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İDRÎSÎ, Şerîf Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Abdillâh b. İdrîs eş-Şerîf es-Sebtî es-Sıkıllî (ö. 560/1165)
İslâm coğrafyacısı ve botanik âlimi.
İdrîsîler hânedanının kurucusu I. İdrîs’in soyundandır. Çağdaşı İbn Bişrûn ve İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî ile daha sonra yaşayan Safedî’nin dışındaki İslâm biyografi müellifleri hayatından bahsetmezler. Bazı araştırmacılar onun bu şekilde ihmal edilmesini, Sicilya Norman kralları II. Roger ve I. Guillaume’un hizmetinde bulunmasına bağlamakta iseler de bunun asıl sebebi, daha çok o devirde fazla revaçta olmayan coğrafya ve botanik sahalarında çalışmasıdır; İmâdüddin ile Safedî’nin özellikle onun edipliği üzerinde durmaları da bu görüşü doğrulamaktadır. Hakkındaki bilgi azlığına rağmen yapılan çeşitli araştırmalar sonunda onun 493 (1100) yılında Sebte’de (Ceuta) doğduğu, öğrenimini Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) tamamladığı, İspanya ve Kuzey Afrika’da çıktığı uzun seyahatlerden sonra II. Roger’in (1130-1154) ilk yıllarında Sicilya’nın başşehri Palermo’ya yerleştiği ve burada öldüğü tesbit edilmiştir.
Eserleri. 1. Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ fi’ḥtirâḳı’l-âfâḳ . İdrîsî asıl şöhretini II. Roger için yazdığı bu coğrafya kitabına borçludur. Aynı zamanda Kitâbu Rucâr (Roger) ve el-Kitâbü’r-Rucârî adıyla da bilinen ve Şevval 548’de (Ocak 1154) tamamlanan eser iklimlere göre düzenlenmiştir. Kitapta yedi iklimden her biri onar cüze taksim edilmiş, mukaddimedeki dünya haritasından başka her iklim cüzünün başında da oranın haritası verilmiştir. İbn Havkal, İbn Hurdâzbih ve Ceyhânî gibi İslâm coğrafyacılarının eserleri yanında İdrîsî, Batlamyus’un Kitâbü’l-Coġrâfyâ ’sından ve şifahî bilgilerden de faydalanmıştır. Batlamyus coğrafya okulunun en meşhur takipçilerinden olan İdrîsî’nin Batlamyus’un haritalarında önemli değişiklikler yaptığı da görülür (bk. HARİTA ). Kitabında dünyayı ekvatorla ikiye ayırmakta ve güney yarım kürenin, sıcaklığından dolayı canlıların yaşamasına elverişli olmadığını söyledikten sonra kuzey yarım küreyi yedi iklim halinde ekvatordan kuzeye doğru incelemekte ve her iklimi batıdan doğuya doğru çeşitli bölgelere ayırmaktadır. Mukaddimede Hamâh (Çanâh) b. Hâkān el-Kîmâbî adında bir Türk coğrafyacısının kitabından bahsetmesi ve yer çekimini mıknatısın demiri çektiği gibi yerin de cisimleri çektiği ve havadaki cisimlerin yere doğru düşmesinin sebebinin bu olduğu şeklinde açıklaması eserde yer alan önemli hususlar arasındadır. Bir dünya coğrafyası olan Nüzhetü’l-müştaḳ , Ortaçağ’da İslâm dünyasında yazılmış yerkürenin genel ve sistematik coğrafyası üzerindeki en kapsamlı çalışmalardan biri olup Avrupa hakkında gerçeğe en yakın bilgileri veren ilk eserdir. Çeşitli ülkelerin ve özellikle Batı Avrupa ülkelerinin haritaları tarihte ilk defa aslına uygun sayılabilecek bir şekilde çizilmiştir. Türkler’in yaşadığı topraklar hakkında yapılan açıklamalar ise daha önceki coğrafyacılara göre geniş olmakla birlikte zaman zaman efsanevî bilgiler ve asılsız rivayetlerle muğlak bir hal almaktadır.
Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ ’ın, kimin tarafından yapıldığı belirtilmeyen ve seçmelerden oluşan eksik bir nüshası Kitâbü Nüzheti’l-müştâḳ fî ẕikri’l-emṣâr ve’l-aḳṭâr ve’l-büldân ve’l-cüẕûr ve’l-medâyin ve’l-âfâḳ adıyla neşredilmiştir (Roma 1592 ⟶ Frankfurt 1992 [Islamic Geography, ed. Fuat Sezgin, c. I]). Bu neşir Gabriel Sionita ve Johannes Hesronita tarafından Latince’ye çevrilmiş ve Geographia Nubiensis adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Paris 1619). Eserin Arapça tam metni (haritalar dışında), ilk defa Roma’daki Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente ve Napoli’deki Istituto Universitario Orientale adlı kuruluşların iş birliğiyle Enrico Cerulli, Giorgio Levi Della Vida, Francesco Gabrieli ve Laura Veccia Vaglieri’nin de aralarında bulunduğu İtalyan müsteşrikler heyeti tarafından, sonuncusu indeks olmak üzere dokuz fasikül halinde neşredilmiş (Opus Geographicum , Leiden 1970-1984), ardından bu neşir esas alınarak eser iki cilt halinde yeniden basılmıştır (Beyrut 1409/1989). Haritalar ise daha önce Konrad Miller’in yayımladığı Mappae Arabicae: Arabische Welt- und Länderkarten des 9.-13. Jahrhunderts (I-VI, Stuttgart 1926-1931) adlı eserde yer almıştı (I/2-3; VI. [yeni baskısı: Weltkarte des Arabers Idrisi vom Jahre 1154 , Stuttgart 1981]). Kitabın tamamına yakın tercümesi Fransızca olup Pierre-Amédée Jaubert tarafından yapılmıştır (Géographie d’Édrisi , I-II, Paris 1836-1840 ⟶ Frankfurt 1992 [Islamic Geography, ed. Fuat Sezgin, c. II-III]), ancak bu tercümede birçok hata tesbit edilmiştir.
Birçok araştırmacının dikkatini çekmiş olan Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ ’ın coğrafî bölgelere göre parça neşirleri ve tercümeleri de yapılmış, üzerinde çeşitli araştırmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmalardan bazıları şöyle sıralanabilir: Reinhart Dozy – Michael Jan de Goeje, Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne , Leiden 1866, 1968 ⟶ Frankfurt 1992 (Islamic Geography, ed. Fuat Sezgin, c. IV); Jose Antonio Conde, Description de Espanā de Xerif Aledris, conocido por el Nubiense , Madrid 1799; Eduardo Saavedra, “La Geografia de España del Edrisí” (Boletín de la Real Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid , X [1881], s. 249-255, 376-387; XI [1881], s. 102-115; XII [1882], s. 46-54; XIV [1883], s. 81-91; XVIII [1885], s. 224-242; XXVII [1889], s. 166-181); Cesar E. Dubler, “Los Caminos a Compostela en la obra de Idrīsī” (al-Andalus , XIV [1949], s. 59-122); “Der Afroindo-malajische Raum bei Idrisi” (Asiatische Studien , I/4 [1956], s. 19-59) ve “Idrisiana Hispanica” (al-Andalus , XXX [1965], s. 89-137); Alfred Felix Landon Beeston, “Idrisi’s Account of the British Isles” (BSOAS , XIII [1950], s. 265-280); Wilhelm Hoenerbach, Deutschland und seine Nachbarländer nach der grossen Geographie des Idrīsī , Stuttgart 1937-1938; Michele Amari, “Il libro di Re Ruggiero ossia la Geografia di Edrisi” (Bolletino della Societa Geografica Italiana , VII [1872], s. 1-24) ve Dal Kitab Nuzhat al-Mushtāq ecc. (Sollazzo