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İDÂDÎ Skip to content Rüşdiye mezunlarını yüksek okullara hazırlamak için açılan, günümüzdeki liseye denk orta öğretim kurumu.
Sözlükte “bir şeyi hazırlamaya mahsus yer” anlamına gelen idâdî (i‘dâdî ) kelimesi önceleri, Tanzimat döneminin ilk yıllarına kadar Batı tarzında açılan okulların hazırlık sınıfları için kullanılmış, 1847’de faaliyete geçen rüşdiyelere öğrenci hazırlamaya ayrılan sıbyan mekteplerine de idâdî denilmiştir. Lise dengi olarak açılan idâdîler, askerî ve mülkî (sivil) yüksek okullara öğrenci yetiştirmeye yönelik faaliyetleri bakımından iki kısma ayrılabilir.
Askerî İdâdîler. 1844 yılına kadar Bahriye, Mühendishâne, Tıbbiye ve Harbiye gibi askerî mekteplere öğrenci hazırlayan bir orta öğretim kurumu yoktu. Dolayısıyla buralara alınan öğrenciler kendilerine verilen eğitimi alabilecek kapasiteye sahip değildi. Bu husus, Batı tarzı askerî okullardaki eğitim ve öğretim seviyesinin istenilen dereceye yükselmesine engel oluyordu. Özellikle Mekteb-i Harbiyye mezunları, aldıkları uzun eğitime rağmen kıtalarda görev alacak niteliğe sahip olamıyorlardı. Bu gerçeği gören mektep kumandanı Emin Paşa’nın teklifi üzerine 1845’te, askerî mekteplere alınacak öğrencilerin daha önce bir hazırlık okulunda eğitilmeleri kararlaştırıldı. Ayrıca aynı yıl içinde Osmanlı eğitim reformunu planlamak üzere kurulan Meclis-i Maârif-i Muvakkat askerî okulların ıslahına dair bazı kararlar aldı. Buna göre askerî okullarda eğitim meslekî derslere yönelik olacak, derslere hazırlık ve diğer derslerin öğretimi için on iki yerde Mekteb-i Fünûn-ı İdâdiyye adıyla okullar açılacaktı. Biri İstanbul’da, diğerleri taşradaki ordu merkezlerinde açılacak beş yıllık askerî idâdîler ordu müşirlerinin idaresinde olacaktı. Buralarda Arapça, Farsça ve yazı dersleri öğrenenler imtihanla, dışarıda öğrenim görenlerden Arapça ve Farsça imtihanlarını başaranlar ise doğrudan Mekteb-i Harbiyye’ye alınacaktı.
İlk askerî idâdî için İstanbul’da Maçka’daki eski Mekteb-i Harbiyye binası tahsis edildi. Ancak bina tamire muhtaç olduğundan gerekli onarımlar bitinceye kadar askerî idâdî Harbiye Mektebi’yle birlikte Beşiktaş Sahilsarayı’ndaki Çinili Köşk’e nakledildi (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 6572). Daha sonraki yıllarda taşrada da askerî idâdîler açıldı.
1853 tarihli iradesiyle Sultan Abdülmecid, Mekteb-i İdâdî’ye alınan öğrenci kaydının bundan böyle sadece rüşdiye mekteplerinden yapılmasını emretmişti. Rüşdiye mezunlarından vücutça uygun olanlara öncelik hakkı tanınacaktı. Mevcut ihtiyacın bunlar tarafından karşılanamaması halinde diğer okulların öğrencilerine askerî idâdîye girme imkânı verilecekti. Öte yandan taşrada yeterli rüşdiye mektebi olmadığından buralardaki idâdîlere öğrenci yetiştirmek üzere bu okulların bünyesinde ihtiyat sınıfları açıldı. Aynı şekilde İstanbul’daki idâdî mektebi için de şehirdeki sivil okullardan yeterli miktarda vasıflı öğrenci bulunamadığı için bu mektebe bağlı olarak Mahrec-i Mekâtib-i Askeriyye kuruldu. Bu arada, daha önce alınan karar gereğince rüşdiye mezunları ihtiyacı karşıladıkça taşra idâdîlerinin ihtiyat sınıflarının tedrîcen kapatılması yoluna gidildi. Fakat İstanbul’daki askerî idâdî için yeterli miktarda rüşdiye mezunu olmadığından Mahrec-i Mekâtib-i Askeriyye varlığını Tanzimat döneminin sonlarına kadar sürdürdü (BA , İrade-Meclis-i Maârif, nr. 2265).
