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İHDÂD Skip to content Kocası ölen veya kesin boşamayla evliliği sona eren kadının belli bir süre bazı davranışlardan kaçınması anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “menetmek, sınır koymak” mânasına gelen ihdâd (hidâd), fıkıhta ölüm veya kesin (bâin) boşama sebebiyle evliliği sona eren kadının evlenme yasağı bulunan iddet süresince yas tuttuğu izlenimini verecek şekilde üzüntüsünü dışa vurmasını, çevresinin yadırgayacağı şekilde memnun ve mutlu görünmekten sakınmasını ifade eder. Ancak kadının yas tutmasının hükmü, hangi durumlarda ve ne kadar süreyle yas tutacağı, bu esnada ne gibi davranışlardan kaçınacağı fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır. Hanefî ve Zeydiyye mezhebi fakihleri ve eski görüşünde İmam Şâfiî ile bir rivayete göre Ahmed b. Hanbel bunu gerekli görürken bir grup tâbiîn fakihi, Mâlikîler, yeni görüşünde Şâfiî ve çoğunlukla Hanbelîler gerekli görmezler; bu sonuncular arasında ihdadı müstehap kabul edenler de vardır.
Kocası ölen kadının bir süre yas tutması hemen hemen bütün toplumlarda, özellikle de Sâmî gelenekte öteden beri bilinen bir âdet olup aynı zamanda kadından beklenen insanî ve ahlâkî bir ödev olarak da görülmüştür. İslâm öncesi Hicaz Arap toplumunda kocası ölen kadın bir yıl süreyle iddet bekler ve yas tutar, bu süre zarfında küçük bir odaya veya çadıra kapanıp en gösterişsiz elbiselerini giyer, koku sürünmez, saçlarını taramaz, bu suretle tam bir matem havasına girerdi. Bir yılın sonunda belli simgesel davranışlarla yas süresinin sona erdiğini ilân eder, normal hayata dönerdi. Boşanmış kadınların ise iddet beklemesi ve yas tutması gerekli görülmezdi (Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 46; Müslim, “Ṭalâḳ”, 58; Cevâd Ali, V, 557).
İslâm dininde doğum ve hayat kadar ölümün de tabii karşılanması ve ilâhî takdire rızâ gösterilmesi istenmiş, ölünün arkasından taşkınlık derecesinde bağırıp çağırmak, ağıt yakmak ve uzun süreli yas tutmak yasaklanmıştır. Kocası ölen kadının aşırılığa kaçmadan dört ay on günlük veya hamile ise doğuma kadarki iddet süresince üzüntüsünü belirtmesine imkân tanınmış, bu süre zarfında ölen kocasının hâtırasına saygısızlık sayılabilecek, onun yakınlarını incitebilecek veya yeni bir evlilik hazırlığı gibi algılanabilecek davranışlardan kaçınması istenmiştir. Böylece İslâm öncesi dönemin yas tutma âdeti hem içerik olarak mutedil bir çizgiye çekilmiş hem de yas süresi normalde üç güne, kocası ölen kadınlar için de iddet süresine indirilmiştir. Kur’an’da kocalara hitaben, ölmeleri halinde geride bırakacakları eşlerinin bir yıl süreyle evlerinden çıkarılmaksızın geçimlerini sağlayacak bir malı vasiyet etmelerinin emredilmiş olması (el-Bakara 2/240), ilk bakışta Câhiliye döneminin bir yıllık iddet ve yas âdetine atıf gibi anlaşıldığından fakihler, bu âyetin daha sonra inen iddet ve miras âyetleriyle süre ve vasiyetin gerekliliği yönünden neshedildiğini söylemişlerdir (Cessâs, II, 118-119).
