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İBRÂHİM PAŞA SARAYI Skip to content İstanbul’da Atmeydanı kenarında XVI. yüzyıl başlarında kurulmuş, şehrin en muhteşem özel saraylarından.
Sultanahmet’te yer alan sarayın Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devri vezîriâzamı Makbul İbrâhim Paşa tarafından yaptırıldığı bilinmektedir. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi’nde bulunan ve İstanbul Emini Ömer Ağa tarafından padişaha takdim edilmiş olan 927 (1521) tarihli bir yazıdan sarayın mevcut bir konağın önemli değişiklikler, eklemeler ve tamirler yapılmak suretiyle meydana getirildiği anlaşılmaktadır. İçinde bir kule ve çardağı, köşk, hazine odası, hamam, kiler, mutfaklar, divanhâne, hassa evleri, ahır gibi kısımları bulunan bu yapı çok kısa bir süre içinde tamamlanmıştır. Nitekim seferden dönen padişah burada ağırlanmış, sadrazamlığa yükselen İbrâhim Paşa’nın muhteşem düğünü 1524’te aynı yerde yapılmıştır. 23 Receb 931 (16 Mayıs 1525) gecesi meydana gelen bir ayaklanmada şehrin başka saray ve konakları ile beraber buraya da hücum edilerek kapı ve pencereleri parçalanmıştır. Sarayını tamir ettiren İbrâhim Paşa, Budin seferi ganimeti olarak getirdiği heykelleri 1526’da binanın önüne diktirmiş ve düşmanlarının tenkit ve alaylarını üzerine çekmiştir. Hatta bu münasebetle o çağın şairlerinden Figānî Hz. İbrâhim’in putları kaldırdığını, halbuki adaşı olan diğer İbrâhim’in şehrin ortasına putlar diktirdiğini söyleyerek paşayı hicvetmiş ve bu da hayatına mal olmuştur. Paşanın sarayının önüne diktirdiği heykeller XVI. yüzyılda çizilen bazı gravürlerde farkedilmektedir. Şehzadelerin 21 Şevval 936’da (18 Haziran 1530) yapılan sünnet düğünü için İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı önüne, meydana bakan bir kasır inşa edilmiş ve Kanûnî bir ay süren eğlenceleri buradan seyretmiştir. Bilhassa Hünernâme minyatürleri başta olmak üzere bu eğlenceleri gösteren minyatürlerde kasrın dış mimarisi kısmen görülebilmektedir.
İbrâhim Paşa’nın 1536’da idamı üzerine sarayına devletçe el konulmuş, bir kısmı iç oğlanlarına ayrılmış, bir kısmı sadrazamlara ve diğer ileri gelenlere tahsis edilmeye başlanmıştır. 1566’da vezir, daha sonra Mısır ve Anadolu beylerbeyi olan Zal Mahmud Paşa 1574’te II. Selim’in kızı Şah Sultan’la burada evlenmiş ve 1580’de vefat edinceye kadar bu sarayda yaşamıştır. 1584’te yapı, acemi oğlanlarına ayrılan kısmı dışında kalan bölümleriyle, III. Murad’ın kızı Ayşe Sultan’la evlenen Sadrazam Bosnalı Damad İbrâhim Paşa’ya intikal etmiştir. İbrâhim Paşa’nın 1601’de ölümünün ardından malları ve sarayı, ertesi yıl Ayşe Sultan’la evlendirilen Sadrazam Yemişçi Hasan Paşa’ya tahsis edilmiştir. Ancak Hasan Paşa 1603’te katledildiğinden sadâreti kısa sürmüş, saray bu defa da Ayşe Sultan’ın üçüncü eşi Güzelce Mahmud Paşa’ya geçmiştir. 1605’te Güzelce Mahmud Paşa ile Ayşe Sultan ardarda ölünce 1611’de saray muhtemelen III. Mehmed’in kızlarından biriyle evlenmiş olan Kaptanıderyâ Damad Kara (Öküz) Mehmed Paşa’ya, daha sonra da I. Ahmed’in kızı Gevherhan Sultan’la evli Kaptanıderyâ Topal Receb Paşa’ya verilmiştir. Uzun süre Receb Paşa’nın adıyla anılan saray, 1632’de sadrazam olan paşanın aynı yıl IV. Murad’ın emriyle katledilmesi üzerine bu padişahın silâhdarı Mustafa Ağa’ya temlik edilmiştir. IV. Murad 1640’ta ölünce saray, Sultan İbrâhim’in en gözde musâhibi olan Silâhdar Yûsuf Paşa’ya verilmiştir. 1645’te padişahın üç yaşındaki kızı Fatma Sultan’la nikâhlanan Yûsuf Paşa düğünden bir yıl sonra idam edilmiştir. Saray, bu defa Fatma Sultan’la evlendirilen bir diğer padişah musâhibi Damad Fazlı (Fazlullah) Paşa’ya verilmişse de bunların sarayda yaşamadıkları, Fazlı Paşa’nın İstanbul dışı görevlerle merkezden uzaklaştırıldığı bilinmektedir. Sarayı 1648’de Sultan İbrâhim’in, Telli Haseki adıyla tanınan gözdesine hediye ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bundan sonra XVII. yüzyıl boyunca sarayın sahipleri sadrazamlar, kaptan-ı deryâlar ya da beylerbeyi gibi bürokrasinin en yüksek üyeleri ve hânedana damat olan devlet ricâline tahsisi devam etmiştir. Evliya Çelebi yapının İstanbul’daki vezir saraylarının en büyüğü olduğunu kaydetmektedir.