Askerî idâdîlere vasıflı öğrenci hazırlama meselesi Sultan Abdülaziz döneminin sonlarına kadar tamamen halledilemedi. İstanbul’daki Mahrec-i Mekâtib-i Askeriyye bu hususta yetersiz kalıyordu. Buraya alınan çocuklar öğrenime sarftan başlatılıyor, kabulleri esnasında yetenek ve zekâ seviyeleri de belirlenemiyordu. Tüzüğünde üst üste sınıfta kalan öğrencilerle ilgili bir madde bulunmadığından zayıf öğrenciler beş altı yıl okulda kalabiliyordu. Ayrıca okula girişleri esnasında yaşları henüz on iki-on üç olan öğrencilerin vücutça uygunlukları da tesbit edilemiyordu. Dolayısıyla askerliğe elverişli fizik yeterliliği bulunmayanlar subay adayı olabiliyorlardı. Mahrec-i Mekâtib-i Askeriyye öğrencileri muvazzaf olduğu için bunlardan zihnî ve fizik yetersizliği sebebiyle Mekteb-i Harbiyye’ye kabul edilmeyenler devlete çok pahalıya mal oluyordu. Mekâtib-i Askeriyye Nâzırı Mirlivâ Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa’nın teklifiyle, bu sakıncaları ortadan kaldırmak için 1875 yılı başlarında askerî idâdîlere vasıflı öğrenci hazırlama meselesini halletmek üzere İstanbul’da dört askerî rüşdiye daha açıldı. Sonraki yıllarda askerî idâdî bulunan taşra şehirlerinde de askerî rüşdiyeler kurulmuştur.
II. Abdülhamid döneminde İstanbul’da Mekteb-i Harbiyye-i Şâhâne İdâdîsi ile Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye-i Şâhâne İdâdîsi adında iki okul vardı. 1898’de bunların birincisinde 1280, ikincisinde 545 öğrenci bulunuyordu. O sıralarda Mekteb-i Harbiyye-i Şâhâne İdâdîsi’nde târîh-i Osmânî, târîh-i umûmî, kitâbet-i Osmâniyye, lisân-ı Fransevî, resim, riyâziye, coğrafya, makine ve müsellesât dersleri okutuluyordu. 1906 yılında bu iki okuldan başka taşrada beş askerî idâdî mevcuttu.
