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İFRÎKIYE Skip to content Ortaçağ’da Araplar’ın Mağrib’in doğusuna, bugünkü Tunus ve civarına verdikleri isim.
İfrîkıyye kelimesinin kökeni hakkında farklı görüş ve rivayetler bulunmaktadır. Kelimenin Latince Africa’nın Arapçalaşmış şekli olduğunu söyleyen bazı Batılı araştırmacılar, çok eski devirlerde Kartaca ve civarında yaşayanlara Latince’de Afri denildiğini, bölgenin adının ise mitolojik Libya Prensesi Katûrâ’nın oğlu Afer’den geldiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Romalılar, Kartaca ve yöresinde kurdukları vilâyete Provincia Africa, Bizanslılar ise buraya Africa ismini vermişler, daha sonra Araplar bu kelimeyi İfrîkıye haline dönüştürmüşlerdir (İA , V/2, s. 939; EI2 [İng.] , III, 1047-1048). İslâm coğrafyacıları ve tarihçileri de İfrîkıye kelimesinin kökeni hakkında çeşitli rivayetler nakletmişlerdir. Bir rivayete göre Yemen Kralı İfrîkīs b. Ebrehe (İfrîkīs b. Kays), bölgeyi ele geçirince bugünkü Kayrevan şehrinin bulunduğu yerde kendi adıyla anılan İfrîkīs şehrini kurmuş, bu kelime zamanla İfrîkıye olmuştur. İkinci rivayet, Nûh peygamberin torunlarından Fâriḳ b. Baysar b. Hâm’ın bölgeyi yurt edinmesiyle ilgilidir. Fâriḳ ile kardeşi Mısr aralarında toprak taksimatı yapmışlar, Mısır Mısr b. Baysar’da kalmış, batıya göç eden Fâriḳ’ın ismine izâfeten buraya Fâriḳ denilmiş, kelime daha sonra İfrîkıye şekline dönüşmüştür. İfrîkıye’nin “ayırmak, tefrik etmek” anlamına gelen Arapça fark kökünden geldiği, Mısır ile Mağrib’i birbirinden ayırdığı için bölgeye bu adın verildiği de rivayet edilir. Bazıları da Afrika kıtasının Akdeniz ile Avrupa’dan, Nil ile Asya’dan ayrıldığı için bölgenin böyle anıldığını söyler (İA , V/2, s. 939). Mısır tarihçilerinden İbn Abdülhakem’e göre İfrîkıye adı burada yaşayan ve kendilerine el-Efârika denilen bir topluluktan gelmektedir (Fütûḥu Mıṣr , s. 185).
“Göklerin kraliçesi” anlamına da geldiği kaydedilen (Bekrî, I, 176-177) İfrîkıye’nin sınırları konusundaki görüşleri üç grup halinde toplamak mümkündür. Birinci grup rivayetlerde İfrîkıye’nin Mağrib’de bir şehir olduğu, İslâm fetihlerinden sonra şehrin kalıntıları üzerine Ukbe b. Nâfi‘ tarafından 50 (670) yılında Kayrevan’ın kurulduğu nakledilmektedir (Ya‘kūbî, s. 357; İbn Hurdâzbih, s. 87; Bekrî, I, 176; Yâkūt, I, 324). İkinci grupta İfrîkıye’nin bütün Mağrib’i içine aldığı (İstahrî, s. 36-37), üçüncü grup rivayetlerde ise Berka ile Tanca arasında kalan yerleri kapsadığı belirtilmektedir (Makdisî, s. 216-218; Yâkūt, I, 325). İbn Haldûn, İfrîkıye’yi çok defa Tunus’un orta ve kuzey kısmı için kullanmış, Trablus, Kostantîne ve Cerîd eyaletlerini bölgeye dahil etmemiştir. Günümüzde bu isim bütün kıta için kullanılmakta, Mağrib de dahil olmak üzere kıtanın kuzey bölgesine Şimâl-i İfrîkıyye denilmektedir.
İfrîkıye’ye sırasıyla Kartacalılar olarak da bilinen Fenikeliler (m.ö. 846-146), Romalılar (m.ö. 146 – m.s. 439), Vandallar (439-535) ve Bizanslılar (535-647) hâkim olmuştur. İslâm fetihleri sırasında bölgede putperestlik ve Hıristiyanlık yaygındı. Halkın çoğunluğunu oluşturan Berberîler’in ekserisi putperestti.
