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ÎCÂZ Skip to content Az sözle çok şey ifade etme anlamında meânî terimi.
Sözlükte “sözü kısaltmak” anlamına gelen îcâz , terim olarak meânî ilminde “bir maksat ve fikrin en az sözle açıklanması” demektir. Îcâzlı söze vecîz ve mûcez , sözün maksadı ifadede yeterli olmayacak derecede kısaltılmasına da ihlâl denir. Birçok eserde îcâzın belâgatla eş tutulması belâgat ilminde îcâza verilen önemi göstermektedir.
Meânî ilminde, bir maksadın ifadesini sağlayan kelimelerin azlığı ve çokluğu ile cümlenin uzunluğu kısalığı “îcâz”, “ıtnâb” ve “müsâvât” başlıkları altında üç bölümde ele alınır. Cümlenin uzun veya kısa oluşunun bir ölçüsü halkın kullandığı dil, bir ölçüsü de durumun gereğidir. Bundan dolayı îcâz, az lafızla çok mânayı ifade etmenin yanı sıra “kastedilen anlamın gereği ne ise sözü onunla açıklamak” şeklinde de tanımlanır. Îcâz ıtnâbın karşıtı bir anlam ifade eder; dolayısıyla bir söz kendisinden uzun bir söze kıyasla îcâz vasfını kazanabilir. Nitekim ıtnâb için de aynı durum bahis konusudur. Îcâzı, “sözde fazlalık olarak bulunan kelimelerin (haşiv, tatvîl) yer almaması” şeklinde tanımlayanlar da vardır. Îcâz ile ilgili bütün tanımlar, bir fikri açık ve en az lafızla ifade etme noktasında birleşir. Îcâz belâgat kitaplarında genellikle ikiye ayrılarak incelenir.
1. Îcâz-ı Hazif. Kendileri bulunmadan da anlamın tamam olduğu kelime veya cümlelerin hazfedilmesi yoluyla sağlanan îcâzdır. Bu nevi hazfe meânî ilminde ihtizâl denir. Bu şekildeki îcâzda ibarede hazfin bulunduğunun bazı karînelerle anlaşılması gerekir. Bilinen ve tahmini kolay olan hususları zikrederek ibareyi uzatmamak, dikkati asıl önemli yere yönlendirmek, karîneye dayanarak terkedilen şeyleri muhatabın düşünce ve hayal gücüne bırakarak anlam zenginliği kazanmak gibi sebeplerle bu tür hazfe başvurulur.
Bir ibarede hazif yapıldığını gösteren karîne ve delillerin başlıcaları şunlardır: a) İbarede hazfin bulunduğu aklen anlaşılır, ibarenin akışı da neyin hazfedildiğini gösterir. ”حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَةُ وَالدَّمُ وَلَحْمُ الْخِنْزِيرِ“ (Ölü, kan, domuz eti … size haram kılınmıştır, el-Mâide 5/3) âyetinde ölü, kan ve domuz etinin bizzat kendilerinin haram kılınması bir anlam ifade etmediğinden burada bir hazif bulunduğu ve hazfedilen kelimenin de ”أكل“ (yemek) fiili olduğu ibareden anlaşılmaktadır. ”وَجَاءَ رَبُّكَ وَالْمَلَكُ صَفًّا صَفًّا“ (Rabbin ve saf saf melekler geldiği zaman …, el-Fecr 89/22) âyetinde hazif bulunduğuna hükmeden akıl, hazfedilenin rabbin emri veya azabı yahut cezası olabileceğini de söyler. b) İbarede bir hazif bulunduğuna orada yer alan bir fiil delâlet eder, neyin hazfedildiğini de toplumun örf ve âdeti belirler. ”قَالَتْ فَذٰلِكُنَّ الَّذِي لُمْتُنَّنِي فِيهِ“ (-Azîz’in karısı şöyle- dedi: İşte beni kendisi hakkında ayıpladığınız şu gördüğünüzdür, Yûsuf 12/32) âyetinde geçen ”لوم“ (kınamak-ayıplamak) fiili insanın kendi iradesiyle yaptığı bir eylemin sonucudur. Bu eylemin ve durumun ne olabileceği konusunda çeşitli ihtimaller vardır. Hazfedilenin, 30. âyetteki ”قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبًّا“ (Sevgi yüreğinin zarına işlemiş) ifadesinde geçen “aşırı sevgi” mi, yoksa ”امْرَأَتُ الْعَزِيزِ تُرَاوِدُ فَتَاهَا عَنْ نَفْسِهِ“ (Azîz’in karısı delikanlının nefsinden murad almak istiyormuş) ifadesindeki “nefsinden murad almak” mı olduğu hususunu toplumun gelenekleri belirler. Sıkça kullanılan ve deyim halini alan sözlerde fiilin hazfedildiğini yine gelenekler belirler; “Hayırlı işler” temennisinde hazfedilenin “dilerim, olsun” vb. fiiller olduğunun belirlenmesi gibi.
