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İDRAK Skip to content Bir öznenin kendisi veya dış dünyayla ilgili durum ve gerçeklerin farkına vararak onların bilgisini elde etmesine imkân veren duyum ve algılama faaliyeti.
İdrak farkına varma, tanıma, kavrama, tasavvur etme, bilme gibi zihnin çok çeşitli ve karmaşık faaliyetlerini ifade eden genel bir terimdir. Kelimenin Arapça kökü olan derk “kavuşmak, yetişmek; olgunlaşmak, nihaî sınırına ulaşmak; bir araya toplamak; farketmek, anlamak ve bilmek” gibi mânalar taşımaktadır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “drk” md.). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de idrak fiil haliyle “nihaî aşamaya gelmek” (Yûnus 10/90), “ulaşmak, yetişmek” (en-Nisâ 4/78, 100; Yâsîn 36/40), “algılamak, görmek” (el-En‘âm 6/103; eş-Şuarâ 26/61) anlamlarında kullanılmıştır. Terim olarak “bir nesneyi tam mânasıyla ihata etmek, bir nesnenin sûretinin akılda hâsıl olması, bir şeyin hakikatine ait imaj ve fikirlerin algılayanın zihninde temessül etmesi” şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Eğer idrak, olumlu veya olumsuz hiçbir yargı ihtiva etmeden yalnızca zihinde oluşan imaj ve kavramları ifade ediyorsa tasavvur , onlar hakkında bir yargıyı da beraberinde taşıyorsa tasdik adını almaktadır (et-Taʿrîfât , “el-İdrâk” md.; Tehânevî, I, 484).
İslâm düşünürleri idrake, algılama ve bilmenin her türünü içine alacak bir genişlikte yer vermişlerdir. Modern psikolojide “duyumlar” ve “idrak” başlığı altında incelenen konuları da ihtiva edecek şekilde insanın nasıl düşündüğünü ve nasıl bildiğini açıklamaya çalışan Ortaçağ İslâm psikolojisinde idrak kavramı zihnî faaliyetin her aşaması için kullanılmıştır. Fonksiyonları itibariyle nebatî, hayvanî ve insanî olarak tasnife tâbi tutulan nefiste idrak gücü, geleneksel izaha uygun biçimde muharrik güçle birlikte hayvanî fonksiyonlar seviyesinde yer almaktadır. Dolayısıyla aklın devrede olmadığı idrak türlerinde insan ve hayvan ortaktır. “Müdrike” adını alan idrak gücünün organ ve meleke kadrosu beş duyudan ibaret dış idrak güçleriyle hiss-i müşterek, hayal (musavvire), müfekkire (hayvanî nefis söz konusu olunca mütehayyile), vehim gücü ve hâfıza (zâkire) denen beş iç duyudan meydana gelmektedir. Bütün bu fonksiyonlar, insanı hayvandan sadece derece itibariyle değil mahiyet açısından da ayıran aklın tasarruf ve yönetimi altında aklî idrakin yani bilme hadisesinin psikolojik malzemesini oluşturur. Buna göre dış dünyadaki nesnelerden etkilenen duyu organlarından her biri aldığı izlenimleri tek tek ortak duyuya iletir. Ortak duyu bu verilerin topluca algılandığı merkezdir (bk. DUYU ). Dış duyuların idrakine “ihsas” (duyum) denir. Bir etkilenmenin sonucunda oluşan ihsas mevcut nesneyi, ondaki nasıllık, nicelik, yer ve durum gibi özel görünüşleri içinde topluca algılamaktır. Hayal gücü ise ortak duyudaki duyu formlarının nesneden bağımsız olarak yeniden idrak edildiği ve başka melekelerin işleyişine sunulmak üzere tutulduğu merkezdir. Mütehayyile denilen asıl hayal gücü bu formların alınıp işlenmesinde aracı rolü üstlenmiştir. Vehim gücü de duyu formlarındaki yararlı-zararlı, haz ve elem gibi cüz’î anlamları idrak eder ve bu anlamlar hâfızada toplanır. Şu halde idrak olayı ortak duyuda hissî, hayal veya musavvirede hayalî, vehim gücünde de vehmî bir karakter taşımaktadır. Bunların üstündeki aklî idrak seviyesinde ise tahayyül fonksiyonu aklın aktif yönetimine girer ve mütehayyile gücü müfekkire adını alır; onun fonksiyonu düşünmedir. Düşünme, maddî bağlantılarından henüz kopmamış hayal formlarının küllî ve soyut kavramlara ulaşacak tarzda kullanılışı ve küllî bilgiye yöneliştir. Bu yönelişin aklî istidlâle ait şartları yerine getirmesi ve asıl soyut gerçeklerle buluşması durumunda aklî idrak yani bilme meydana gelir.