Saray Zilhicce 1062’de (Kasım 1652) yanmış, 1720’ye doğru Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa tarafından tamir ettirilmiş veya yeni bir bina yaptırılmışsa da 1154’te (1741) tekrar yanması üzerine artık bir daha onarılmamıştır. 1675’teki depremde harap olduğu anlaşılan sarayın XVII. yüzyılın son çeyreğine girerken Köprülüzâde Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa tarafından kapatıldığına dair bir kayıt bulunmaktadır. Yapımına 1749’da başlanan Nuruosmaniye Camii’nin temel hafriyatından çıkan toprak İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı’nın harabesi ve çevresine döküldüğünden bu büyük yapının kalıntıları da ortadan yok olmuştur.
İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı, Sultanahmet Meydanı’na kadar inmekle beraber yanında başka saraylarla Mehterhâne ve Mehterhâne Kasrı da bulunuyordu. Bu sonuncu yapıların sarayla ilgisi açık biçimde tesbit edilememiştir. 1553’te Rüstem Paşa’nın kardeşi Kaptanıderyâ Sinan Paşa’nın burada yaptırdığı sarayın da yeri tam olarak anlaşılamamaktadır. Mehterhâne ile Mehterhâne Kasrı 1808’e kadar durmuş ve Alemdar Vak‘ası’nda yanmışsa da Mehterhâne Kasrı II. Mahmud tarafından yeniden yapılarak 1231’de (1816) inşaatı tamamlanmıştır. Sonraları defterhâne durumuna getirilen bu binaların arasında Türk neo-klasiği üslûbunda tapu dairesi de inşa edilmiştir. İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı’nın ne zaman defterhâne olduğu bilinmemekle birlikte daha 1755 öncesinde bir bölümünün defterhâne olarak kullanılmaya başlanmış olması mümkündür. Aralarında belki bir de eski kervansaray olan bu girift, plan düzenleri ve mimarileri iyice çapraşık yapıların bir kısmı 1939’a kadar cezaevi olarak kullanılıyor, bir kısmı ise orduya ait bulunuyordu.
Meydanda yeni bir adliye sarayının yapılmasının uygun görülmesi üzerine bunun için eski binaların yıkılması kararlaştırıldığında mevcut eski yapıların adı meselesi tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Bazılarına göre Sultanahmet Meydanı kenarında sıralanan eski yapılar yüzyıllar boyunca çok değişen, kısmen bozulan İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı’nın kalıntılarından başka bir şey değildi. Bazılarına göre ise sarayın meydana bakan dar bir yüzü vardı ve saray arkaya doğru uzanıyordu. Bugün ayakta duran yapılar onun değil Çadır Mehterhânesi ile Mehterhâne Kasrı’nın ve belki de bir kervansarayın kalıntılarıdır. İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı’ndan, arkadaki sahada mahalle içinde sadece bazı şekilsiz duvar parçaları ile bir hamam harabesi kalmıştır. Yeterli ve ciddi bir inceleme yapılmadığından ayakta duran yapıların mahiyeti ve o tarihteki binalarla ilişkisi açık surette ortaya konulamadan yıkıma başlanmış ve birbirine bitişik büyük bir yapı topluluğu teşkil eden bu mimari manzumenin bir kanadı ortadan kaldırılmıştır.
