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ÎHÂM Skip to content Bir ifadenin kastedilenin dışında bir anlaşılmaya yol açması mânasında bedîî sanat.
Sözlükte îhâm “vehme ve şüpheye düşürme, yanıltma, hayale kaptırma” gibi anlamlara gelir. Aynı kökten gelen tevhîm de bu mânayı ifade eder. Kelime ilk defa terim olarak ve tevriye karşılığında Reşîdüddin Vatvât (ö. 573/1177) tarafından kullanılmış, bu konuda Fahreddin er-Râzî ile Sekkâkî gibi birçok belâgat âlimi de ona uymuştur (Ḥadâʾiḳu’s-siḥr , s. 39; Nihâyetü’l-îcâz , s. 291; Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm , s. 427). Emîr İbn Münkız, îhâmı tevriyeden farklı bir tür niteliğinde tevhîm adıyla ele almış, onu “söz içinde muhatap veya dinleyicinin bir başka kelime hakkında yanılmasına yol açacak bir ifadenin kullanılması” şeklinde tarif etmiş ve örnekleriyle incelemiştir (el-Bedîʿ fî naḳdi’ş-şiʿr , s. 86-87). İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Safiyyüddin el-Hillî, İbn Hicce el-Hamevî ve Abdülganî en-Nablusî gibi “bedîiyyât” sahipleri türün adı ve tanımı konusunda İbn Münkız’ın takipçisi olmuş, îhâmı daha kapsamlı biçimde tanımlamaya çalışmışlardır. Buna göre îhâm “söz içinde bir başka kelimede tashîf, tahrîf veya mâna, i‘rab, iştirak hatalarının bulunduğu vehmini uyandıracak bir ifadenin zikredilmesi” demektir.
İbn Hicce el-Hamevî’ye göre îhâmın tevriyeye dahil edilmesi daha uygundur. Safiyyüddin el-Hillî ile ondan nakilde bulunan İbn Ma‘sûm el-Medenî ise îhâm ile tevriye arasında üç fark bulunduğunu tesbit etmiştir. 1. Tevriyede uzak anlam kastedilmekle birlikte uzak ve yakın olmak üzere iki sahih anlamın bulunduğu izlenimi verilir. Îhâmda ise kastedilen doğrusu olmakla birlikte doğru ve yanlış iki anlamın mevcut olduğu vehmi uyandırılır. 2. Tevriye sadece birden çok anlamı olan lafızlarda olur, îhâm ise her tür kelimede bulunur. 3. Tevriyede bizzat sözü söyleyen bu vehmi uyandırırken îhâmda sözde hata olduğu vehmine kapılan muhatap veya dinleyicidir (Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’l-bedîʿiyye , s. 230).
İlk bakışta hata bulunduğu vehmini uyandıran, ancak üzerinde düşünüldükten sonra taşıdığı inceliğin anlaşılması sebebiyle mânaya güzellik kattığı kabul edilen îhâmın başlıca türleri şunlardır: a) Îhâm-ı ihtilâf-ı i‘râb. Sözün zâhirinin ilk bakışta i‘rab ve nahiv kurallarına aykırıymış görüntüsü vermesidir. Şu âyette bunun bir örneği görülmektedir: ”وَإِنْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ يُوَلُّوكُمُ الْأَدْبَارَ ثُمَّ لَا يُنْصَرُونَ“ (Sizinle savaşa koyulurlarsa geri dönüp kaçarlar; sonra kendilerine yardım da edilmez; Âl-i İmrân 3/111). Burada ”لَا يُنْصَرُونَ“ fiili ”يُوَلُّوا“ ye atfedilerek ”لَا يُنْصَرُوا“ şeklinde meczum olması gerekirken kastedilen anlamı vermesi için atıf ve zâhir terkedilmiştir. Çünkü şartın cevap fiiline atıf yapılsaydı sadece savaşmaları halinde gelecekte ilâhî yardıma eremeyecekleri ifade edilmiş olurdu. Atıf kuralı ve zâhir terkedilmek suretiyle fiil şartın cevabı olma konumundan çıkarılarak müslümanlara karşı savaş açmış düşmanın ilâhî yardıma hiçbir zaman eremeyeceği dile getirilmiş ve bu suretle müslümanlara bir müjde verilmiştir. Aynı şekilde ”مَا مَنَعَكَ أَلَّا تَسْجُدَ إِذْ أَمَرْتُكَ“ âyetinde (el-A‘râf 7/12) ”مَنَعَ“ fiilinin zâhir anlamına göre, “Sana emrettiğimde seni secde etmemekten ne engelledi?” gibi ters bir mâna söz konusudur. Gerçekte men‘ fiilinde “bir ciheti yasaklayıp diğer bir cihete çevirme ve yöneltme” anlamı bulunduğundan burada men‘ fiili lâzımî bir mâna olarak “bir cihetten diğerine çevirme”yi tazammun eder. Bu sebeple âyetin anlamı “Seni secde etmekten etmemeye ne çevirdi?” şeklindedir.