Îcâzı sağlamak için cümlenin bir kısmı hazfedilebilir: ”إِذَا بَلَغَتِ الْحُلْقُومَ“ (Boğaza dayandığı zaman …, el-Vâkıa 56/83) âyetinde fâil olan ”الروح، النفس“ (ruh, can); ”فَقَالَ لَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللهِ نَاقَةَ اللهِ وَسُقْيَاهَا“ (Allah’ın peygamberi onlara dedi ki: Aman ha Allah’ın dişi devesi ve onun su içme nöbetine!, eş-Şems 91/13) âyetinde ”احذروا“ (dikkat edin) fiili, ”وَأَنَّهُ هُوَ أَضْحَكَ وَأَبْكَى۰وَأَنَّهُ هُوَ أَمَاتَ وَأَحْيَا“ (Gerçek şu: Güldüren de ağlatan da O’dur, Hakikat şu: Öldüren de dirilten de O’dur, en-Necm 53/43-44) âyetlerinde mef‘uller, ”وَاسْأَلِ الْقَرْيَةَ“ (karyeye sor, Yûsuf 12/82) âyetinde ”أهل“ (sakinler) muzâfı, ”رَبِّ اغْفِرْ لِي“ (Rabb[im] beni bağışla!, el-A‘râf 7/151) âyetinde rabbin muzâfun ileyhi olan iyelik zamiri (ي ) ”وَمَنْ تَابَ وَعَمِلَ صَالِحًا“ (Kim tövbe edip sâlih -amel- işlerse …, el-Furkān 25/71) âyetinde “sâlih” kelimesinin mevsufu olan “amel” kelimesi, ”وَكَانَ وَرَاءَهُمْ مَلِكٌ يَأْخُذُ كُلَّ سَفِينَةٍ غَصْبًا“ (Çünkü arkalarında her -sağlam- gemiye el koyan bir hükümdar vardı, el-Kehf 18/79) âyetinde de geminin sıfatı olan ”سالمة“ (sağlam) kelimesi, ”فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللهُ“ (Bana tâbi olun ki Allah sizi sevsin, Âl-i İmrân 3/31) âyetinde ”إن تتّبعوني“ (Eğer bana tâbi olursanız) şart cümlesi hazfedilmiştir.
Bir veya birden fazla cümlenin bütünüyle hazfedilmesiyle de îcâz sağlanabilir. ”كَانَ النَّاسُ أُمَّةً وَاحِدَةً فَبَعَثَ اللهُ النَّبِيِّينَ“ (İnsanlar tek bir ümmetti. Allah peygamberler gönderdi, el-Bakara 2/213) âyetinde iki cümlenin arasındaki bağlantıyı hazfedilmiş olan, “Şu veya bu sebeple ihtilâfa düştüler” cümlesi sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca cümle hazfine sebep-sonuç ilişkisiyle de başvurulur. ”فَإِذَا قَرَأْتَ الْقُرْآنَ فَاسْتَعِذْ بِاللهِ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ“ (Kur’an okuduğun zaman o kovulmuş şeytandan Allah’a sığın, en-Nahl 16/98) âyetinde “okuduğun zaman”, ifadesi “-okumayı- istediğin zaman” cümlesinin yerini tutmuştur. Birden fazla cümlenin hazfedildiği de olur. ”قَالَ سَنَنْظُرُ أَصَدَقْتَ أَمْ كُنْتَ مِنَ الْكَاذِبِينَ۰اذْهَبْ بِكِتَابِي هَذَا فَأَلْقِهْ إِلَيْهِمْ ثُمَّ تَوَلَّ عَنْهُمْ فَانْظُرْ مَاذَا يَرْجِعُونَ“ (Süleyman Hüdhüd’e dedi ki: Doğru mu söyledin yoksa yalancılardan mısın, bakacağız. Şu mektubumu götür, onu kendilerine ver, sonra onlardan biraz uzaklaş da ne sonuca varacaklarına bak, en-Neml 27/27, 28) âyetleriyle bunlardan sonra gelen, ”قَالَتْ يَا أَيُّهَا الْمَلَأُ إِنِّي أُلْقِيَ إِلَيَّ كِتَابٌ كَرِيمٌ“ (Beyler, ulular! Bana çok önemli bir mektup bırakıldı dedi, en-Neml 27/29) âyeti arasındaki, “Hüdhüd mektubu aldı ve Belkıs’a götürdü. Belkıs mektubu okuyunca şöyle dedi” cümleleri hazfedilmiştir. Bunların dışında belâgat kitaplarında yemin ifadesiyle bazı edatlarının hazfine dair pek çok örnek yer almaktadır.
