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İDRÎS-i MUHTEFÎ Skip to content (ö. 1024/1615)
Melâmî-Hamzavî kutbu.
Bugün Yunanistan sınırları içinde bulunan Tırhala’da doğdu. Kaynaklarda doğum tarihi hakkında bir kayıt bulunmamaktadır; ancak seksen üç yaşında öldüğü bilindiğine göre (Sarı Abdullah Efendi, s. 260) 941 (1534) yılında doğmuş olmalıdır. Nev‘îzâde Atâî adını Ali İdris olarak kaydeder. Fakir bir ailenin çocuğu olduğundan Vezîriâzam Rüstem Paşa’nın terzisi olan amcası onu himayesine alarak terzilik mesleğini öğretti. 955’te (1548) Nahcıvan seferine giderken, Ankara civarındaki Kutluhan köyünde ikamet eden Bayramî-Melâmî kutbu Hüsâmeddin Ankaravî’yi ziyaret ettikleri sırada müridliğe kabul edildi. Hüsâmeddin Ankaravî, terzilik mesleğinden dolayı İdrîs peygamberi telmihen ona İdris lakabını verdi. Daha sonra İstanbul’a giderek başlangıçta bir süre ticaretle uğraştığını, bu amaçla Rumeli şehirlerine gidip geldiğini, birkaç kere hacca gittiğini, çok zengin olduğunu, altmış sene irşad faaliyetinde bulunduğunu kaydeden Nev‘îzâde Atâî, devrin tanınmış şeyhlerinden Abdülmecîd Sivâsî ile Tercüman Şeyhi Ömer Efendi’nin vaazlarında uzun süre onu mülhid ve zındık olmakla suçladıklarını, bu suçlamaların bütün şehre yayıldığını, bunun üzerine yakalanıp “hakkından gelinmesi” için ferman çıktığını, ancak uzun süre aranmasına rağmen izinin bulunamadığını söyler (Zeyl-i Şekāik , s. 603-604). Bu bilgiler Atâî’den naklen Kâtib Çelebi’nin Fezleke ’sinde (II, 373-374), ayrıca Sergüzeşt ve Risâle-i Melâmiyye-i Şettâriyye gibi eserlerde de tekrarlanmaktadır.
Bayramî Melâmîliğine mensup olan İdrîs-i Muhtefî, benzer iddialar öne sürülerek Ebüssuûd Efendi’nin fetvasıyla idam edilen Hamza Bâlî ile aynı mürşide mensuptur. Tarikat silsilesi Hüsâmeddin Ankaravî, Pîr Ali Aksarâyî, Bünyâmin Ayâşî, Ömer Sikkînî vasıtasıyla Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî’ye ulaşır. Diğer tarikatlar gibi tekke ve tarikata has şeklî unsurları kabul etmeyen Bayramî Melâmîleri, devletin Sünnî ideolojisine aykırı görüşleri sebebiyle Osmanlı merkezî yönetimi tarafından sürekli takibat altında tutulmuşlardır. Hamza Bâlî’nin idamıyla (980/1572-73) sonuçlanan olayları yaşayan İdrîs-i Muhtefî’nin bu dönemdeki ve Hasan Kabâdûz (ö. 1010/1601) devrindeki hayatı hakkında bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Ticaretle meşgul olmasının bu dönemlerde kendisini gizlemeyi kolaylaştırdığı söylenebilir. O, kutbiyyet makamına geçtikten sonra kendisini ve mensuplarını devletin takibatından kurtarmak için faaliyetlerini son derece gizli olarak sürdürmesi sebebiyle “Muhtefî” lakabıyla tanınmış, hakkında zındık ve mülhid olduğu şeklinde söylentilerin çıkmasında bu gizliliğin de etkisi olmuştur. Atâî onun komşuları tarafından Hacı Ali Bey diye tanındığını, kendisine büyük saygı gösterildiğini belirttikten sonra bir komşusunun ona İdris adlı bir zındık ve mülhidin binlerce müslümanı sapıklığa düşürdüğünü, bu fitnenin nasıl önleneceğini sorduğunu, kendisinin de komşusuna bu zındığı görüp görmediğini, zındıklığını itiraf edip etmediğini sorduğunu, “hayır” cevabını alınca, “O İdris benim, beni nasıl bilirsiniz?” dediğini, bunun üzerine komşusunun özür dileyerek kendisine intisap ettiğini anlatır. Mensupları dışında kim olduğu bilinmeden ölümüne kadar irşad faaliyetini sürdüren İdrîs-i Muhtefî 1024 Rebîülevvelinde (Nisan 1615) vefat etti. Kabri Kasımpaşa’da Kulaksız Mezarlığı’ndadır.