b) Îhâm-ı kalb. Sözün zâhirinde gereksiz ve yararsız bir tersyüz edilmişliğin (kalb) bulunduğu vehminin verilmesidir. Şu âyette bunun örneği görülmektedir: ”مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا كَمَثَلِ الَّذِي يَنْعِقُ بِمَا لَا يَسْمَعُ إِلَّا دُعَاءً وَنِدَاءً“ (Kâfirlerin hali, bağırıp çağırmaktan başka bir şey işitmeyene -işitip anlamayan ve gereken cevabı vermeyen davar sürüsüne- seslenip duran kimseye -çobanın haline- benzer; el-Bakara 2/171). Bu temsilde dört öğeden oluşan iki benzetme vardır. Davetçi peygamberin hali davar sürüsüne seslenip duran çobanın haline, davete icâbet etmeyen kâfirlerin durumu da bağırıp çağırmadan başka ses işitip anlamayan davar sürüsünün durumuna benzetilmiştir. Âyetin zâhiri ise kâfirlerin halinin çobanın haline benzetildiği vehmini uyandırmaktadır. Burada, Kur’an’da sık rastlanan ve birbirine delâlet ettiği için mukabil ifadelerden biri ibareden kaldırılarak sağlanan latif bir îcâz ile (ihtibâk) hitaplarda edep ve nezaket kurallarına uyulması, bunların insanlara telkin edilmesi ve Hz. Peygamber’in nefret ettirici olmaktan korunması amaçlanmıştır. Çünkü Resûl-i Ekrem, ”الَّذِي يَنْعِقُ“ (seslenip duran kimse) şeklinde kapalı ifade yerine ”الرّاعي“ (çoban) kelimesi zikredilip sarih teşbihle çobana benzetilseydi ona karşı hitapta nezaketsizlik edilmiş olurdu. Aynı şekilde, Arap geleneğinde kötü mal olarak tanınan davar ve koyunun açıkça anılmasıyla kâfirler ve putperestler bunlara sarih teşbihle benzetilmiş olsaydı davetçi peygamber nefret ettirici durumda kalırdı. Temsilin ikinci kısmında ”الَّذِي يَنْعِقُ“ zikredildiği için birinci kısımdan bunun mukabili olması sebebiyle delâletinden dolayı ”الرسول الدّاعي“ (davet eden peygamber) öğesi (müşebbeh) hazfedilerek latif bir îcâz sağlanmıştır. Temsile ters görüntü havasının verilmesi (îhâm) bu gibi nükte ve nüanslara dayanır.
c) Belâgata aykırılık görüntüsü. Şu âyet bunun bir örneğini teşkil eder: ”مَثَلُ الْفَرِيقَيْنِ كَالْأَعْمَى وَالْأَصَمِّ وَالْبَصِيرِ وَالسَّمِيعِ هَلْ يَسْتَوِيَانِ مَثَلًا أَفَلَا تَذَكَّرُونَ“ (Bu iki zümrenin -müminlerle müşrikler- durumu, kör ve sağır kimse ile gören ve işiten kimsenin durumuna benzer. Durumları hiç eşit olabilir mi? İbret almıyor musunuz?; Hûd 11/24). Âyette birbirine uygun düşen “a‘mâ” ile “basîr”in, “asam” ile “semî‘”in yan yana getirilmesi belâgatta tenâsüp (mürâât-ı nazîr) sanatının gereği iken kastedilen anlama ters düşeceği için bu lafızlar arası uyum terkedilmiştir. Çünkü âyet, baştaki ”الْفَرِيقَيْنِ“ ifadesinin tefsiri ve temsille açıklanması durumundadır. Bu sebeple biri kör-sağır, diğeri gören-işiten olmak üzere sakat ve sağlıklı iki sınıf söz konusudur. Hatta bu sebeple kelimeler arasında uyum da bulunmaktadır.