2. Îcâz-ı Kısar. Cümleden herhangi bir eksiltmeye gitmeden kısa bir ibareye çok mânalar sığdırmaktır; sözün herkesçe kullanılan yaygın şekline nazaran lafızlarının az, anlamının çok olmasıdır. Cennet ehlinin yiyeceklerine dair olan ”لَا مَقْطُوعَةٍ وَلَا مَمْنُوعَةٍ“ (Tükenmeyen ve yasaklanmayan -yiyecekler-, el-Vâkıa 56/33) âyeti bu tür îcâza verilen örnekler arasındadır. Bu nevi îcâzı anlamak için derin bir düşünce ve ince bir dikkat gerekir. Konuyla ilgili kitaplarda bu îcâza verilen klasik örnek ”وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقِصَاصِ حَيَاةٌ“ (Kısasta sizin için hayat vardır, el-Bakara 2/179) âyetidir. Bu âyetin nâzil olduğu dönemde Araplar arasında aynı düşünce, “Öldürmenin çaresi öldürmektir” şeklinde ifade ediliyordu. Kur’an’ın ifadesiyle bu söz arasında mukayese yapılırken âyetin zikredilen üstünlüklerinin çoğu onun îcâz yönüyle ilgilidir. ”خُذِ الْعَفْوَ وَأْمُرْ بِالْعُرْفِ وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْجَاهِلِينَ“ (Sen af yolunu tut, iyiliği emret ve cahillerden yüz çevir, el-A‘râf 7/199) âyeti de az lafızda yüksek ahlâkî meziyetleri toplamaktadır. Türkçe belâgat kitaplarında Nâmık Kemal’in, “Bârika-i hakîkat müsâdeme-i efkârdan çıkar” sözü bu tür îcâza örnek verilir. Cevdet Paşa’nın, “Şâne-i zülf-i sühandır i‘tirâz” sözü de bu îcâza verilen bir diğer örnektir. “Zülüf tarandıkça güzelleştiği gibi söz de eleştirildikçe güzelleşir” düşüncesi kısa bir cümleye sığdırılmıştır.