Sivil İdâdîler. 1869’da Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nizamnâmesi’nin hazırlanmasına kadar medrese merkezli klasik Osmanlı ilmiye teşkilâtının yanında kurulmasına başlanan Batı tarzı mektep merkezli eğitim sistemi önemli gelişme kaydetmekle birlikte derecelenmede bazı eksiklikleri vardı. İlk öğretimde reformlar yapılmış, orta öğretimin ilk kademesini teşkil etmek üzere açılan rüşdiyelerin İstanbul’da ve taşrada sayıları arttırılmıştı. Ayrıca İstanbul’da birçok meslek okulu ve yüksek okul açılmasına rağmen Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânîsi dışında orta öğretimin ikinci kademesinde herhangi bir mektep kurulmamıştı. Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nizamnâmesi’nde, sivil yüksek okullara öğrenci yetiştirmek üzere rüşdiyelerin üstünde ve sultânîlerin altında idâdî adıyla mekteplerin açılması öngörülmekteydi. İdâdîlerin açılması, Tanzimat devri eğitiminin temel unsuru olan Osmanlıcılık ilkesinin hayata geçirilmesi için de gerekliydi. Zira bu ilkeye göre müslüman ve gayri müslim çocuklarının aynı çatı altında eğitim almaları gerekiyordu. Böylece farklı ırk ve dinlerden gelen gençler birbirleriyle kaynaşacak, aynı duyguları paylaşan vatandaşlar olarak “Osmanlı milleti”nin temelini oluşturacaktı. Nizamnâmeye göre idâdîler nüfusu 1000 hâneyi geçen yerleşim birimlerinde açılacaktı. Bunların inşaat, personel ve diğer giderleri Vilâyet Maarif İdaresi sandığından karşılanacaktı. Her idâdînin yardımcılarıyla birlikte altışar öğretmeni olacak, bunlar, İstanbul’daki Dârülmuallimîn-i Âliye’den mezun olanlar arasından seçilip tayin edilecekti. Öğretim süresi üç yıl olan idâdîlere rüşdiyelerden mezun olmuş müslüman ve gayri müslim çocukları alınacak ve bunlar karma eğitim göreceklerdi. Öğrenimini tamamlayan öğrenciler imtihanda başarı gösterdikleri takdirde mezun olacak, başarı gösteremeyenler ise bir yıl daha okulda kalacaktı.
Ancak Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nizamnâmesi’nde açılması öngörülen idâdîler, maddî imkânsızlıklar ve öğretmen yokluğu yüzünden bir türlü açılamamıştı. Bu durum, nizamnâmede yer alan üç dereceli öğretim sisteminin oluşmasına engel teşkil ediyordu. Maarif Nezâreti’nce, 1873-1874 öğretim yılı başlarında İstanbul’da ilk sivil idâdînin açılması için gerekli hazırlıkları yapmak üzere bir komisyon kuruldu. Bu komisyon, ülke genelinde idâdîler açılmasını gerekli görmekle birlikte bunun hemen mümkün olmadığını göz önünde bulundurarak İstanbul’da örnek bir idâdî açılmasını kararlaştırdı. Dârülmaârif binası da bu okula tahsis edildi. Komisyon ayrıca, idâdîlere öğretmen yetiştirmek üzere İstanbul’daki Dârülmuallimîn-i Âliye’de bir idâdî şubesi açılmasını teklif etti ve böylece ilk idâdî şubesi 1874’te Dârülmuallimîn-i Âliye içinde hizmete girdi. 1876 yılına kadar İstanbul’da idâdî sayısı dört veya beşe yükselirken taşrada açılan tek idâdî 1875’te faaliyete geçirilen Yanya Yenişehir İdâdîsi oldu (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 48599). Eylül 1873’te hazırlanan müfredat programına göre ilk idâdîlerde okutulan başlıca dersler şunlardır: Kavâidi Osmâniyye, Arabî, Fârisî, kıraat ve kitâbet-i Türkî, târîh-i umûmî-i Osmânî, mükemmel hesap, cebr-i âlî, coğrafya-yı umûmî-i Osmânî, jimnastik, mükemmel hendese, müsellesât-ı müsteviyye, resim, Fransızca, Almanca, İngilizce.
II. Abdülhamid döneminde idâdîlerde önemli gelişmeler oldu. Bu okulların taşrada gelişmesini temin için vilâyet gelirlerinden bir kısmı “hisse-i maârif” olarak tahsis edildi. Alınan bu tedbirlerle idâdîlerin sayısının hızla artması sağlandı. 1888’de idâdîlerin öğretim süresinin dört yıla çıkarılması, vilâyet merkezlerinde gündüzlü olarak açılmış idâdîlerin köy ve kasaba çocuklarının girebilmesini sağlamak üzere yatılıya çevrilmesi kararlaştırıldı. Öte yandan idâdî bulunan yerlerdeki rüşdiyeler idâdîlerle birleştirildi. Bu uygulamaya paralel olarak idâdîlerin süreleri yeniden belirlendi ve taşra idâdîleri beş ve yedi yıllık olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldı. Bu ayırıma, bazı sancakların yedi yıllık idâdî açacak malî imkâna sahip bulunmaması sebep olmuştur.