23 (643-44) yılında Trablusgarp’ı fethettikten sonra İfrîkıye’nin bazı yerleşim alanlarına askerî birlikler gönderen Amr b. Âs, Hz. Ömer’e bir mektup yazarak İfrîkıye’nin fethine çıkmak için izin istedi, ancak Ömer İfrîkıye’nin fethine müsaade etmedi. Hz. Osman’dan aldığı izin ve takviye kuvvetlerle 27 (647) yılında İfrîkıye’nin fethine çıkan Abdullah b. Sa‘d b. Ebû Serh 20.000 kişilik ordusuyla, Bizans valisi iken bağımsızlığını ilân eden Gregorios’un 120.000 kişilik ordusunu Sübeytıla’da yendi. Adı Abdullah olan yedi sahâbînin katılması sebebiyle “Gazvetü’l-Abâdile” olarak anılan ve Gregorios’un da öldüğü bu savaşın ardından İfrîkıye’nin ileri gelenleri Abdullah b. Sa‘d’a gelerek yerlerini terketmesi şartıyla her yıl belli bir miktar cizye ödemeyi teklif ettiler. Abdullah da buna razı oldu. Ancak İfrîkıyeliler’in anlaşmayı bozmaları üzerine 33 (653) veya 34’te (654-55) ikinci defa bölgenin fethine çıkan Abdullah onları tekrar itaat altına aldı. Hz. Ali ile Muâviye arasındaki mücadeleler sırasında İfrîkıye ile ilgilenilmedi ve bölge İslâm hâkimiyetinden çıktı. Muâviye iktidarı ele geçirince Muâviye b. Hudeyc’i 40 (660) yılında bölgenin fethiyle görevlendirdi. İfrîkıye’yi yeniden hâkimiyeti altına alan (45/665) Muâviye b. Hudeyc 50 (670) tarihinde azledildi ve yerine Ukbe b. Nâfi‘ getirildi.
Amr b. Âs’ın Mısır’daki ilk valiliğinden itibaren İfrîkıye’nin doğu sınırında Trablusgarp ile Berka’da görev yapan ve çoğunluğu Berberî olan bölge halkını iyi tanıyan Ukbe b. Nâfi‘, İfrîkıye’de devamlı bir ordu bulundurulması gerektiğini düşünüyordu. İlk iş olarak Kayrevan şehrini kurdu (50/670), böylece bölgeyi kontrol imkânını elde etti. Ukbe İfrîkıye’de hâkimiyet sağladıktan sonra Atlas Okyanusu’na kadar uzanan Mağrib’in fethine başladı. Kayrevan Mağrib’deki fetihler için bir karargâh durumuna getirildi.
47’de (667) Mısır valisi olan Mesleme b. Muhalled, 55 (675) yılında Ukbe b. Nâfi‘i uzaklaştırarak yerine Ebü’l-Muhâcir Dînâr’ı tayin ettirdi. Ebü’l-Muhâcir, yedi yıl süren valiliği sırasında Kartaca ve Tunus bölgelerindeki yerlerin fethini tamamladı. Ayrıca Sicilya ve Korsika gibi adalara da seferler düzenleyerek denizden gelebilecek Bizans donanmasının saldırılarını durdurmaya çalıştı. Berberî reislerinden Küseyle b. Lemzem’i yanına alıp ona itibar etmesi sayesinde pek çok Berberî kabilesi müslüman oldu ve İslâm ordusuna katıldı.
Yezîd b. Muâviye, 62 (681-82) yılında Ebü’l-Muhâcir Dînâr’ı azlederek Ukbe b. Nâfi‘i yeniden İfrîkıye valiliğine tayin etti. Ukbe, Ebü’l-Muhâcir’in aksine Berberîler’e sert davrandı ve Küseyle’ye yüz vermedi. İkinci İfrîkıye valiliğinde fetihlere önem veren, es-Sûsü’l-Ednâ ve es-Sûsü’l-Aksâ bölgelerini İslâm hâkimiyetine alan Ukbe b. Nâfi‘, Küseyle ve müttefiki Rumlar tarafından 63’te (682-83) pusuya düşürüldü ve 300 kişiyle birlikte öldürüldü. Bunun üzerine Züheyr b. Kays el-Belevî ve Ömer b. Ali el-Kureşî kumandasında Kayrevan’da kalan İslâm ordusu Berka’ya çekilmek zorunda kaldı. Küseyle kumandasındaki Berberîler İfrîkıye’nin başşehri Kayrevan’a girdiler ve 63-69 (682-689) yılları arasında bölgeye hâkim oldular.