Kur’an’da, evliliği sona eren kadınların yeniden evlenebilmeleri için değişik durumlara göre beklemeleri gereken iddet süresinden ve bu esnadaki bazı hak ve yükümlülüklerinden ayrıntılı olarak bahsedilirse de yas tutma konusuna temas edilmez (bk. İDDET ). Bu konuda az sayıdaki hadislerde ise kocası ölen kadının normal yas süresi olan üç günden sonra da iddet süresince yas tutabileceği, bu esnada sürme çekme, koku sürünme, ziynet takınma ve süslü elbiseler giyme gibi davranışlardan kaçınması gerektiği bildirilir (Şevkânî, VI, 328-335). Kocası ölen bir kadının, iddet beklerken gözlerinin ağrımasından endişe ederek sürme çekmesine izin vermesi için Hz. Peygamber’e başvurması üzerine Resûl-i Ekrem’in ona Câhiliye dönemindeki külfetli yas tutma âdetini tasvir etmesi ve İslâm’daki dört ay on günlük iddet süresini hatırlatması, bu konuda orta bir yolun benimsendiğine işaret etmesi bakımından dikkat çekicidir (Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 47; Müslim, “Ṭalâḳ”, 60). Ancak bu açıklamaların, mevcut örfün süre kısıtlaması ve içerik tashihi yapılarak devamına izin mi verdiği, yoksa kadın için dinî bir yükümlülük getirme-yi mi hedeflediği yeterince açık değildir. Esasen kocası ölen kadının, iddet süresince kocasının ve sona eren evliliğin hâtırasına saygıyı ve kocasının yakınlarının hüznüne iştiraki ifade eden bir tutum ve davranış içinde olması, ayrıca bu dönemde yeni bir evlilik beklentisi izlenimini verecek tavırlardan kaçınması öncelikle ahlâkî ve insanî bir ödevdir. Hadislerde yer alan onay ve tavsiyenin bu tabii duruma vurgu şeklinde anlaşılması, diğer bir ifadeyle iddet süresince yas tutmayı emretmeye değil evlilik hazırlığı sayılabilecek davranışları önlemeye mâtuf bir düzenleme olarak görülmesi gerekir. Bununla birlikte fakihlerin, ihdâdı aynı zamanda dinî (şer‘î) bir vecîbe ve kocanın karısı üzerinde hakkı olarak tanıtmaları, bazı boşama türleri sonrasında kadın için yas tutmayı gerekli görmeleri, biraz da onların öteden beri var olan bu geleneği İslâm sonrasında da korumak istemiş olmalarıyla açıklanabilir. Böyle olunca fıkıh kültüründeki ihdâd telakkisinde dönemin evlilik anlayışının, kadının erkek karşısındaki konumuyla ilgili gelenek ve kültürün baskın etkisi olmuştur. Bu anlayış sonucudur ki ihdâd, fıkıhta yas tutma içerikli şer‘î bir hak ve vecîbe olarak telakki edilmiş, terkedilmesi yönünde kocanın vasiyeti bulunsa bile kadının uhdesinden düşmeyen, kasten terkedilmesi günahı gerektiren bir davranış olarak nitelendirilmiştir.
Fıkıh literatüründe ihdâdla ilgili öncelikli tartışma bunun hangi durumlarda gerekli olduğu hususundadır. Zifaftan önce bile olsa kocası vefat eden ve bu sebeple iddet bekleyen müslüman kadının yas tutmasının gerektiğinde bütün fakihler görüş birliği içindedir. Delil olarak da Hz. Peygamber’in, Allah’a ve âhiret gününe iman eden bir kadının kocasından başka bir ölü için üç günden fazla yas tutmasının helâl olmadığını, ancak kocası için dört ay on gün yas tutabileceğini, bu süre zarfında kadının neleri yapıp neleri yapamayacağını bildiren hadisi ve sahâbî sözlerinden, ayrıca kocası ölen bir kadının iddeti içinde gözlerine sürme çekme isteğini Resûl-i Ekrem’in onaylamamış olmasından (Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 46-49; Müslim, “Ṭalâḳ”, 58-67; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭalâḳ”, 43; Şevkânî, VI, 328-332) hareket etmişlerdir. Ayrıca bu rivayetlerden bir kadının kocasından başka biri için üç günden fazla yas tutmasının câiz görülmediği, karısı ölen veya karısından ayrılan koca için böyle bir yas tutma mecburiyetinin bulunmadığı, yas süresinin âzami dört ay on gün veya hamilelik müddeti olduğu da anlaşılmaktadır. Doktrinde hâkim görüş böyle olmakla birlikte Hasan-ı Basrî, Şa‘bî gibi bazı tâbiîn âlimleri, kocası ölen kadın için öngörülen dört ay on günlük sürenin sadece evlenme yasağı için konulmuş olduğunu söylemiş ve bu kadının da diğerleri gibi üç gün yas tutmasını yeterli saymışlardır. Bu görüş sahipleri Hz. Peygamber’in, Ca‘fer b. Ebû Tâlib’in şehid olması üzerinden üç gün geçince karısı Esmâ bint Umeys’in yanına gidip ona artık yas tutmamasını söylediği şeklindeki rivayetten hareket ederler. Ancak bu rivayet cumhur tarafından zayıf bulunmuş veya zorlama te’villere tâbi tutularak daha kuvvetli görünen yukarıdaki rivayetler alınmıştır (Şevkânî, VI, 330, 333).