Mahmud Cevad tarafından yayımlanan tâlimatnâmeye göre, yedi yıllık idâdîlerin ilk üç yılı ile bazı yerlerde bulunan şubeler rüşdiye, diğer dört yılı ise idâdî derecesindeydi. İbtidâî mezunları birinci sınıfa, rüşdiyelerden veya idâdîlerin rüşdiye kısmından mezun olanlar ise dördüncü sınıfa kaydedilecekti. Beş yıllık idâdîlerin ilk üç yılı rüşdiye, diğer iki yılı idâdî derecesindeyse de bu tür okullarda beşinci yıl öğrenimini tamamlayanlara verilecek idâdî diplomasında yalnız iki yıllık öğrenim kaydedilecek, ancak yedi yıllık idâdîlerin yedinci ve Dersaadet idâdîlerinin dördüncü yıllarını tamamlayanlara tam idâdî diploması verilecekti (Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nezâreti , s. 382). Mülkî idâdîlerden mezun olan öğrenciler sivil okulların yanı sıra askerî yüksek okullara da devam edebilecekti. Böylece II. Abdülhamid döneminde mülkî ve askerî idâdîler arasında yatay geçişlere imkân vermek için bu okulların müfredat programlarında denklik sağlanmak istenmişti. 1898-1899 öğretim yılında yedi yıllık idâdîlerde okutulan derslere ait haftalık ders dağıtım çizelgesi şöyledir:
Dersin adı 1. yıl 2. yıl 3. yıl 4. yıl 5. yıl 6. yıl 7. yıl Maa tecvîd-i Kur’ân ve ulûm-i dîniyye 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 Türkçe 7 6 4 3 2 – – Edebiyat ve ahlâk – – – – – 2 1 Kitâbet-i resmiyye – – – – – 1 1 Arabî 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 Fârisî – 1 2 1 – – – Fransızca – – 3 3 4 4 5 Kavânin – – – – – 2 2 Hesap 2 2 2 2 1 – – Usûl-i defterî – – – 1 1 – – Cebir – – – – 2 2 – Hendese – – 1 2 2 2 – Müsellesât – – – – – – 1 Kozmografya – – – – – – 1 Makine – – – – – – 1 Hikmet-i tabîiyye ve kimya – – – – – 3 3 Mevâlid – – – – – 2 2 Coğrafya 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 Tarih – 2 2 2 2 1 1 İlm-i servet . . . . . . 2 Ma‘lûmât-ı nâfia ve hıfzıssıhha 1 1 1 1 1 – – Hüsn-i hat 1 1 1 1 1 – – Resim 1 1 1 1 1 – – Yekün 18 20 23 23 23 23 24 Elsine – – – 2 2 2 1
Bu programın tamamı vilâyetlerdeki yatılı idâdîlere, ilk beş yılı gündüzlü idâdîlere, son dört yılı Mekteb-i Mülkiyye idâdî sınıfları ile İstanbul ve Üsküdar gündüzlü idâdîlerine, ilk üç yılı ise Dersaadet ve vilâyet rüşdiyelerine mahsustu. Programın sonunda bulunan “elsine” dersi ana dili Rumca, Ermenice veya Bulgarca olan öğrenciler içindi. Ayrıca Arap tebaanın çocukları için de Arapça dersi konulmuştu.
