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İFK HADİSESİ Skip to content Hz. Âişe’ye zina iftirası atılması olayı.
Adını, Kur’an’daki olaya ilişkin âyetlerde (en-Nûr 24/11-22) iki defa geçen (en-Nûr 24/11, 12) ifk kelimesinden alır. İfk “iftira, en kötü ve en çirkin yalan” demektir (bk. İFTİRA ). İfk, Kur’an’da ayrıca iki yerde (el-Furkān 25/4; Sebe’ 34/43) sözlük anlamında geçmektedir. İftiraya yol açan ve hemen hemen bütün kaynaklarca Hz. Âişe’den aynı şekilde nakledilen hadise şöyle gelişmiştir: Resûl-i Ekrem Benî Mustaliḳ (Müreysî‘) Gazvesi’nden dönerken beraberinde götürdüğü eşi Âişe, konakladıkları bir yerde sabaha karşı tekrar hareket emri verildiğinde tabii ihtiyacını gidermek üzere ordugâhtan uzaklaşır. Geri gelirken boynundaki Yemen (Zafâr) akiği gerdanlığın düşmüş olduğunu farkeder ve kendisini bekleyecekleri düşüncesiyle dönüp aramaya koyulur; ancak karanlıkta onu bulup el yordamıyla tanelerini toplayıncaya kadar çok vakit kaybeder. Konak yerine geldiğinde diğerlerinin hareket ettiğini görür ve yokluğunu anlayınca aramaya çıkacakları inancıyla orada beklemeye başlar; bu arada uyuyakalır. Ordunun artçılarından Safvân b. Muattal es-Sülemî görevi gereği kamp yerini kontrol ederken onu bulur ve devesine bindirip hayvanı yederek orduya yetiştirir; fakat hızlı yürümekle birlikte kendisi yaya olduğu için kafileye ancak kuşluk sıcağında mola verdikleri zaman ulaşabilir.
Söz konusu gecikme başlangıçta kötüye yorumlanmamış, hatta kimsenin dikkatini bile çekmemişken, hicretten önce Hazrec kabilesinin reisi olan ve Medine’nin yönetimi kendisine verilmek üzere iken Hz. Peygamber’in gelmesiyle bundan mahrum kalan Abdullah b. Übey b. Selûl’ün başlattığı dedikoduyla birlikte iç huzursuzluklara yol açan önemli bir olay halini almıştır. İslâmiyet’i istemeyerek kabul ettiği için münafıkların reisi diye bilinen Abdullah b. Übey ile adamlarının Resûl-i Ekrem’i ve kayınpederi Hz. Ebû Bekir’i küçük düşürmeye ve aralarını açmaya yönelik sözleri, bazı müminlerin de katılmasıyla (kaynaklar bunlardan Hassân b. Sâbit, Mistah b. Üsâse ve Hamne bint Cahş’ın adını vermektedir) kısa zamanda yayılma istidadı göstermişti. Sefer dönüşü rahatsızlanarak bir ay kadar yatan Hz. Âişe ise bunu duymamış, sadece bu süre içerisinde daha önceki rahatsızlıklarında gösterdiği ilgiyi göstermeyen Resûlullah’ın odasına seyrek uğramasından bir şeyler olduğunu sezmişti. Hz. Âişe, hastalığının nekāhet döneminde bir tesadüfle babasının teyze kızı Ümmü Mistah’tan oğlunun bu dedikoduyu anlattığını duymuş ve üzüntüsünden tekrar hastalanmış, arkasından da Hz. Peygamber’den izin alıp babasının evine gitmişti.
