de İbrâhim Paşa’nın yaptırdığı nakledilmektedir (Sicill-i Osmânî , I, 109).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , nr. 96, s. 42, 50, 63, 91.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 286.
Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, Zübde-i Vekayiât (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), Ankara 1995, s. 19, 35, 70, 80-81, 85, 86, 160, 177, 185-189, 191, 203, 208-210.
Silâhdar, Târih , I, 352, 624, 651, 653, 663 vd.; II, 135, 147-152, 161 vd., 182-185, 211-217, 256-257.
D. Kantemir, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Yükseliş ve Çöküş Tarihi (trc. Özdemir Çobanoğlu), Ankara 1980, III, 11-15, 23-24, 81-93, 103-105, 365.
Râşid, Târih , I, 13, 256, 293, 421, 444, 454-459, 460-461, 474-475, 480-482.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 109, 122, 264; II, 222-223.
Ferâizîzâde Mehmed Said, Gülşen-i Maârif , İstanbul 1252, II, 956 vd.
Hammer, HEO , XII, 12-14, 158 vd., 186-191.
Sicill-i Osmânî , I, 109.
Osman Nuri Peremeci, Edirne Tarihi , İstanbul 1939, s. 149-151.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , III, 446, 447, 458-461, 587-588.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , III/1, s. 429, 430, 467-468; III/2, s. 186.
Tahsin Öz, İstanbul Camileri , Ankara 1965, II, 19-20.
Mehmet Zeki Pakalın, Maliye Teşkilâtı Tarihi (1442-1930) , Ankara 1978, I, 442-453.
Abdülkadir Özcan, “Melek İbrahim Paşa”, GDAAD , sy. 12 (1998), s. 221-235.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , I, 560-561.
Tarkan Okçuoğlu, “İbrahim Paşa Mescidi”, DBİst.A , IV, 127-128.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 335-337 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.