Esasen aklî idrak tabiatı itibariyle bir tür sezgi ve ilhamdır. Fârâbî – İbn Sînâ felsefe ekolünce geliştirilen idrak teorisine göre idrak süreci, insanî güçlerin ruhanî güçlerle ortak çalışması sonucunda tamamlanmaktadır. İdrak olayının insanı aşan metafizik bir boyutu vardır; insan aklı, ancak nefsin dışında gerçek bir varlık olan faal akıl ile bağlantı (ittisal) kurarak hakiki idrake ulaşmış olur. Aklî idrakin objesi olan küllîlerin duyu tecrübelerinden mi tecrit edildiği, yoksa doğrudan faal akıldan mı çıktığı konusunda görüş farkları bulunmakla birlikte idrakin metafizik boyutu ve kaynağı bütün düşünce ekollerinde dile getirilmiştir. Günümüz psikolojisinin duyumların zihinde idrake nasıl dönüştüğünü henüz çözememiş olduğu (Baymur, s. 124) dikkate alınırsa bu fikrin önemi anlaşılır. İbn Sînâ’ya göre sıradan insanın düşünen zihni, faal akıldan gelen seri halindeki fikirlerin üzerine aksettiği bir ayna gibidir. İnsan başlangıçta basit bir kavrayışa sahiptir; bu kavrayış daha sonra ortaya çıkan ayrıntılı ve tutarlı bilginin kaynağıdır (Avicenna’s de Anima , s. 241-244). Böylece idrak vetîresinin anlamlı basit bütünlerden daha karmaşık ve ayrıntılı bütünler tarzında geliştiğini öne süren çağdaş idrak teorileriyle müslüman düşünürlerin görüşleri arasında yakın benzerlik olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu görüşü açık şekilde ifade eden Gazzâlî’ye göre her idrak önce kapalı ve mücmel, daha sonra ayrıntı ve parçalarıyla tam olarak açıklığa kavuşur (İḥyâʾ , I, 102).
İster hissî ister aklî olsun mahiyeti bakımından idrak, idrak edilen şeyin sûretini, kopyasını almaktır; algılanan şey dıştaki hakikat değil onun hisseden duyu organında meydana gelen bir benzeridir. Hissedilen şeyin şuurda anlam kazanması, ancak duyu organınca algılanması ve onda iz bırakması ile olur. Akıl ile kavranılan şeyler için de durum aynıdır. Akledilir şey (mâkul), nefiste imajı oluşan hakikatin benzeridir (İbn Sînâ, en-Necât, s. 168; Gazzâlî, Meʿâricü’l-ḳuds , s. 66). Sonuçta her idrak bir soyutlama işlemidir. Bu işlem duyum idrakleriyle başlar ve derece derece yükselerek aklî kavramların oluşmasıyla en yüksek noktasına ulaşır. Sûretin maddeden ve maddî ilişkilerden tecrit edilmesi için dış ve iç duyuların faaliyetlerine ihtiyaç vardır (İbn Sînâ, en-Necât , s. 169; a.mlf., Avicenna’s de Anima , s. 58-59). Aklî idrak dışındaki idrak türlerinin hepsi için madde ve maddî ilintilerin varlığı gereklidir, ancak bunlarda tam soyutlama yapılamaz. Aklî idrak ise tam ve mükemmel bir soyutlamadır. Akıl şahıslara göre değişmeyen küllî mânayı idrak eder. Nesnenin varlığının hazır veya gaip, uzakta yahut yakında olması durumu değiştirmez. Akıl fizik ve metafizik âleme nüfuz eder ve bunlardaki gerçekleri çekip çıkarır, soyutlar. Eğer idrak edilen şey tamamıyla mânevî bir özellikte ise Gazzâlî’ye göre onu soyutlamaya ihtiyaç duymaksızın da idrak edebilir (Meʿâricü’l-ḳuds , s. 68). Bu aşamada Gazzâlî, aklî idrakten sonra zevke dayalı tasavvufî idraki söz konusu etmektedir. Gazzâlî, nebevî hakikatlerin aklı aşan bir boyutunun bulunduğunu ve bu boyutun ancak tasavvufî zevk vasıtalarıyla idrak olunabileceğini söyler (el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl , s. 72-83).