Olaya son derece üzülen ve nasıl bir hükme varacağı hususunda uzunca bir süre tereddütte kalan Resûl-i Ekrem sonunda konuyu bazı yakınlarıyla istişare etmeye karar verdi. Eşleri arasında Âişe’ye rakip olmasıyla tanınan Zeyneb bint Cahş’a, onun eski kocası ve kendi evlâtlığı Zeyd b. Hârise’nin oğlu Üsâme’ye ve damadı Hz. Ali’ye (bazı rivayetlere göre ayrıca Hz. Osman ve Ömer’e) düşüncelerini sordu. Bunlardan Zeyneb ile Üsâme, Âişe’den hiçbir şekilde şüphelenmediklerini söylerken Hz. Ali görüşünü, “Yâ Resûlellah! Allah senin evliliğine bir sınır koymamıştır; Âişe gibi pek çok kadın var. Fakat yine de işin aslını öğrenmek için onun hizmetçisini sorguya çekmelisin” diye bildirdi. Bunun üzerine Resûlullah Berîre adlı câriye ile konuştu, kendisinden Hz. Âişe’nin lehine şahadetten başka, “O, evinde hamurunu yoğururken uyuyakalan ve hamuru kuzuya yediren gencecik bir kadındır” cevabını aldı. Berîre’nin bu sözleri, Âişe’yi mâsum fakat genç yaşta olması sebebiyle tedbirsiz bulduğunu göstermesi bakımından ilginçtir. Daha sonra Resûl-i Ekrem Mescid-i Nebevî’de konuyu halka açtı ve bu dedikodulardan kurtarılmasını istedi. Ancak Sa‘d b. Muâz ile Sa‘d b. Ubâde arasında başlayan münakaşa neticesinde Evs ve Hazrec kabilelerine mensup bazı kişiler İslâm öncesinde olduğu gibi tartışmaya girdiler. Hz. Peygamber de mescidden ayrılarak Ebû Bekir’in evine gitti. Âişe’nin anlattığına göre, kendisinin yattığı odaya girince dedikoduların çıktığı günden beri ilk defa yanına oturarak söylenenleri tekrar etmiş ve, “Eğer mâsum isen Allah seni temize çıkaracaktır, bir günah işledinse tövbe et ve affını dile; Allah tövbekârları bağışlar” demiştir. Âişe, Peygamber’in dedikodulara inandığını, bu sebeple de ne söylese şüphe ile karşılayacağını ifade etmiş ve artık Hz. Ya‘kūb gibi sabredip Allah’tan yardım dilemekten başka çaresinin bulunmadığını (Yûsuf 12/18) söylemiştir. Bu sırada uzun süredir beklenen vahiy gelmeye başlamıştır. Nûr sûresinin 11. âyetinden itibaren başlayıp devam eden ilâhî beyanda çirkin iftirayı çıkaranın büyük bir azaba mâruz bırakılacağı ifade edilmekte, ona alet olup dedikoduyu yayanların bir avuç insandan ibaret olduğu bildirilmekte, bunun yanında söylentileri duyan kadın erkek bütün müslümanların duyarsız ve bilinçsiz davranışları da kınanmaktadır. Zira olay, insanoğluna yöneltilebilecek en çirkin bir iftira olduktan başka Peygamber’in mâsum eşini hedef almış ve dolayısıyla müslüman toplumun tamamı itham altında bırakılmıştır. Onlar bu haberi duyduklarında basîretlerini kullanarak, “Böyle bir söylentiye alet olmak bize asla yakışmaz. Hâşâ! Bu çok büyük bir iftiradır” demeli ve Resûl-i Ekrem’in mâsum ailesiyle müslüman toplumun onurunu korumalıydı. Âyet-i kerîmelerde bundan böyle benzeri gafletlere düşmemeleri konusunda müslümanlar uyarılmakta ve rencide olan Peygamber ailesinin yine de hoşgörü ve affedicilikle davranması tavsiye edilmektedir. Hz. Âişe, kendisini fazlasıyla üzüp zor duruma düşüren iftira hadisesinin sonuç itibariyle hakkında hayırlı olduğunu anlamış ve şahsı vesilesiyle on âyetin birden inmesini ömrünün sonuna kadar hayatının en şerefli hadisesi olarak kabul etmiştir.