Atâî’nin, kassâm kâtibi olarak terekesini tesbitle görevlendirilen Sahn müderrisi Mustafa Efendi’den dinlediğini kaydederek anlattıklarından muazzam bir servete sahip bulunduğu, birçok âlim ve devlet adamının ona müntesip olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Atâî onun hakkında, “Bu mertebe zuhûrla bu gûne ihtifâ muazzam bir keramettir, ahvâlini tecessüs ettim, salâh ü sedâddan gayri nesne zâhir olmadı” der.
Öte yandan Mehmed Nazmi Efendi’nin rivayetine göre İdrîs-i Muhtefî, “Hamzavîler’in ve İdrîsîler’in cümlesinin kâfir olduğunu” söyleyen Abdülmecid Sivâsî’nin (Dürer-i Akāid , vr. 68b ) Sultan Ahmed Camii’nde cemaat huzurunda bedduası üzerine evinde ölü bulunmuştur (Hediyyetü’l-ihvân , vr. 69a ). Ancak Abdülmecid Sivâsî’nin tarikatına mensup olan Nazmi Efendi’nin çağdaş kaynaklara muhalif olan bu rivayeti tarikat gayretiyle söylediği açıktır. Nitekim Rûznâmçeci Süleyman Fâik Efendi, Hediyyetü’l-ihvân ’ın bu rivayetle ilgili sayfasının (vr. 69a ) kenarına düştüğü notta bu rivayetin doğru olmadığını vurgulamıştır. Abdülmecid Sivâsî’nin “İdrîs-i İblîs” diye andığı İdrîs-i Muhtefî hakkındaki suçlamalarının esasen bir bilgiye değil dedikodulara dayandığı Nazmi Efendi’nin ifadelerinden anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca Sivâsî’nin İdrîs-i Muhtefî aleyhine vaazlarını sürdürdüğü için İdrîs-i Muhtefî’nin mensuplarından vezir Kayserili Halil Paşa tarafından Bursa’ya sürgün edildiği bilinmektedir. Evliyâ Çelebi’nin İdrîs-i Muhtefî’nin Eyüp’te bir tekke inşa ettirdiğini, IV. Murad’ın burayı yıktırarak mesire yeri yaptığını (Seyahatnâme , I, 399) ve İdris’in “şeriattan taş kopardı” diye boğularak şehid edildiğini söylemesi de (a.g.e. , I, 425) doğru değildir.
Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, Hamza Bâlî’nin Demirhan adlı oğlundan İbrâhim adlı bir torunu olduğunu, onun Muhrikatü’l-kulûb adlı bir eserinin bulunduğunu Kâtib Çelebi’den naklen kaydetmiş, ancak bu konu üzerinde fazla durmamıştır. Daha sonra Muhammed Tayyib Okiç, Muhibbî’nin (ö. 1111/1699) Ḫulâṣatü’l-es̱er ’ini (I, 16-17) kaynak göstererek Hamza Bâlî’nin İbrâhim adlı bir torunu olduğuna dikkat çekmiştir. Muhibbî’nin verdiği bilgileri değerlendiren Ahmet Yaşar Ocak ise adı geçen İbrâhim’in İdrîs-i Muhtefî ile aynı şahıs olduğunu, yani İdrîs-i Muhtefî’nin Hamza Bâlî’nin torunu olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Eserini İdrîs-i Muhtefî’nin ölümünden yetmiş beş yıl sonra kaleme alan Suriyeli müellif Muhibbî, konuyla ilgili bilgileri Mısırlı müellif Münâvî’nin (ö. 1022/1613) el-Kevâkibü’d-dürriye (telifi: 1011/1602) adlı eserinden derlediğini söyler. Bu eserde İbrâhim’in aslen Bosnalı âbid ve zâhid bir kişi olduğu, orada doğup büyüdüğü, velî ve sâlih kişilerle görüşmek için çeşitli şehirleri dolaştığı, her şehirde başka bir isimle (Anadolu’da Ali, Mekke’de Hasan, Medine’de Muhammed, Mısır’da İbrâhim) tanındığı söylenmekte, tarikatının adı Bayramiyye-Geylâniyye olarak verilmekte ve silsilesi Muhammed er-Rûmî, Seyyid Ca‘fer, Emîr Sikkînî vasıtasıyla Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî’ye ulaştırılmaktadır. Ardından Hicaz’da bir süre ikamet ettikten sonra Kahire’ye yerleştiği, Kal‘atülcebel’deki dükkânında ipek dokuduğu belirtilmekte, bazı garip halleri kaydedilmekte, Muhrikatü’l-kulûb gibi çeşitli risâleler kaleme aldığı bildirilmektedir. Muhibbî, bu bilgilere sadece İbrâhim’in 1026 (1617) yılında vefat ettiğini eklemiştir. Yanlışlığı apaçık olan bu mâlûmata dayanarak İdrîs-i Muhtefî’nin Hamza Bâlî’nin torunu olduğunu söylemek oldukça iddialı bir yaklaşımdır. İdrîs-i Muhtefî’nin çağdaşı Atâî’de ve Semerâtü’l-fuâd , Sergüzeşt gibi Melâmî kaynaklarında ve tarikat geleneğinde de böyle bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır.