per chi si diletta di girare il mondo) per Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd Allāh Ibn Idrīs, Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula (Torino-Roma 1880, I, 33-133); Johannes Gildemeister, Idrīsī’s Palaestina und Syrien im arabischen Text (Bonn 1885); Wilhelm Tomaschek, “Zur Kunde des Hämus-Halbinsel. II. Die Handelswege im 12. Jahrhundert nach den Erkundigungen des Arabers Idrîsî” (Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften , CXIII, [Wien 1886], s. 285-373); Theodor Nöldeke, “Ein Abschnitt aus dem arabischen Geographen Idrisi” (Verhandlungen der Gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat , VII [Dorpat 1873], s. 1-12); Oiva J. Tuulio (Tallgren), Du nouveau sur Idrīsī (SO , VI/3, Helsinki 1936); Oiva J. Tuulio – A. M. Tallgren, Idrīsī La Finlande et les autres pays baltiques orientaux (SO , III, Helsinki 1930); Joannis Melchioris Hartmann, Commentatio de geographia Africae Edrisiana (Gottingae 1791) ve Edrisii descriptio Africae (Göttingae 1796); E. F. C. Rosenmüller, “Syria descripta a Scherifo el-Edrisio et Khalil Ben-Schahin Dhaheri” (Analecta Arabica [Leipzig 1828]); Johanes Gildemeister, “Beiträge zur Palästinakunde aus arabischen Quellen 5. Idrīsī” (Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästinavereins , VIII [1885], s. 117-145); R. A. Brandel, Om och ur den Arabiska Geographen Idrīsī (Uppsala 1894); Sayyid Maqbul Ahmad, India and the Neighbouring Territories as Described by the Sharīf al-Idrīsī in his Kitāb Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fi ikhtirāq al-‘Āfāq (I, Aligarh 1954; II, Leiden 1960); Michele Amari – Celestino Schiaparelli, L’Italia descritta nel “Libro del Re Ruggero” compilato da Edrisi. Testo arabo pubblicato con versione enote (Torino 1883); Richard Ekblom, “Idrīsī und die Ortsnamen der Ostseeländer” (Namn och Bygd. Tidskrift för Nordisk Ortnamnsforskning , XIX [Uppsala 1931], s. 1-81); Tadeusz Lewicki, “A Propos de la Genèse du “Nuzhat al-Muštāq fi’Ḫtıraq al-Afāq” d’al-Idrīsī” (Studi Magrebini , I [Napoli 1966], s. 41-55); Vincenza Grassi, “La Libia nel Nuzhat al-Muštāq fī Iḫtirāq al-āfāq di al-Idrīsī” (Studi Magrebini , XXII [Napoli 1990], s. 37-57; XXIII [Napoli 1991], s. 1-22); Giuseppina Igonetti, “Le citazioni del testo geografico di al-Idrīsī nel Taqwīm al-buldān di Abū’l-Fidā” (Studi Magrebini , VIII [1976], s. 39-52). Bunlardan başka İbrâhim Şevket, Irak ve el-Cezîre ile (Bağdat 1962-1963) Arabistan (MMİIr. , XXI [1971], s. 3-72), Fuâd Seyyid Yemen (Roma 1971), İsmâil el-Arabî İfrîkıye ve Endülüs (Cezayir 1983), Muhammed Hâc Sâdık Mağrib’le (Cezayir 1983) ilgili bölümleri neşretmişlerdir. Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ üzerinde şarkiyatçılar tarafından yapılan parça neşri, tercüme ve diğer çalışmalardan bir kısmını Fuat Sezgin toplu halde yeniden yayımlamıştır (Studies on al-Idrīsī , Islamic Geography serisi içinde, Frankfurt 1992, c. V-VIII) (Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ ’la ilgili çalışmalar hakkında ayrıca bk. EI2 [Fr.] , III, 1059-1061).
Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ ’ın iki muhtasarı bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan Cenyü’l-ezhâr mine’r-ravżi’l-miʿṭâr adını taşıyanın (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Coğrafya, nr. 458) uzun bir süre İbn Abdülmün‘im el-Himyerî’nin er-Ravżü’l-miʿṭâr adlı eserinin muhtasarı olduğu zannedilmiştir. Ayrıca ihtisarı yaptığı kaydedilen Hâfız Şehâbeddin Ahmed el-Makrîzî’nin de meşhur Takıyyüddin el-Makrîzî olup olmadığı tartışmalıdır (Kubiak, FO , I/2 [1960], s. 198-200). Bu muhtasarın Mısır’la ilgili kısmı Gaston Wiet tarafından Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (“Un résumé d’Idrīsī”, Bulletin de la Société royale de géographie d’Egypte , XX [Kahire 1939], s. 161-201). Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ ’ın Kitâbü’l-Coġrâfiyyeti’l-külliyye ey ṣûretü’l-arż (Ḫarîṭatü’l-ʿâlem) adını taşıyan diğer muhtasarını Cevâd Ali neşretmiştir (Bağdat 1951).
2. Ünsü’l-mühec ve ravżü’l-fürec (Ravżü’l-fürec ve nüzhetü’l-mühec) . Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ ’ın ilâveli bir muhtasarı mahiyetindedir. Kitapta, ekvatorun güneyinde kalan sekizinci bir iklimden daha söz edilmektedir. Fuat Sezgin, eserin sonunda verilen 588 (1192) yılının kitabın telifinin veya istinsahının tamamlandığı tarih olmayıp telif tarihinde yanlışlık yapılmasından kaynaklandığını, ayrıca eserde İbn Saîd el-Mağribî’nin zikredilmesinin de sonradan yapılmış bir ilâve olduğunu belirtir (Ünsü’l-mühec ve ravżü’l-fürec , neşredenin girişi). Avrupalı kâşiflerin İbn Saîd’in kitabı gibi bu eserden de faydalanmış olmaları muhtemeldir. Kitabın Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan iki yazmasının (Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa, nr. 688; Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 1289) Fuat Sezgin tarafından tıpkıbasımı yapılmıştır (Frankfurt 1984). Eseri Jassim Abid Mizal İspanyolca tercümesi ve notlarla birlikte neşretmiştir (Los caminos de al-Andalus en el siglo XII según “Uns al-muhay warawd al-furay” [Soloz de corazones y prados de contemplacion], Madrid 1989).
3. el-Câmiʿ li-ṣıfâtı eştâti’n-nebât ve ḍurûbi envâʿi’l-müfredât mine’l-eşcâr ve’s̱-s̱imâr ve’l-ḥaşâʾiş (Kitâbü Edviyeti’l-müfrede, Kitâbü’l-Müfredât) . Botanik ve eczacılıkla ilgili olup İbnü’l-Baytâr tarafından çokça istifade edildiği bilinmektedir. Eserde bir bitkinin bazan on iki farklı dildeki karşılıkları da verilir. İslâm dünyasındaki tıp, eczacılık ve botanikle ilgili çalışmalarıyla bilinen Max Meyerhof, “Über die Pharmakologie und Botanik des arabischen Geographen Edrisi” (Archiv für Geschichte der Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik , XII [Leipzig 1930], s. 45-53) ve diğer makalelerinde eseri muhtelif yönleriyle incelemiştir. Fuat Sezgin, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi (Fâtih, nr. 3610) ve Tahran Kitâbhâne-i Meclis-i Sinâ (nr. 18420) nüshalarının tıpkıbasımını yapmıştır (Frankfurt 1995). Kitabın İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde 659 (1261) tarihli bir nüshası daha bulunmaktadır (AY, nr. 1343).
İdrîsî’nin çağdaşı olan İbn Bişrûn, onun Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ ’tan sonra I. Guillaume için Ravżü’l-üns ve nüzhetü’n-nefs adıyla başka bir coğrafya kitabı yazdığını belirtmekle birlikte bu eserin şimdiye kadar herhangi bir yazması tesbit edilememiştir. Ebü’l-Fidâ’nın Taḳvîmü’l-büldân ’da İdrîsî’den aktardığı bazı parçaların bu kitaba ait olması muhtemeldir. Çünkü bu parçalarla Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ ’ın aynı konulara ait metinleri birbirinden farklıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şerîf el-İdrîsî, Ünsü’l-mühec ve ravżü’l-fürec (nşr. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1405/1984, neşredenin girişi.
İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî, Ḫarîdetü’l-ḳaṣr: Ḳısmü şuʿarâʾi’l-Maġrib , Tunus 1970, II, 260.
Ebü’l-Fidâ, Taḳvîmü’l-büldân (nşr. J. T. Reinaud – M. G. de Slane), Paris 1840 ⟶ Frankfurt 1992, s. 1.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , I, 163-164.
Sarton, Introduction , II/1, s. 410-412.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 477; Suppl. , I, 876-877.
I. J. Kračkovskij, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-coġrâfiyyi’l-ʿArabî (trc. Selâhaddin Osman Hâşim), Kahire 1963, I, 279-294.
Abdülazîz Sâlim, et-Târîḫ ve’l-müʾerrihûne’l-ʿArab , İskenderiye 1967, s. 193-194.
Nizâr el-Esved, eş-Şerîf el-İdrîsî , Dımaşk 1987.
Muhammed Abdülganî Hasan, eş-Şerîf el-İdrîsî , Kahire 1971.
Hannâ el-Fâhûrî, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî fi’l-Maġrib , Beyrut 1982, s. 272-282.
Hüseyin Mûnis, Târîḫu’l-coġrâfiyye ve’l-coġrâfiyyîn fi’l-Endelüs , Kahire 1986, s. 165-280.
a.mlf., “Description of Egypt by Idrīsī”, Studi Magrebini , XVI, Napoli 1984, s. 1-53.
a.mlf., “Commentary on the Chapters on Egypt of Nuzhat al-Mustāḳ by al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī”, a.e. , XVIII (1986), s. 13-60; XX (1988), s. 45-112.
Abdullah Kennûn, “eş-Şerîf el-İdrîsî”, Mevsûʿatu meşâhîri ricâli’l-Maġrib , Beyrut 1414/1994, III, nr. 24.
Şeşen, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-İslâmî , s. 132.
Wladyslaw Kubiak, “Some Westand Middle-European Geographical Names According to the Abridgement of Idrīsī’s Nuzhat al-Muštāḳ, Known as Maḳrīzī’s Ğany al-Azhār min ar-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār”, FO , I/2 (1960), s. 198-208.
Giovanni Oman, “A propos du second ouvrage géographique attributé au géographe arabe al-Idrīsī: Le Rawḍ al-uns wa nuzhat al-nafs”, a.e. , XII (1970), s. 187-193.
a.mlf., “Notizie bibliografiche sul geografo arabo al-Idrisī (XII secolo) e sulle sue opere”, Studi Magrebini , XXII, Napoli 1990, s. 9-36.
a.mlf., “al-Idrīsī”, EI2 (Fr.) , III, 1058-1061.
Frances Gies, “Al-Idrīsī and Roger’s Book”, Aramco World Magazine , XXVIII/4, Houston 1977, s. 14-19.
Mikel de Epalza, “Estudio del texto de al-Idrīsī Alicante”, Sharq al-Andalus , II, Alicante 1985, s. 215-232.
E. S. Kennedy, “Geographical Latitudes in al-Idrīsī’s World Map”, Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften , III, Frankfurt 1986, s. 265-268.
İbrâhim Hûrî, “eş-Şerîf el-İdrîsî coġrâfiyyûn mevṣûʿiyyûn ʿâlemiyyûn fî Nüzheti’l-müştâḳ fi’ḫtirâḳı’l-âfâḳ”, el-Meşriḳ , LXVI/1, Beyrut 1992, s. 201-234.
C. F. Seybold, “İdrîsî”, İA , V/2, s. 936-937.
İnâyetullah Rızâ, “İdrîsî”, DMBİ , VII, 342-345.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 493-495 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.