d) Îhâm-ı tashîf. Dinleyici veya muhatabın, sözün içindeki bir kelimede bir başka kelimeyle ilgi kurarak harf ve nokta hatası yapıldığı vehmine kapılmasıdır. Mütenebbî’nin şu mısraında bunun bir örneği vardır: ”وإن الفئام التي حوله لتحسد أرجلها الأرؤس“ (Onun -Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’l-Amîd- çevresindeki -hizmet için toplanmış- tayfaların başları ayaklarını -onun bastığı yerlere basamadıkları, onun huzurunda ayaklar gibi saygı ve hizmet kıyamına duramadıkları için- kıskanmaktadır; Abdurrahman el-Berkūkī, I, 314-315). Burada ”أرجل“ ün (ayaklar) zikri, ”الفئام“ ın (tayfalar, cemaatler) nokta farkıyla ve alâkası dolayısıyla ”القيام“ (kıyama duranlar) olarak yorumlanmasına ve söz sahibinin bunu kastettiği vehmine kapılmasına yol açabilir. Gerçekte ise övgü ve abartı makamına daha uygun ifade olması dolayısıyla maksat ”الفئام“ dır. Aynı şekilde ”أُصِيبُ بِهِ مَنْ أَشَاءُ“ (Kimi istersem onu azabıma çarptırırım; el-A‘râf 7/156) âyetinde “azaba çarptırma” ifadesinin geçmesi, ilgisi dolayısıyla ve nokta farkıyla ”مَنْ أَشَاءُ“ (kimi dilersem) ifadesinin ”من أساء“ (kim kötülük ederse) şeklinde algılanmasına yol açabilir.
e) Îhâm-ı tahrîf. Söz içinde alâkalı bir kelimenin bulunması sebebiyle diğer bir kelimenin hareke farkıyla ayrı kelime olduğu vehmini uyandırmasıdır. ”يَوْمَئِذٍ يُوَفِّيهِمُ اللهُ دِينَهُمُ الْحَقَّ“ (O gün Allah onlara gerçek cezalarını tastamam verecek; en-Nûr 24/25) âyetinde ”يُوَفِّي“ (tam vermek, ödemek) ifadesinin geçmesi, ilgisi dolayısıyla ”دِينَ“ (ceza, karşılık) kelimesinin hareke farkıyla ”دين“ (deyn = borç) şeklinde olduğu vehmine kapılmaya yol açabilir (İbn Münkız, s. 86).
f) Îhâm-ı tenâsüb (îhâm-ı tevriye, îhâm-ı iştirâk). Söz içinde yakın (meşhur) ve uzak (tanınmayan) anlamları bulunan bir kelimenin yakın anlamı itibariyle diğer bir kelimeyle münasebetinin bulunmasıdır. Ancak söz sahibinin kastettiği kelimenin uzak anlamıdır. Bu bakımdan gerçekte anılan kelimeyle ilgisi yoktur. ”الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ بِحُسْبَانٍ۰وَالنَّجْمُ وَالشَّجَرُ يَسْجُدَانِ“ (Güneşi ve ayı bir hesaba göre; bitkisi, ağacı ilâhî emre âmâde; er-Rahmân 55/5-6) âyetinde ”الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ“ in geçmesi, ”النَّجْمُ“ kelimesinin yakın anlamı (yıldız) itibariyle bunlarla uyumlu olduğu vehmine kapılmaya yol açmaktadır. Gerçekte ise “en-necm” ile kastedilen uzak anlamı (bitki) olduğundan onun ”الشَّجَرُ“ (ağaç) kelimesiyle uyumu söz konusudur. Safiyyüddin el-Hillî de türe örnek olarak şu mısraları nazmetmiştir: ”حتى إذا صدروا و الخيل صآئمة / من بعد ما صلّت الأسياف في القمم“ (Tâ ki kılıçların başlarda şakırdamasından sonra aç susuz atlarıyla savaştan döndüklerinde; Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’l-bedîʿiyye , s. 228-230). Burada ”صائمة“ (oruçlu) kelimesinin zikri, ilgisi dolayısıyla ”صلّت“ kelimesinin meşhur (yakın) anlamı olan “namaz kılma”nın kastedildiği vehmini uyandırmaktadır. Gerçekte ise onun uzak anlamı olan “demir sesi ve şakırdaması” kastedilmiştir.
