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İHRÂZ Skip to content Bir malı elde etme, koruma ve tasarruf altına alma anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “erişme, maddî ve mânevî bir şey elde etme; el koyma, başkaları tarafından el konulmasını önlemek üzere koruma altına alma” mânalarına gelen ihrâz kelimesi fıkıhta, başkasının mülkiyetinde bulunmayan sahipsiz (mubah) bir mal üzerinde mâlik olma iradesiyle fiilî hâkimiyet (zilyedlik) kurmayı ifade eder. Literatürde istîlâ, hiyâze, yed ve vaz‘u’l-yed gibi terimlerin de çok defa ihrâzla eş anlamlı olarak kullanıldığı, bunların mânaları arasında belirgin bir ayırım yapmanın zor olduğu görülür. Nitekim ihrâz mubah malın mülkiyetinin kazanılmasının genel adı olarak da, bu işlemin genelde son safhasını teşkil eden fiilî hâkimiyet anlamında da kullanılır. Benzeri bir durum diğer kelimeler için de söz konusudur. Bu da fürû-i fıkhın oluşum süreciyle ve fıkıh mezheplerinde terminolojinin zamanla ortaya çıkmasıyla ilgili bir husustur. Bununla birlikte çağdaş literatürdeki eğilim de dikkate alınarak istîlâda mubah malın mülkiyetinin ilkten kazanılması, ihrâzda ise menkul mubah malların belli bir emek ve usul kullanılarak koruma, tasarruf ve mülkiyet altına alınması anlamının ağır bastığı söylenebilir. Bu son durumda ihrâz daha kapsamlı bir terim olan istîlânın bir türünü, iki terim birlikte kullanıldığında ise ihrâz istîlânın ikinci, yani mülkiyetin kazanılması için gerekli fiilî hâkimiyet safhasını ifade etmektedir (bk. İSTÎLÂ ). Çağdaş İslâm hukukçularının istîlânın türleri olarak gördüğü avlanma, mevât arazinin ihyası ile maden ve define konuları klasik literatürde ayrı başlıklar altında ele alınmış, istîlânın dördüncü türü sayılabilecek olan yağmur ve kaynak suları, ot, odun, kerpiç toprağı gibi aslen mubah malların ihrâzı konusu ise yukarıdakilere ilâve olarak satım, gasp, şirb, ganimet gibi kısmen ilgili konu başlıkları altında veya haraç ve emvâl türü eserlerde incelenmiştir.
Fıkıh terminolojisinde mubah mal, bir malın mülkiyet altına girmeden önceki aslî durumunu ifade etmekte olup özel mallar veya devlet malları, vakıf gibi hayra veya akarsu, mera ve orman gibi kamu yararına tahsisli mallar dışında kalan menkul ve gayri menkul mallar kural olarak mubah mal sayılır. Mevât arazi, av hayvanları, kaynak ve yağmur suları, sahipsiz arazide biten otlar, ağaç ve meyveler böyledir. Kur’an’da, yeryüzünün ve üzerinde bulunan her şeyin insanoğlunun istifadesine sunulduğu sıkça tekrar edilir (el-Bakara 2/29; İbrâhîm 14/32-33; el-Hac 22/65; Lokmân 31/20; el-Câsiye 45/13). Bu anlatımda ana tema insana konumunu ve sorumluluklarını hatırlatma olsa bile dolaylı olarak bütün insanların mubah maldan yararlanmada eşit bir hakka sahip bulunduğu, bu hakkın kullanımının teşvik edildiği de anlaşılır. İnsanların eski zamanlardan beri devam edegelen bu