Resûl-i Ekrem, Hz. Âişe’nin beraatini ilân eden âyetleri Mescid-i Nebevî’de müslümanlara okudu. Sonra da bu çirkin iftirayı yaymakta ileri gitmiş olan Hassân b. Sâbit, Hamne bint Cahş ve Mistah b. Üsâse’ye, iffetli kadına zina isnadında bulundukları için Nûr sûresinin 4. âyetine göre seksener sopa vurulması ve bir daha şahitliklerinin kabul edilmemesi cezasını uyguladı. Bunlardan, Hz. Peygamber tarafından çok sevilen ve “şâirü’n-nebî” diye anılan Hassân b. Sâbit, Âişe’nin iffetini dile getirdiği bir kasideyle onun affını ve teveccühünü kazanmışsa da iftiranın diğer bir kurbanı Safvân b. Muattal’ın gazabından kurtulamamış, bu defa da onu bir şiirle tahrik ettiği için aldığı bir kılıç darbesiyle bir gözünden ve iki elinden sakatlanmıştır. Bunun üzerine Safvân, Resûl-i Ekrem’in emriyle yakalanarak Hassân b. Sâbit’in ölmesi halinde kısas edilmesi için hapse atılmış, fakat davacının kendisini affetmesiyle serbest bırakılmıştır. Hz. Peygamber de Hassân’ın bu davranışından çok memnun olmuş ve Mukavkıs’ın gönderdiği iki kardeş câriyeden Sîrîn’i Beyraha mâlikânesiyle birlikte kendisine hediye etmiştir. Had cezası uygulanan ikinci kişi olan Hamne bint Cahş, Resûlullah nezdinde Âişe’nin itibarını düşürüp kız kardeşi Zeyneb’in konumunu güçlendirmek amacıyla iftira olayına katıldığını söylemiştir. Cezaya çarptırılan üçüncü kişi olan Mistah b. Üsâse Bedir gazilerindendi ve akrabası Hz. Ebû Bekir’den maddî yardım görüyordu. Ebû Bekir, ifk olayından sonra ona artık yardımda bulunmayacağına yemin etti; ancak nâzil olan Nûr sûresinin 22. âyetiyle bundan vazgeçti. Asıl iftira olayının tertipçisi Abdullah b. Übey b. Selûl’ün cezalandırılıp cezalandırılmadığı kesin biçimde bilinmemektedir. Farklı rivayetlere göre dedikoduyu çıkardığını bizzat kendisinden duyan şahitlerin bulunamaması sebebiyle cezadan kurtulmuş veya kırbaçlanmış, bir rivayete göre ise bu ceza iki misli uygulanmıştır.
Bu hadisede Hz. Âişe’nin bizzat ilâhî beyanla aklanması, art niyetli kimselerin onun iffetine gölge düşürücü nitelikte söz söylemelerini imkânsız hale getirmiştir. Ancak siyasî sebeplerle Âişe’yi eleştiren bazı aşırı Şiî grupları bu olayı istismar etmek istemişlerse de çoğunluğu teşkil eden mutedil Şiîler bunlara karşı çıkmıştır. Öte yandan bir kısım Şiî müfessirleri ifk olayında iftiraya uğrayanın Âişe değil Peygamber’in diğer bir eşi Mâriye olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. Onlara göre Resûl-i Ekrem, oğlu İbrâhim’in vefatı münasebetiyle üzüldüğünde Âişe, “Niçin üzülüyorsun, o Cüreyc’in oğludur” diyerek Mâriye’ye iftira atmış, bunun üzerine ilgili âyetler nâzil olmuştur (Tabâtabâî, XV, 103-104). Güvenilir bir kaynağa dayanmayan bu rivayetin Âişe’ye karşı duyulan siyasî iğbirârın eseri olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
İfk hadisesi hakkında Nûr sûresinin açıklanması münasebetiyle bütün tefsirlerde, Hz. Âişe’nin anlattıkları dolayısıyla hadis literatüründe ve Mustaliḳ Gazvesi’nin bir ayrıntısı olduğu için de tarih ve siyer kitaplarında geniş bilgi bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca bu konuda müstakil risâleler de kaleme alınmış olup başlıcaları şunlardır: Muhammed el-Medâinî, Ḫaberü’l-İfk (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 154); Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî, er-Red ʿalâ ehli’l-İfk (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 318-319); Abdülkerîm b. Heysem ed-Deyr‘âkûlî, Ḥadîs̱ü’l-İfk (Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye, Tasavvuf, nr. 121); Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, Ḥadîs̱ü’l-İfk (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 396); Abdülganî el-Cemmâîlî, Ḥadîs̱ü’l-İfk (nşr. Ebû İsmâil Hişâm b. İsmâil es-Sekkā, Riyad 1405/1985); müellifi belli olmayan Ḥadîs̱ü İfk (Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., Kemankeş Emîr Hasan, Arapça, nr. 3743, vr. 74a -77b ); Muhammed Ârif b. Ahmed el-Müneyyir el-Hüseynî ed-Dımaşkī, Kitâbü’l-Ḥuṣûni’l-menîʿa fî berâʾeti’s-seyyide ʿÂʾişe eṣ-Ṣıddîḳa bi’ttifâḳı Ehli’s-sünne ve’ş-Şîʿa (MÜİF Ktp., Cemal Öğüt, nr. 1186; Dârü’l-kütüb, Tarih, nr. 4040). Seyyid Kutub’un Fî Ẓılâli’l-Ḳurʾân adlı tefsirinde İfk hadisesiyle ilgili bölüm de Ḥadîs̱ü’l-İfk adıyla müstakil olarak basılmıştır (Kahire 1404/1984).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 507-509 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.