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İHSAN Skip to content Zina suçunda recm, zina iftirasında had cezasının uygulanabilmesi için ilgili tarafta aranan niteliği ifade eden fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “engellemek, himaye etmek, korumak; sağlam ve muhkem olmak” mânalarındaki hısn kökünün türevleri sözlük anlamıyla bazı âyetlerde geçmektedir (Yûsuf 12/48; el-Enbiyâ 21/80; el-Haşr 59/2, 14). Bu kökten türeyen ve sözlükte “bir şeyi, bir kimseyi iyice korumak” anlamına gelen ihsân kelimesi ise Kur’an’da yalnız çeşitli türevlerinin kullanılmasına karşılık bazı hadislerde yer almıştır. Her iki kaynakta da kavram, maddî bir korunmadan ziyade ahlâkî bir haslet olarak bir kimsenin iffet ve namusunu korumasını ve bunu sağlayacak bir konumda bulunmasını, bu kökten türeyen muhsın ve muhsan da bu özellikteki kimseleri ifade eder. Fıkıh literatüründe ihsan, dinî ve ahlâkî içeriği ön planda olan yukarıdaki mânada da kullanılmakla birlikte terim olarak “bir kimsenin fiilen veya hükmen zinaya karşı tam bir koruma altında olması ve bunu sağlayacak belli bir konuma sahip bulunması” şeklinde bir anlam taşır ve bu son anlam zina suçunda recm cezasının uygulanabilmesi için suçluda, zina iftirasında haddin uygulanabilmesi için mağdurda aranan niteliği ifade eder. İhsan, zina suçunun cezalandırılmasında evli ile bekâr arasında ayırım yapan ve zina eden evlinin taşlanarak öldürülmesini (recm) öngören Sâmî geleneğin (Tesniye, 22/22-24) İslâm dönemindeki devamında âdeta anahtar kavram haline gelmiş ve ayrıntılı doktriner tartışmalara konu olmuştur.
Kur’an’da iki yerde erkeklerden “muhsınîn” (en-Nisâ 4/24; el-Mâide 5/5), sekiz yerde kadınlardan “muhsanât” (en-Nisâ 4/24-25; el-Mâide 5/5; en-Nûr 24/4, 23) nitelendirmesiyle söz edilir. Kelime yapısından hareketle “muhsın” ile iffetini bizzat kendisi koruyan, “muhsan” ile de bir şahıs (eş) ya da konum (evlilik) vasıtasıyla iffetini koruyan kişinin kastedildiği şeklinde bir ayırım yapılmaktadır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ḥṣn” md.). Bu sebeple Kur’an’da çeşitli türevleriyle geçen ihsan kavramının özünde “iffetli olmak, namusu korumak” anlamını taşıdığı, ancak âyetlerin bir kısmında yalın olarak bu anlamın, bir kısmında da buna imkân veren statü ve aracın, muhsan kavramıyla da iffetli kimsenin yanı sıra evli, hür veya müslüman kimsenin kastedildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Fahreddin er-Râzî ihsanın sözlükte “engellemek” mânasını taşıdığını; hürriyet, iffet, Müslümanlık ve evlilikten her birinin kişiyi kötülükten engelleyici olduğu için kelimenin Kur’an’da zengin bir içeriğinin bulunduğunu belirtir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , X, 39). Nitekim “tayyibât” (temiz kadınlar) kavramının (en-Nûr 24/26) muhsanât anlamında, “müsâfih” (iffetsiz) kavramının ise (en-Nisâ 4/24, 25; el-Mâide 5/5) muhsanın karşıt anlamlısı olarak kullanıldığı yerlerde, zina iftirasının ağır bir günah ve suç olduğunu bildiren âyetlerde (en-Nûr 24/4, 23) kavramın özündeki iffet anlamı ön plana çıkmaktadır. Nisâ sûresinin 24. âyetinde muhsanât kelimesiyle evli kadınların, bir sonraki âyette geçen aynı kelimeyle ise muhsan kadınlar ve câriyeler evlenilmesi önerilen iki ayrı grup olarak anıldıklarından hür kadınların kastedildiği ve böylece evliliğin ve hürriyetin iffeti korumanın iki tabii yolu olduğuna işaret edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Âyetin devamındaki “câriyelerin muhsan olması” ifadesiyle onların evlenmesi (bazı müfessirlere göre müslüman olmaları), muhsanât tabiriyle de hür kadınlar kastedilmiş olmalıdır. Kur’an’da müslümanlara Ehl-i kitabın muhsanâtı ile evlenme izni verilirken (el-Mâide 5/5) hür yahut iffetli, ya da her iki özelliği birlikte taşıyan kadınların kastedildiği yönünde farklı görüşler vardır. İhsan ve muhsan kelimelerinin hadislerdeki kullanımında iffet ve evlilik anlamları ağırlık taşır. Kavramın Kur’an’da yer alan muhteva zenginliği fıkıh doktrinini de doğrudan etkilemiş, literatürde ihsanın tanımı, zina ve kazf suçlarının oluşumuna, cezalarının ağırlaştırılmasına etkisi, kimlerin muhsan sayılacağı gibi hususlarda ayrıntılı tartışmalar için zemin teşkil etmiştir.