1902 yılında, öğretim sürelerine göre mevcut derslerin fazla olduğu ve öğrencilere ağır geldiği düşünülerek yatılı idâdîler sekiz, gündüzlüler ise altı yıla çıkarılmıştır. Aynı zamanda bazısına ziraat, bir kısmına ticaret ve sanayi dersleri konularak idâdîler çeşitli amaçları olan mektepler haline getirilmiştir. Ancak 1906’da bu uygulamadan vazgeçilmiş ve idâdîler tekrar eski durumuna döndürülmüştür.
II. Abdülhamid devri sonlarında İstanbul’daki idâdî sayısı dokuza, taşradakilerle birlikte Osmanlı topraklarındaki toplam idâdî sayısı 109’a çıkmıştı. Bunların doksan üçü resmî, on dokuzu özel ve beşi de askerî idi. Bu okullardaki toplam öğrenci sayısı 20.000’e yaklaşmıştı.
1880 yılında İstanbul’da kızlar için de bir idâdî açılmıştır. Bu okulun programında genel kültür derslerinden başka Türkçe, Fransızca, Almanca, İngilizce, mûsiki, el ve ev işleri gibi dersler de bulunuyordu. Faaliyeti iki yıl süren inâs idâdîsi, devletin yaptığı tanıtım ve teşviklere rağmen halkın ilgisizliği yüzünden kapanmıştır.
II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından (1908) sonra orta öğretim konusunda yapılması düşünülen ıslahata paralel olarak vilâyet merkezlerindeki bazı idâdîler sultânî haline getirilmiş, programları da buna göre düzenlenmiştir. 1910’da başlayan bu uygulama sonunda İstanbul’da ve diğer bazı büyük şehirlerde mevcut on idâdî sultânîye dönüştürülmüştür. 1913’te sultânîler, beş yıllık kendi ibtidâî kısımlarına veya altı yıllık umumi ibtidâîye dayanan dört yıllık birinci, fen ve edebiyat kollarına bölünmüş üç yıllık ikinci devresi bulunan ve toplam öğretim süresi on iki yıla çıkan okullar haline getirilmiştir. Böylece sultânîler, 1913 yılına kadar vilâyet merkezlerinde faaliyet gösteren yedi yıllık idâdîlerin yerini almıştır.
Bu arada, 1913 yılından itibaren sancaklarda bulunan beş yıllık idâdîlerde de bazı düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. 1913’te yürürlüğe giren programa göre idâdî adı altında faaliyet gösteren bu okullar, o sırada rüşdiyeler kaldırıldığı için eğitim süresi altı yıla çıkarılmış olan ibtidâîlere dayandırılacak, muhtelif amaçlı okullar halinde teşkilâtlandırılacaktı. Yeni programa göre ilk sınıfta, hazırlayıcı nitelikte temel dersleri bir arada görecek olan öğrenciler sonraki iki sınıfta yine bazı temel dersler bir arada görülmek suretiyle umumi, ziraat, ticaret ve sanat kollarına ayrılacaktı. Bu okullar hazırlanan yeni programla faaliyete başlamışsa da I. Dünya Savaşı sebebiyle mesleğe yönelik dalların açılması pek az yerde mümkün olabilmiştir. Nitekim Millî Mücadele’nin sonunda yalnız altı ziraî, beş sınaî ve bir ticarî şubeli idâdî mevcuttu. Mezunları imtihanla sultânîlere devam etme hakkını elde eden bu yeni idâdîler, orta öğretimin birinci basamağını oluşturan eğitim kurumları olarak varlığını Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarına kadar sürdürmüştür. 1922’de bu beş yıllık idâdîlerde okutulan başlıca dersler Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve ulûm-i dîniyye, Türkçe ve edebiyat, hüsn-i hat, hesap, hendese, coğrafya, tarih, ziraat, tabîiyyât, resim, mûsiki, lisân-ı ecnebî, hıfzıssıhha, iktisat, cebir, kozmografya, usûl-i defterî, Arabî, Fârisî, ma‘lûmât-ı medeniyye ve kānûniyye ile meslek dersleriydi.