Abdülmelik b. Mervân ile muhaliflerinin iktidar mücadelesi dönemine rastlayan bu yıllarda İfrîkıye ile gereği gibi ilgilenilmedi. Mücadeleden gücünü arttırarak çıkan Abdülmelik b. Mervân, 69’da (688-89) Berka’da beklemekte olan Züheyr b. Kays’ı İfrîkıye valiliğine tayin etti. Züheyr hemen Berberî Küseyle’nin üzerine yürüdü ve yapılan savaşta Küseyle de öldürüldü. Ancak bu arada Bizanslılar, İslâm güçlerinin İfrîkıye seferinde bulunmasını fırsat bilerek Berka’yı işgal etti. Şehri geri almak için mücadele eden Züheyr şehid edildi (69/688-89). Bu olaydan sonra Kâhine adlı bir Berberî, İfrîkıye’nin iç kesimlerinde hâkimiyet kurarken Bizanslılar da Kartaca gibi sahil şehirlerini tekrar ele geçirdiler. Abdülmelik b. Mervân, son muhalifi Abdullah b. Zübeyr’i 73’te (692) bertaraf edince İfrîkıye fetihlerine önem vermeye başladı ve Hassân b. Nu‘mân kumandasında 40.000 kişilik bir orduyu İfrîkıye’ye gönderdi. Hassân, ilk olarak Kartaca’yı Bizanslılar’dan geri aldı. Ancak Kâhine ile yaptığı savaşı kaybetti (77/696). Bu arada Bizanslılar da Kartaca’yı ele geçirdiler (78/697). Hassân tekrar Kâhine üzerine yürüdü ve Bi’rikâhine denilen yerde meydana gelen savaşta Kâhine de öldürüldü. Bunun üzerine Hassân’ın iyi ilişkiler kurduğu Berberîler de İslâmiyet’i kabul ettikleri gibi 12.000 kişilik bir ordu kurarak onun emrine girdiler (82/701). Hem iç karışıklıkların sona ermesiyle hem de Berberîler’le güç kazanan Hassân, Kartaca’yı geri aldı ve burada bir tersane yaptırdı. Kurduğu donanma ile Sicilya’ya ve diğer adalara seferler düzenleyerek Bizanslılar’ın Akdeniz’deki hâkimiyetine önemli ölçüde engel oldu. O zamana kadar Mısır valilerine bağlı olarak faaliyetlerini sürdüren İfrîkıye valileri bu tarihten itibaren doğrudan halife tarafından tayin edilmeye başlandı. Hassân b. Nu‘mân’dan sonra İfrîkıye valiliğine getirilenler Mağrib fetihleriyle de meşgul oldular. Emevîler’in son yıllarında İfrîkıye’de bazı karışıklıklar meydana geldi. Hâricîliği kabul eden Berberîler, 122’de (740) Meysere kumandasında isyan ederek Tanca’ya saldırdılar. Meysere, Vali İsmâil b. Ubeydullah’ı öldürdükten sonra “emîrü’l-mü’minîn” sıfatıyla halifeliğini ilân etti.
Abbâsîler zamanında da iç karışıklıkların hüküm sürdüğü İfrîkıye’ye Herseme b. A‘yen’in çabalarıyla İbrâhim b. Ağleb (I. İbrâhim), Hârûnürreşîd tarafından babadan oğula intikal etmek üzere vali tayin edildi ve böylece Ağlebîler hânedanının temelleri atıldı. İfrîkıye’nin çeşitli bölgelerinde Rüstemîler, Ağlebîler, Fâtımîler, Zîrîler, Hammâdîler, Murâbıtlar, Muvahhidler, Hafsîler, Sa‘dîler ve Senûsîler gibi devletler hüküm sürmüştür.
İfrîkıye 1518’de Osmanlılar’ın hâkimiyetine girdi. Osmanlı Devleti’nin kaptan-ı deryâsı Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa ile kardeşi Turgut Reis bölgede Osmanlı hâkimiyetini yerleştirdiler. 1830 yıllarına kadar Osmanlı idaresinde kalan İfrîkıye bu tarihte Fransızlar tarafından işgal edildi. Libya bölgesinde Senûsîler hüküm sürerken Fransızlar Cezayir ve civarını 1962 yılına kadar ellerinde tuttular. Tunus ve yöresi 1881’de Fransızlar’ın eline geçti. Tunus 1955, Cezayir de 1962’de bağımsız birer devlet oldu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbn Abdülhakem, Fütûḥu Mıṣr (Torrey) , s. 183-187, 192-204.
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a.mlf., “İfrīḳiya”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 1047-1050.
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Nadir Özkuyumcu, Fethinden Emevîler’in Sonuna Kadar Mısır ve Kuzey Afrika: 18-132/639-750 (doktora tezi, 1993), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
G. Yver, “İfrîkıye”, İA , V/2, s. 939-940.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 515-516 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.