yöndeki çabası, malların değişik statüler kazanarak mülkiyet altına girmesi sürecinin de başlangıç noktasını teşkil eder. Bu çalışmaya temas eden âyet ve hadislerin yanı sıra Hz. Peygamber’in insanları sahibi bulunmayan verimsiz toprakları işleyip imar etmeye, bu arazilerde kuyu açmaya, odun ve otları toplamaya teşvik ettiği ve bu tür çabaları mülkiyet kazandırıcı işlem olarak tanıtarak ödüllendirdiği bilinmektedir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in, “Henüz kimsenin olmayan bir şeyi kim ilk önce ele geçirirse o şey onundur” (Ebû Dâvûd, “İmâre”, 36) demesi, insanların su, ot ve ateşte (bazı rivayetlerde tuzda da) ortak olduğunu bildirmesi (Ebû Ubeyd, s. 372-374; Heysemî, I, 508; Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, IV, 294), suyun ihtiyaç fazlasının isteyenlere verilmesini emredip satılmasını yasaklaması (Buhârî, “Müsâḳāt”, 2; Müslim, “Müsâḳāt”, 36-38), mevât arazinin ihya yoluyla iktisabına imkân vermesi, maden ve defineleri cüz’î bir vergiye tâbi tutması, bir yönüyle temel ihtiyaç maddelerinden yararlanmada insanlar arası hak eşitliğine dikkat çekmekte, diğer yönden de emeği ve ferdî çabayı maddî kalkınmanın aktif bir unsuru olarak devreye sokmaktadır. Mubah malların ihrâzı konusunda ileri dönemlerde etraflı şekilde ortaya konulan doktriner görüşler de esasen Hz. Peygamber ve sahâbe uygulamasındaki ana çizgiyi devam ettirmiş, ancak imar ve nüfus hareketlerine bağlı olarak yer yer farklı hükümler ve bazı sınırlamalar getirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmuştur.
Mubah maldan yararlanmada herkes eşit hakka sahip bulunduğundan doktrinde mubah mallar hak sahiplerinin ortak malı olarak görülmüş ve insanların bu mala ilişkin yetki ortaklığına da “şirket-i ibâha” adı verilmiştir (Mecelle , md. 1045). Şahıslar mubah malı elde etmekle, kullanım ve fiilî hâkimiyeti altına almakla onun mülkiyetini kazanmış olurlar. Bunda da temel ilke başkasının mevcut bir hakkının zarar görmemesi, kamu düzeninin bozulmamasıdır. Bu konuda doktrinde mevcut ayırım ve şartlar bu amaca yöneliktir. İhrâz av hayvanını yakalamak, nehirden su almak, otu biçmek, odunu toplamak gibi mubah mala bilfiil el koymak şeklinde olabileceği gibi yağmur suyu biriktirmek için havuz yapmak, av için tuzak hazırlamak, avcı kuş ve köpeği salmak şeklinde de olabilir. Fakihler birinci türe hakiki, ikincisine hükmî ihrâz adını verirler (a.g.e. , md. 1248). Hakiki ihrâzda fiil kasıt yerine geçtiğinden fiilin tamamlanmasıyla mubah mal da mülkiyete geçmiş olur. Hükmî ihrâzda ise mülkiyetin geçişi için niyet ve kasıt aranır. Ayrıca hükmî ihrâzın, hakiki ihrâz gerçekleşinceye kadarki safhada mubah mal üzerinde zayıf bir mülkiyet hakkı doğurduğu da ifade edilir (Şelebî, s. 398). Bu son ayrıntı av hayvanının kaçması, suya başkası tarafından el konulması gibi durumlarda mülkiyet ihtilâfını çözmeye yarar.