Müstahkem görünüşlü olan saray, Osmanlı saraylarının geleneksel kabul edilen mekân organizasyonunu yansıtmaktadır. Özgün haliyle meydana doğru alçalan bir alanda cephesinin toplam genişliği 140 m. olarak inşa edilmiş, dört avlu etrafında yerleştirilmiştir. Bugün Tapu ve Kadastro Dairesi’nin arkasında kalan birinci avlu aslında bir cephesiyle Atmeydanı’na açılıyordu. Avlunun iki yan cephesinde yer alan kapılarla sarayın ikinci ve üçüncü avlularına geçiliyordu. Yine meydana paralel uzanan üçüncü cephenin bir yanında ise günümüze gelemeyen bir rampa ile ulaşılan, yalnız padişahın ata binmiş olarak geçebileceği asıl giriş bulunuyordu. Bu avlunun sağındaki kapının yanında Defter-i Hâkānî Emini Server Dede’nin türbesi vardı. Sarayın çöküş ve parçalanış sürecinde önce defterhâne binası bu avluda inşa edilmişti. Daha sonra da Tapu ve Kadastro Dairesi’ne bağlanan sarayın bu bölümü özgün yapısını kaybetmiş bulunmaktadır.
İkinci avlu sarayın ilk inşasından geriye kalan tek avludur ve esas olarak Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi’nin büyük iç avlusuna denk düşmektedir. Birinci avludan daha yüksek seviyede olan bu mekâna bir dizi merdiven ve kapıdan geçilerek ulaşılmaktadır. İkinci avlu minyatürlerde, padişahın görüldüğü balkonun sağında onun gösterileri rahatça izleyebileceği, ancak dışarıdan içerisinin görünmemesini sağlayacak ahşap kafesli bir seyirliğin arkasına isabet eden ağaçlıklı bir alan olarak resmedilmektedir. Sarayla meydan arasındaki seviye farkı sebebiyle ikinci avlunun meydana bakan doğu cephesi bir istinat galerisi üzerine oturtulmuştur. Bu istinat galerisi, beşik tonozlu kemerlerle birbirine ve meydana açılan mekânlardan oluşur. Meydan cephesinde bodrum katlarının dükkân ve ahır olarak kullanılmış olması muhtemeldir. Her hâlükârda bu mekânların sarayla bağlantısı yoktur. Galerinin hemen arkasında ikinci avlunun toprak zemini yükselmektedir. İkinci avlunun zemin katında güney, batı ve kuzey cephelerini birbirine açılan koğuşlar biçiminde tonozlu mekânlar çevirir. Bu mekânları avluya ve bugün arkada yıkılmış olan sarayın diğer bölümlerine bağlayan kapılar bulunmaktadır. Halen girişin üzerinde yer alan köşk, minyatürlerde resmedilen ve muhtemelen padişah dışındaki hânedan üyelerinin törenleri seyrettiği köşktür. Ancak bugün burada görülen mimari parçalar zaman içindeki birçok değişikliğin ve onarımın izlerini taşımaktadır. İkinci avlunun batı ve kuzey yönünde ikinci katta bulunan mekânlar da batıda tonoz, kuzeyde kubbelerle örtülmüştür. İçlerinde ocakların mevcut olduğu bu mekânların önünde kubbeli bir revak yer almaktadır. Padişahların Atmeydanı’na geldiklerinde eğlenceleri seyrettikleri yer sarayın ve ikinci avlunun güneyindeki divanhânedir. Bu bölümün birçok kaynakta “kasır, köşk, taht” olarak söz edilen ve minyatürlerde görülen şahnişini de son restorasyonlarda yeniden inşa edilmiştir. Kaynaklardan, divanhâne duvarlarının çinilerle bezeli olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Avluya bakan cephesi harap vaziyette yakın zamana kadar gelmiş, ancak duvara gömülü kırmızı sütun izleri bulunduğundan kırmızı boyalı ahşap kemerlerle birbirine bağlı ahşap sütunlarla çevrili olacak biçimde restore edilmiştir. Divanhânenin ardında bir kapıyla geçilen kışlık divanhâne ya da iç divanhâne yer almaktadır. Kışlık divanhânenin güney cephesinde görülen bir kapı ise burada ek bir bina olduğunu düşündürmektedir.
Ana cepheye dik gelen sarayın kuzey cephesinin bir bölümünü oluşturan üçüncü avlu sarayın en küçük avlusuydu. Üç cephesini, alt katta avlu kenarlarına dik beşik tonozlardan oluşan koğuşlar, üst katta eşit büyüklükteki kubbeli odalar ve önlerinde revaklar çeviriyordu. Üçüncü avlunun dördüncü (batı) cephesi ise sarayın dördüncü avlusunun bulunduğu bölüme bitişikti. Dikkati çeken önemli bir nokta, 1582’de yapılan sünnet düğünü öncesinde gerçekleştirilen yenileme faaliyeti sırasında ana girişin buraya aktarılmış olmasıdır. Günümüzde bu avlunun yerinde Adalet Sarayı Arşiv Dairesi yer almaktadır.