g) Îhâm-ı tezâd (îhâm-ı tıbâk, îhâm-ı mutâbakat). Söz içinde iki kelimenin zâhir anlamları bakımından birbirinin zıddı olduğu vehmini uyandırması, gerçekte ise birisinin veya her ikisinin mecaz ya da kinaye yahut uzak anlamda kullanılmış olduğundan aralarında zıtlığın bulunmamasıdır. Di‘bil el-Huzâî’nin şu mısraında bunun bir örneği görülmektedir: ”لا تعجبي يا سلم من رجل / ضحك المشيب برأسه فبكى“ (Ey Selmâ! Başında ak saçların artmasıyla ağlayan -hüzünlere garkolmuş- bir adamın haline şaşma. -Çünkü aşk derdi çekenlerin saçlarının ağarması tabiidir-). Burada ”ضحك“ ve ”بكى“ kelimeleri arasında zâhir ve gerçek anlamları (gülmek-ağlamak) itibariyle zıtlık (tıbâk sanatı) varmış gibi görünüyorsa da ”ضحك المشيب“ (ak saçların gülmesi) ifadesinin “ak saçların artıp çoğalması” anlamında kinaye olmasıyla aralarında zıtlık söz konusu değildir.
Mecaz, kinaye veya uzak anlamlarda kullanılan renk sıfatlarında tezat ve tıbâk îhâmına çok rastlanır. Aşağıdaki âyette açıklık-kapalılık, düzlük-sarplık bakımından dağ yollarının tasvirinde kinaye anlamlarında kullanılan renkler zâhir anlamlarıyla aralarında zıtlık bulunduğu görüntüsü vermektedir. ”وَمِنَ الْجِبَالِ جُدَدٌ بِيضٌ وَحُمْرٌ مُخْتَلِفٌ أَلْوَانُهَا وَغَرَابِيبُ سُودٌ“ (Bazı dağlarda beyaz-kırmızı, kapkara ve daha çeşit çeşit renkte yollar vardır; Fâtır 35/27). İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, şu âyeti anlam tersliği îhâmına (îhâmü ihtilâfi’l-ma‘nâ) örnek olarak göstermiştir: ”وَمَنْ يُكْرِهْهُنَّ فَإِنَّ اللهَ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِكْرَاهِهِنَّ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ“ (Kim onları -fuhşa- zorlarsa şüphesiz ki Allah onların zorlanmalarından sonra mağfiret ve merhamet edendir; en-Nûr 24/33). Âyetin zâhiri muhatapta, Allah’ın zorlayana acıyıp onu mağfiret edeceği vehmini uyandırıyor. Gerçekte ise ilâhî rahmet ve mağfiret fuhşa zorlanan kadınlar içindir (Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr , s. 351).
h) Îhâm-ı tevkîd. Ardarda tekrar eden iki kelime veya ifadenin, gerçekte (lafzî) tekit olmadığı halde tekit vehmini uyandırmasıdır. İbnü’l-Verdî tarafından tanımlanan bu türde, dinleyici ve muhatap ilk anda onu bir lafzî tekit ve gereksiz bir tekrarmış gibi gördükten sonra üzerinde düşününce ondaki güzelliğin farkına varmasıyla ayrı bir lezzet alır (Safedî, II, 441). Bu türe şu âyette örnek bulunmaktadır: ”لَمَسْجِدٌ أُسِّسَ عَلَى التَّقْوَى مِنْ أَوَّلِ يَوْمٍ أَحَقُّ أَنْ تَقُومَ فِيهِ فِيهِ رِجَالٌ يُحِبُّونَ أَنْ يَتَطَهَّرُوا وَاللهُ يُحِبُّ الْمُطَّهِّرِينَ“ (Şüphesiz ilk günden itibaren takvâ temeli üzerine kurulmuş camide ibadet etmen daha uygundur. Onda temizlenmeyi seven insanlar vardır. Allah tertemiz olanları sever; et-Tevbe 9/108). Burada ardarda gelen ”فِيهِ“ ifadelerinden ikincisi birincinin lafzî tekidiymiş vehmini vermektedir. Gerçekte ise ilki ”تَقُومَ“ fiilinin mef‘ûl-i fîhi, ikincisi ise ”رِجَالٌ“ mübtedâsının öne geçirilmiş haberidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 525-527 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.