Mubah menkul malların ihrâzının en çok bilinen örnekleri su, ot, ağaç ve yabani meyvelerin ihrâzıdır. Sulama ve yararlanma hakkı açısından su, fıkıh literatüründe ayrı bir konu başlığı altında incelenecek ölçüde önem taşımasının yanı sıra ihrâzı açısından da diğer menkul mubah mallar arasında özel bir öneme sahiptir. Yağmur ve kaynak suları, akarsu ve göller esasen bütün insanların yararlanmasına açık olmakla birlikte suyun ortak mubahlığı ilkesinden bir istisna olmak üzere usulüne uygun tarzda ihraz edilmiş sular özel mülkiyet rejimine tâbi tutulmuş, özel mülkiyet altındaki topraklarda çıkan kaynak ve kuyu suları üzerinde sahibine ihtisas ve öncelik hakkı verilmiş, akar lehine kurulu bir irtifak olarak hakk-ı şirb (arazi sulama hakkı) kabul edilmiştir (bk. İRTİFAK ). Bu yaklaşım, aynı zamanda mevât arazinin ihyası yönündeki teşviki de destekler ve onu tamamlar mahiyettedir. Bir su kaynağından insan ve hayvanların içme veya basit ihtiyaçları için kullanma hakkı ise (hakk-ı şefe) kuyu ve kaynak sularında toprak mâliklerinin mülkiyet haklarına daha öncelikli temel hakları koruma düşüncesiyle getirilmiş bir sınırlamayı ve aslî durum olan ibâha nitelikli yetkiye dönüşü ifade eder. Suyun hakiki ihrâzı onun bir kovaya veya havuz, sarnıç gibi bir yerin içine alınması şeklinde olur. Bu suyun kaynağıyla irtibatının kesilmesini şart koşanlar (Mecelle , md. 1251), umumi akarsudan açılan bir kanalla havuza akıtılan ve bu şekilde devridâim eden suyu ihraz edilmiş saymazlar (Ali Haydar, III, 527). Konu örfî olduğundan aksi görüşü savunanlar da vardır. Umumi akarsular araziye getirilip sulama yapılmakla ihraz edilmiş sayılır (Serahsî, XXIII, 172). Yer altı suları kural olarak özel mülkiyete konu görülmediğinden ister özel isterse mubah arazide açılsın kuyu suları özel mülkiyete konu anlamında muhrez su sayılmaz. Başkalarının bu suda şefe (şürb) hakkı olup kuyuyu açanın sadece hakk-ı şirbde (hakk-ı saky) öncelik hakkı bulunur (Mecelle , md. 1251). Bir kimsenin arazisinde kendiliğinden çıkan veya araziye bu şekilde dışarıdan giren sular da böyledir. Suyun ihrâzı ve mülkiyet altına alınması konusundaki sınırlamalar, esasen aslî ibâha ilkesini korumaya ve muhtemel ihtiyaç sahiplerinin zarar görmesini önlemeye mâtuf bir tedbir niteliğindedir.
Mubah arazide biten ve meydana gelmesinde insan emeği bulunmayan otlar biçilip toplanmakla veya hayvana yedirilmekle ihraz edilmiş sayılır. Bu ilke, özel mülkiyet altında olmayan bazı toprakların ilk dönemlerden itibaren “himâ” adıyla hayvanların otlatılmasına tahsis edilmesi ve bir tür kamu malı sayılması yönündeki uygulamayla da ilgili olup birbirini tamamlar niteliktedir (bk. HİMÂ ). Özel arazide fakat sahibinin emeği olmadan biten otları Hanefî ve Mâlikîler dahil çoğunluk kural olarak mubah mal saymakla birlikte arazi sahibine başkalarını arazisine girmekten engelleme hakkı tanır, hatta arazinin sırf bu otu elde etme amacıyla boş bırakılması veya etrafının korumaya alınması durumunda kendiliğinden biten otu sahibinin mülkü görür. Şâfiîler’e ve bir rivayette Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre sahipli arazide biten ot bu arazinin nemâsıdır ve hukukî statüsü bu araziye bağlıdır; hadiste insanların ortak olduğu belirtilen ot ise mubah arazide bitenlerdir. İhtiyaç fazlası suyun