Dönülebilir (ric‘î) talâkla boşanan kadının yas tutmasının gerekli olmadığı, aksine, tehlikeye giren evliliğin devamını sağlamak için ihdâdı terketmesinin uygun olacağı hususunda görüş birliği vardır. Esasen ric‘î talâkı izleyen iddet esnasında evliliğin hükmen devam etmesi de ihdâda imkân vermemektedir.
İhdâd ile ilgili hükümlerin doğabilmesi için sahih bir evlilik akdinin bulunması gerekir; fâsid nikâh sonrası kocanın ölümü halinde kadın için ihdâd yükümlülüğü doğmaz. Doktrinde hâkim görüş bu olmakla birlikte Mâlikîler’den Ebü’l-Velîd el-Bâcî, Hanbelîler’den Kādî Ebû Ya‘lâ ile bazı Zeydiyye fakihleri bu durumdaki kadının iddet yükümlülüğünü ölçü alır, iddet gerekiyorsa ona tâbi olarak ihdâdı da gerekli görürler.
İhdâd esnasında kadın için hangi davranışın, ne tür giyim ve süslenmenin câiz olduğu konusunda fıkıh literatüründe görülen ayrıntılar, sahâbe ve tâbiînden aktarılan çeşitli görüşler, ziynet ve süslenme konusundaki örf ve değerlendirme farklılığından kaynaklanmaktadır (bu çeşitliliği yansıtması yönüyle bk. İbn Hazm, XI, 656-664). Konuyla ilgili hadislerde ihdâd süresi boyunca gözlere sürme çekme, boyanmış kumaş giyme, koku ve boya sürünmenin yasaklanmış olması, mevcut örf esas alınarak yapılmış örneklendirmeler şeklinde anlaşılmalıdır. İslâm döneminde bu konuda yapılan iyileştirmeler, ölünün diğer yakınları için yas tutmanın üç günle sınırlandırılması ve iddetle ilgili hükümler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, ayrıca kocasının ölümü sebebiyle iddet bekleyen kadınların ağır başlılıklarını koruyup yeni evlilik teşebbüsünde bulunmamalarını emreden âyet de (el-Bakara 2/235) göz önüne alındığında, ihdâdda yas tutmaktan ziyade evlilik hazırlığı sayılabilecek tutum ve davranışlardan kaçınma yükümlülüğünün ağır bastığı söylenebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 46-49.
Müslim, “Ṭalâḳ”, 58-67.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭalâḳ”, 43.
Cessâs, Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân (Kamhâvî) , II, 118-119.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ , Kahire 1390/1970, XI, 655-667.
Şîrâzî, el-Müheẕẕeb , II, 149-150.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , III, 208-209.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , Kahire 1389/1969, VIII, 154-159.
Nevevî, Ravżatü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali Muhammed Muavvaz), Beyrut 1412/1992, VI, 382-385.
İbn Cüzey, Ḳavânînü’l-aḥkâmi’ş-şerʿiyye , Beyrut 1979, s. 263-264.
Remlî, Nihâyetü’l-muḥtâc , Beyrut 1404/1984, VII, 148-153.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , VI, 328-335.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , III, 530-533.
M. Yûsuf Mûsâ, Aḥkâmü’l-aḥvâli’ş-şaḫṣiyye , Kahire 1378/1958, s. 355-356.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , V, 557.
M. Mustafa Şelebî, Aḥkâmü’l-üsre fi’l-İslâm , Beyrut 1397/1977, s. 662-663.
Vehbe ez-Zühaylî, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî , Dımaşk 1404/1984, VII, 659-663.
Bilmen, Kamus2 , II, 388-389.
Mustafa el-Adevî, Câmiʿu aḥkâmi’n-nisâʾ , [baskı yeri yok] 1415/1994 (Dârü’s-sünne), II, 7-50.
“İḥdâd”, Mv.Fİ , III, 213-222.
“İḥdâd”, Mv.F , II, 103-114.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 530-532 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.