Önceki dönemlerde taşrada faaliyet gösteren Hamzaviyye, İdrîs-i Muhtefî ile İstanbul’da, fütüvvet ehli esnaf arasında yayılmaya başlamıştır. Bu devirde Fatih Kırkçeşme’de Peştamalcılar Hanı’ndaki dokumacı esnafının Hamzavî olduğu, Sarı Abdullah Efendi’nin Hamzaviyye’ye burada intisap ettiği bilinmektedir (La‘lîzâde Abdülbâki, s. 43). İdrîs-i Muhtefî’nin ayrıca âlimler, şairler ve devlet adamlarından da birçok müridi vardı. Şeyhülislâm Ebülmeyâmin Mustafa Efendi, Sadrazam Kayserili Halil Paşa, Reîsülküttâb Sarı Abdullah Efendi, Şair Tıflî Ahmed Çelebi bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Sütçü Beşir Ağa, Hacı Kabâyî Efendi, Lâmekânî Hüseyin Efendi, Olanlar Şeyhi İbrâhim Efendi, Bezcizâde Mehmed Muhyiddin gibi Melâmîlik tarihinin önemli isimleri onun müridleri arasında yer almaktadır.
İdrîs-i Muhtefî’den günümüze, mensuplarından olduğu anlaşılan Hakiki Bey’in İrşâdnâme ’sinde yer alan “devr”e dair bir sayfalık metinle (vr. 43a ; ayrıca bk. Sarı Abdullah Efendi, s. 16-17; La‘lîzâde Abdülbâki, s. 71-72; Tomar-Melâmîlik , s. 56) Olanlar Şeyhi İbrâhim Efendi’nin naklettiği bir sözü (Sun‘ullah Gaybî, vr. 29a ), hece vezniyle yazılmış on beş kıtadan meydana gelen şathiyesi ve iki gazeli ulaşmıştır. Şathiye, Ali Şermî Efendi (Süleymaniye Ktp., Nâfiz Paşa, nr. 419) ve Ahmed Remzi Dede (Akyürek) tarafından şerhedilmiştir (metni için bk. Hüseyin Vassâf, II, 309 vd.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Münâvî, el-Kevâkib (nşr. Abdülhamîd Sâlih Hamdân), Kahire, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-Ezheriyye), IV, 163-164.
Atâî, Zeyl-i Şekāik , s. 603-604.
Hakiki Bey, İrşadnâme, Süleymaniye Ktp., Mihrişah Sultan, nr. 203, vr. 46a .
Abdülmecid Sivâsî, Dürer-i Akāid, Süleymaniye Ktp., Mihrişah Sultan, nr. 300, vr. 68b .
Olanlar Şeyhi İbrâhim Efendi, Divan, İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 333, s. 47.
Kâtib Çelebi, Fezleke , II, 373-374.
a.mlf., Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1613.
Sarı Abdullah Efendi, Semerâtü’l-fuâd, İstanbul 1288, s. 16-17, 258-263.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 399, 425.
Muhibbî, Ḫulâṣatü’l-es̱er , I, 16-17.
Mehmed Nazmi Efendi, Hediyyetü’l-ihvân , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 1604, vr. 69a .
Sun‘ullah Gaybî, Sohbetnâme, Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 3137, vr. 29a .
La‘lîzâde Abdülbâki, Sergüzeşt, İstanbul, ts., s. 41-49, 71-72.
Müstakimzâde, Risâle-i Melâmiyye-i Şettâriyye , İÜ Ktp., İbnülemin, nr. 3357, vr. 43a -55a .
Mehmed Tevfik, Mecmûatü’t-terâcim , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 192, vr. 25a -26a .
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 23.
Tomar-Melâmîlik , s. 56-59.
Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne , II, 309-315.
Abdülbaki [Gölpınarlı], Melâmîlik ve Melâmîler , İstanbul 1931, s. 123-128.
Tayyib Okiç, “Quelques documents inédits concernant les hamzavites”, Proceedings of the Twenty Second Congress of Orientalists (haz. Zeki Velidi Togan), Leiden 1957, II, 286-297.
Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, Osmanlı Toplumunda Zındıklar ve Mülhidler (15-17. yüzyıllar) , İstanbul 1998, s. 310-313.
Cengiz Gündoğdu, “XVII. Yüzyıl Osmanlısında İki Farklı Sufi Tipi”, İlam Araştırma Dergisi , II/2, İstanbul 1997, s. 21-39.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 489-491 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.