engellenmemesi, böyle yapılırsa otun da esirgenmiş olacağını ifade eden hadis de (Buhârî, “Müsâḳāt”, 2; Ebû Ubeyd, s. 373) esasen sahipli arazide kendiliğinden biten otları konu alır. Ancak bir kimsenin arazisinde kendiliğinden biten ve ihtiyaç fazlası bulunan otları kullanmada tıpkı su gibi başkalarını engellemesi câiz olmaz. Emek sonucu biten otların ihrâza konu olmayacağında ise görüş birliği vardır. Mubah arazide bulunan ağaç ve odunlar da kural olarak mubah mal hükmündedir. Mülk arazilerdeki ağaçlar ise kendiliğinden bitmiş de olsa arazi edinmenin amaçları arasında görüldüğünden ota kıyas edilmez ve sahibinin özel mülkü sayılır. Ateş de aslen mubah mal kabul edilmekle birlikte su ve ottan kısmen farklı bir yaklaşımla, ateşin mülk maddelerle veya sahipli arazide yakılması halinde insanların yararlanma hakkının aydınlanma ve ısınma hakkıyla, mesken masuniyeti ve mahremiyeti, özel araziye izinsiz girilmemesi gibi ilkelerle sınırlı tutulduğu görülür. Öte yandan fakihlerin ilk dönemlerden itibaren insanların su, ot ve ateşte ortaklığını bildiren hadisleri ve bu yöndeki uygulamaları ilke olarak anlayıp benzeri maddelere de uyguladığı, çağımızda da bu verileri insanların temel üretim araçlarında, tabii zenginliklerde ve ihtiyaç maddelerinde ortak olduğu, bunların özel mülkiyet altına alınamayacağı şeklinde genişletici bir yoruma tâbi tutan yaklaşımların bulunduğuna işaret edilmelidir.
Usulüne uygun tarzda gerçekleşen ihrâz sonucu mubah malın mülkiyeti kazanılır. Bu aynı zamanda diğer şahısların bu mal üzerinde ihrâz haklarının sona erdiği ve malın hukuken koruma altına alındığı (mazmun) anlamına gelir. Menkul mubah malların ihrâzında kural olarak devlet başkanının izni gerekli görülmemekle birlikte bu hakkın şu veya bu tür bir mubah malda kullanımına kamu yararını koruma amacıyla devlet başkanının bazı sınırlamalar getirebileceği fakihler tarafından belirtilir. Bu yöndeki ifadeler, sahipsiz arazilerin ve tabii zenginliklerin ilke olarak devletin mülkü sayılması, kamu mallarından yararlanmaya hukukî bir düzen getirilmesi, orman, ağaç ve tabii bitki örtüsünün korunması gibi fikirlerin önem kazandığı ileri dönemlerde daha da yoğunlaşmış ve kamu hakkı açısından bir önem sıralaması da yapılarak mubah malların ihrâzında, tıpkı mevât arazinin ihyasında olduğu gibi devletin izin ve onayı gerekli görülmeye başlanmıştır.
Had cezasını gerektiren hırsızlık suçunun oluşması, emanet maldan emanetçinin sorumlu tutulabilmesi gibi hukukî ve cezaî sorumlulukların doğması için gerekli bir ön şartı ifade etmek üzere kullanılan hırz terimi ve malın “muhrez” olması şartı, ihrâzın sözlük ve terim anlamıyla da bağlantılı olarak bir malın benzerlerinin korunduğu yerde ve usulde koruma altına alınmış olmasını ifade eder (bk. EMANET ; HIRSIZLIK ). İhrâzla malın ilkten mülkiyet altına alınması ve hukuken değer ve koruma kazanması başladığı için hırsızlık suçunun malla ilgili maddî unsurlarından olan hırz şartı da doğmuş olmakta, bunun için de hırsızlık suçunun maddî unsurlarını teşkil eden nisab, mal oluş ve hırz şartlarıyla ilgili tartışma ve örneklendirmelerde ihrâz kavramına sıkça atıfta bulunulmaktadır (M. Sellâm Medkûr, s. 119-127).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 542-544 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.