Günümüz psikolojisinde bütün ayrıntılarıyla incelenen, idraki tayin eden yapı ve fonksiyonel faktörlerin varlığı yüzeysel ve basit de olsa müslüman düşünürlerce farkedilmiştir. İbn Sînâ, dikkat hallerinin bilgi edinmedeki seçici rolü üzerinde dururken (Avicenna’s de Anima , s. 170-171) Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, hızla döndürülen bir ateş parçasının bütün bir daire ya da düz çizgi şeklinde algılanmasını duyu organlarından bağımsız olarak hareketin süratine bağlayıp açıklamıştır (el-Fütûḥât , III, 138). Aynı zamanda İbnü’l-Arabî, duyum ve idrakin değeri konusunda bütün İslâm kültür çevresine mal olmuş bulunan görüşleri dile getirir. Buna göre duyunun idrak ettiği şey doğru ve gerçektir, yanılma hüküm veren akla aittir. Duyu asla yanlışlık yapmaz. Akıl da idrak ettiği şeyde kesinlikle hata etmez; yanılma hükümde olur (a.g.e. , II, 395, 397).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “drk” md.
et-Taʿrîfât , “el-İdrâk” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , I, 484.
Cemîl Salîbâ, el-Muʿcemü’l-felsefî , Beyrut 1982, I, 53-57.
Fârâbî, el-Medînetü’l-fâżıla , Kahire, ts., s. 47-48, 59-60.
İbn Sînâ, en-Necât , Kahire 1357/1938, s. 163-183.
a.mlf., Avicenna’s Psychology (nşr. Fazlurrahman), London 1952, s. 38-41.
a.mlf., Avicenna’s de Anima: Kitâbü’n-Nefs (nşr. F. Rahman), London 1970, s. 34, 48, 58-59, 62, 66, 170-171, 241-244.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , Kahire 1377/1957, I, 102.
a.mlf., Miʿyârü’l-ʿilm , Kahire 1961, s. 89.
a.mlf., Meʿâricü’l-ḳuds , Kahire, ts. (Matbaatü’l-istikāme), s. 31, 66-68.
a.mlf., el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl , Beyrut 1408/1987, s. 72-83.
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İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât , II, 395-397; III, 138.
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M. Şemseddin, Felsefe-i Ûlâ , İstanbul 1339-41, s. 328-343.
D. Krech – R. S. Crutchfield, Sosyal Psikoloji (trc. Erol Güngör), İstanbul 1970, s. 84-162.
Feriha Baymur, Genel Psikoloji , İstanbul 1978, s. 120-144.
Abdülkerîm Osman, ed-Dirâsâtü’n-nefsiyye ʿinde’l-müslimîn , Kahire 1401/1981, s. 277-368.
Mehmet Dağ, “İbn Sina Psikolojisi”, İbn Sînâ: Doğumunun Bininci Yılı Armağanı (der. Aydın Sayılı), Ankara 1984, s. 343-430.
Rita L. Atkinson v.dğr., Psikolojiye Giriş (trc. Kemal Akatay v.dğr.), İstanbul 1995, I, 185-194.
Robert S. Feldman, Understanding Psychology , New York 1996, s. 124-137.
R. Arnaldez, “Idrāk”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 1028-1029.
Asgar Dâdebe, “İdrâk”, DMBİ , VII, 321-322.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 477-478 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.