Belâgat konusunda eser veren müellifler, îcâzı genellikle yukarıda anlatıldığı gibi iki bölüme ayırarak incelerken Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, konuyu hazifle yapılan ve hazifsiz îcâz olmak üzere iki temel kategoriye, hazifsiz yapılan îcâzı da “îcâz-ı kısar” ve “îcâz-ı takdîr” şeklinde iki kısma ayırmıştır. Îcâz-ı takdîr, lafız ve mânanın uzunluk-kısalık açısından birbirine denk olmasıyla birlikte muhatabın takdirine göre ibareden zengin anlamların çıkarılmasıdır. Bu tür îcâzın en belirgin alâmeti tek bir kelimenin bile ibareden eksiltilememesidir. Bedreddin İbn Mâlik’in “îcâzü’t-tazyîk” adını verdiği bu türe, ”فَمَنْ جَاءَهُ مَوْعِظَةٌ مِنْ رَبِّهِ فَانْتَهَى فَلَهُ مَا سَلَفَ“ (Kime rabbinden bir öğüt gelir de -ribâdan- vazgeçerse geçmişi kendisinedir, el-Bakara 2/275) âyeti örnek gösterilmiştir. Bu âyetteki ”فَلَهُ مَا سَلَفَ“ (geçmişi kendisinedir) cümlesi “hataları affedilmiştir” anlamındadır. Abese sûresinin 17 ile 23. âyetleri de türe örnek verilmiştir. Bu âyetlerde kelimeler birbiriyle öyle irtibatlıdır ki tek bir sözün dahi eksiltilmesi mümkün değildir. Bir hadisinde (Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 122; Müslim, “Mesâcid”, 5) kendisine özlü söz söyleme (cevâmiu’l-kelim) hasletinin verildiğini söyleyen Hz. Peygamber’in ”الحلال بيّن والحرام بيّن وبينهما شبهات“ (Helâl bellidir, haram bellidir. Bunların arasındakiler ise müteşâbihattır) hadisi bu türe verilen diğer bir örnektir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in birçok hadisinde bu îcâz türü görülmektedir. Ali el-Kārî, bunlardan kırkını Erbaʿûne ḥadis̱ min cevamiʿi’l-kelim adlı eserinde toplamıştır. Türkçe’deki, “Elçiye zeval yoktur” sözü de bu türe örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Diğer bir hazifsiz îcâz çeşidi, ibaredeki kelimelerin zengin mânalar ihtiva ettiği “îcâzü’l-câmi‘” adı verilen nevidir. ”إِنَّ اللهَ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ وَالْإِحْسَانِ وَإِيتَاءِ ذِي الْقُرْبَى“ (Muhakkak Allah adaleti, iyiliği ve akrabaya yardım etmeyi emreder, en-Nahl 16/90) âyeti bu tür îcâza örnek gösterilir.
Îcâz her ne kadar söze değer katan bir özellikse de bu konuda belirleyici ölçü onun yerinde ve durumun gereğine göre yapılmış olmasıdır. Bu sebeple îcâz her durum ve zamanda makbul değildir. İbn Kuteybe, “Eğer durum böyle olmasaydı Kur’an’da ıtnâb bulunmaz, sadece îcâza yer verilirdi” diyerek bu hususa dikkat çekmiştir.
Başlangıcından itibaren Türkçe belâgat kitaplarında îcâz bahsi Arapça belâgat eserlerindeki çerçeve içinde ele alınmıştır. Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem ise Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât ’ta farklı bir yol takip ederek îcâzı “münakkahiyyet” konusu içinde incelemiş ve sadece îcâz-ı kısar üzerinde durmuştur. Ona göre îcâz en çok fıkhî veya kanunla ilgili hükümlere, atasözlerine ve hikmetli sözlere yakışır. Gerçekten de Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliyye’nin “kavâid-i külliyye”si bütünüyle îcâz-ı kısar nevindendir. Bunun dışında divan şiirinde sıkça görülen mazmunlu ve telmihli söyleyişler de îcâzın bu türüne girer. Meselâ, “Âhiri ömrün eceldurur bu mülkün sonu azl / Hızr ömrüyle Sikender mülkü senin oldu tut” (İbn Kemal) beytindeki ikinci mısra, bir telmih vasıtasıyla çok az kelimeye uzun bir hikâyeyi sığdırmaktadır.
Îcâzın her çeşidinde belâgat bulunmakla birlikte bunların en değerlisi ve makbulü îcâz-ı kısardır. “Veciz söz” nitelemesi daha ziyade îcâz-ı kısar için kullanılır. Îcâz, belâgat ilminde lafız-mâna ilişkisinin ele alındığı itilâf ve haşiv bahislerinin yanı sıra sanatlı ifade yolları olan mecaz, istiare ve kinaye ile de yakından ilgilidir. Süleyman b. Abdülazîz el-Mensûr el-Îcâz fi’l-belâġati’l-ʿArabiyye: Dirâse taḥlîliyye ve fenniyye adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (1409, Câmiatü’l-İmam Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye).
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a.mlf., Min belâġati’n-naẓmi’l-Ḳurʾânî , Kahire 1413/1992, s. 274-287.
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Abdülfettâh Lâşin, Belâġatü’l-Ḳurʾân fî âs̱âri’l-Ḳāḍî ʿAbdilcebbâr , Kahire 1978, s. 169-219.
Ahmed Matlûb, Muʿcemü’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-belâġıyye ve teṭavvürüh , Beyrut 1996, I, 202-203.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 392-393 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.