Üçüncü avlunun arka cephesine bitişik olan dördüncü avlu 1939’da Adliye Sarayı’na yer açmak için tamamen yıkılmıştır. Yıkım öncesi yapılan mimari çizimlerle fotoğraflardan, dördüncü avlunun da eşit büyüklükteki kubbeli odalar ve önlerinde revaklarla çevrili olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Sarayın iç mekân kullanımına dair çok sağlıklı bilgi yoktur. Ancak Osmanlı saraylarının genel mekân organizasyonu temel alınarak bazı tesbitlerde bulunmak, kule, hazine, mutfak, hamam, helâ ve ahır gibi mekânları yerleştirmek mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu konudaki bilgiler İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı’nı etraflı bir surette incelemiş olan Tülay Artan’ın makalesinde yer almaktadır (bk. bibl.).
İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı’nı kulesiyle gösteren basit bir resmi, Matrakçı Nasuh’un Beyân-ı Menâzil-i Sefer-i Irâkeyn adlı eserinde görülmektedir. 1533’te İstanbul’a gelen Flaman C. D. Schepper hâtıratında sarayı kısaca tarif etmekte, kesme taştan bir yapı olduğunu söyleyerek İtalyan tarzında yapıldığına işaret etmektedir. Meydana açılan bir kapıdan girilen saray arka arkaya iki iç avluya sahip bulunuyordu. XVI. yüzyıla ait Surnâme minyatürlerinde de kasrın meydana bakan cephesi görülür. XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda Batılı ressamlar tarafından Sultanahmet Meydanı’nın resimleri yapıldığında, Sultan Ahmed Camii karşısında belirtilen kuleli ve ön cephesinin altında revak olan yapının İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı ile ilgisi pek anlaşılamamıştır. Meydanın bir kenarında Adliye Sarayı ile meydan arasında kalan alanı kaplayan büyük yapı topluluğunun içinde saraydan kalan parçaların bulunup bulunmadığı tesbite muhtaçtır. Fîruz Ağa Camii tarafındaki kısımların sarayla bir ilgileri olmadığı kesin olmakla beraber aksi taraftaki bina blokunun içinde saraydan kalmış parçaların bulunması mümkündür. Son yıllarda Üçler sokağına komşu olan tarafın tamirine başlanmış ve burasının Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi’nin bir bölümü olarak kullanılmak üzere gerekli projeleri hazırlanmıştır. Büyük çalışmalar sonunda mimar Hüsrev Tayla idaresinde mevcut eski yapılar ayıklanarak bazı bölümler ihya edilmiş ve burası Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi olarak düzenlenmiştir. Sarayın tarihçesi hakkındaki tartışmalar Sedat Çetintaş, İbrahim Hakkı Konyalı, Zarif Orgun tarafından yayımlanan kitap ve makalelere konu olduktan başka Nurhan Atasoy da İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı hakkındaki bütün bilgileri bir araya getiren büyük bir monografya hazırlamıştır. Bunun dışında son restorasyonu idare eden Hüsrev Tayla çalışmalarını özetleyen bir rapor neşretmiştir (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Hüsrev Tayla, “La restauration du palais de Ibrahim Pacha-Istanbul, Armos”, Prof. Mout Sopoulos Armağanı , Selânik 1991, III, 1817-1839.
A. Süheyl Ünver, “İbrahim Paşa Sarayı Hakkında Birkaç Resim ve Minyatür”, Arkitekt , VIII, İstanbul 1938, s. 169-170.
Zarif Orgun, “İbrahim Paşa Sarayı”, a.e. , IX (1939), s. 55-59.
A. M. Scheineder, “Das Serai des Ibrahim Pascha am At Meidan zu Konstantinopel”, RHSE , XVIII (1941), s. 131-136.
İlhan Akbulut, “İbrahim Paşa Sarayı ve Türk İslam Eserleri Müzesi”, Antik Dekor , sy. 15, İstanbul 1992, s. 114-119.
M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “İbrâhim Paşa”, İA , V/2, s. 909.
Semavi Eyice, “İbrahim Paşa (Makbul) Sarayı”, TA , XX, 5-6.
Tülay Artan, “İbrahim Paşa Sarayı”, DBİst.A , IV, 128-130.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 345-347 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.