1911’de İstanbul Sultanahmet’te, rüşdiye üstünde üç yıllık eğitim veren bir inâs idâdîsi açıldı. 1913-1914 öğretim yılından itibaren on yıllık sultânî haline getirilen bu okul önce İstanbul İnâs Sultânîsi, ardından Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan Sultânîsi adını almıştır. Daha sonra İstanbul’da Erenköy, Çamlıca ve Kandilli İnâs sultânîleri açılmıştır. 1913’te inâs sultânîlerinin tâli sınıflarında ma‘lûmât-ı tabîiyye ve sıhhiyye, ma‘lûmât-ı hikemiyye ve kimyeviyye, ma‘lûmât-ı ahlâkiyye ve medeniyye, hesap ve cebir, hendese, kozmografya, iktisâd-i beytî, terbiye-i etfâl, lisân-ı ecnebî, gınâ ve mûsiki, resim, terbiye-i bedeniyye, biçki-dikiş-nakış ve tıbâhat dersleri okutuluyordu. Böylece bir yandan on yıllık inâs sultânîleri faaliyete başlarken bir yandan da beş yıllık erkek idâdîlerine denk inâs idâdîleri açılmıştır.
1923 yılında bütün genel orta öğretim kurumlarına lise adının verilmesi kararlaştırıldı. O sırada Türkiye’de yetmiş iki bir devreli lise, yirmi üç tam devreli lise vardı. Bunların ortaokul dengi ilk devresine 5362’si erkek, 543’ü kız toplam 5905 talebe devam ediyordu. Bugünkü lise dengi ikinci devrede ise 1011’i erkek, 230’u kız olmak üzere toplam 1241 talebe bulunuyordu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 5178, 6572, 16630, 47203, 47234, 48599, 94656.
BA , İrade-Meclis-i Maârif, nr. 2265, 4564, 4781, 4786, 4959.
BA, YEE , nr. 18, 553/457, 93, 37.
Nezâret-i Maârif-i Umûmiyye Salnâmesi (1316), tür.yer.; a.e. (1321), tür.yer.
Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye Salnâmesi (1328), s. 336-398.
Mahmud Cevad, Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nezâreti Târihçe-i Teşkîlât ve İcrâatı , İstanbul 1338, s. 371-469, 477-478.
Sadreddin Celal Antel, “Tanzimat Maarifi”, Tanzimat I , İstanbul 1940, s. 446 vd.
Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , II, 495-500; III, 923-934; IV, 1423-1445.
Nevzad Ayas, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Millî Eğitimi – Kuruluşlar ve Tarihçeler , Ankara 1948, s. 232-234.
Faik Reşit Unat, Türkiye Eğitim Sisteminin Gelişmesine Tarihî Bir Bakış , Ankara 1964, s. 45 vd.
Millî Eğitimle İlgili Mevzuât: 1857-1923 (haz. Reşat Özalp), Ankara 1982, s. 50-51, 68, 159-164, 171-172, 652-653.
Bayram Kodaman, Abdülhamid Devri Eğitim Sistemi , Ankara 1988, s. 114-132.
a.mlf. – Abdullah Saydam, “Tanzimat Devri Eğitim Sistemi”, 150. Yılında Tanzimat , Ankara 1992, s. 475-496.
Yahya Akyüz, Türk Eğitim Tarihi , Ankara 1989, s. 185-186, 256-262, 296-300.
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Tevfik Sağlam, Nasıl Okudum (nşr. Hüsrev Hatemi – Aykut Kazancıgil), İstanbul 1992, s. 46-70.
Hasan Âli Yücel, Türkiye’de Orta Öğretim , Ankara 1994, tür.yer.
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Nâfi Atuf [Kansu], “İlk Erkek ve Kız İdâdîleri”, TY , 2. seri: I/1 (1340), s. 60-64.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 464-466 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.