Hz. Peygamber’in uygulamasından hareketle fıkıhta zina suçunun cezalandırılması hususunda ikili bir ayırıma gidilmiş, Kur’an’da, zina edenlere 100 celde vurulmasını öngören âyet (en-Nûr 24/2) bekârların işleyeceği zina suçuna ilişkin bir hüküm şeklinde anlaşılmış, evlilerin zina etmesi halinde ise sünnetteki örnek olaylardan hareketle recm cezasının uygulanması görüşü ağırlık kazanmıştır (bk. RECM ; ZİNA ). Zina suçunda recm cezasının uygulanabilmesi için suçlunun ihsan sıfatına sahip bulunması, literatürdeki terimiyle erkeğin “muhsan”, kadının “muhsana” olması şartı da bu ayırımın tabii bir sonucu olarak gündeme gelmiştir. Öte yandan zina iftirası suçunun sübûtu için iftiraya uğrayan şahsın mâsum ve iffetli olmasının yeterli olacağı, bu şahsın ayrıca evli olması gibi bir şartın aranmasına mahal olmadığından ilgili âyette geçen muhsan kelimesine (en-Nûr 24/4) daha sade bir anlam yüklenmiştir. Bunun sonucu olarak da kavramın fıkıh literatüründe “recm ihsanı” ve “kazf ihsanı” adıyla (Kâsânî, VII, 37) ikili bir ayırım içinde ele alındığı görülür.
Recm İhsanı. Zina suçunda ihsan, fâile recm cezasının uygulanabilmesi için taşıması zorunlu görülen niteliği ifade eder. İhsanın recm açısından alâmet, şart ya da sebep olarak adlandırılacağı konusunda fakihler arasında tartışma bulunsa da (Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, IV, 1339-1341; Teftâzânî, II, 145, 148-149) genelde fâilin özelliği olarak tanıtılır ve bu özelliğin birtakım şartlardan oluştuğu belirtilir. Meselâ Hanefî kaynaklarında bunun yedi şartından söz edilse de Serahsî akıl ve bulûğun recm ihsanının değil cezaî ehliyetin şartı, hürriyetin de cezanın tam uygulanabilmesinin şartı olduğunu belirterek gerçekte recm ihsanının müslüman olma ve geçerli evlilik içinde cinsel ilişkide bulunma şeklinde iki şartının bulunduğunu ifade eder (el-Mebsûṭ , IX, 39; ayrıca bk. Kâsânî, VII, 37). İhsan kavramının gerek örfte gerekse Kur’an’da ve Sünnet’te hür, evli, hatta müslüman anlamında da kullanılmış olması sebebiyle recm ihsanında suç fâilinin iffetli olması değil öyle olmasına objektif bir imkân sağlayan hukukî statüsü önem taşımış ve bunlar arasında da onun hür, müslüman ve evli bulunması şartları üzerinde durulmuştur. Bir kimsenin bu nitelikleri taşıması onu muhsan yapacağından bunlar ayrıca zina suçunda recmin uygulanma şartları ya da cezayı ağırlaştırıcı sebep olarak da görülebilir. Ağırlaştırıcı sebep olarak görülmesi de bu özelliklerin kişiyi zinaya düşmekten alıkoyucu güzel hasletler olduğu, bu imkânlara rağmen işlenen suçun daha ağır biçimde cezalandırılması gerektiği düşüncesinden kaynaklanır.
Kur’an’da, müminlerden muhsan kadınlarla evlenmeye gücü yetmeyenlerin câriyelerle evlenebileceğine, evlendikten sonra zina eden câriyelere de muhsan kadınlara verilen cezanın yarısının gerekeceğine ilişkin âyette (en-Nisâ 4/25) muhsanât kelimesinin “hür kadınlar” anlamında kullanılması, recm cezasının bölünemez oluşu, ayrıca suçluya tam ceza uygulanabilmesi için çoğu yerde hürriyet şartının aranması sebebiyle fakihler fâilin hür olmasını recm ihsanının ilk şartı olarak ileri sürerler.
Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezhepleriyle Hanefîler’den Ebû Yûsuf, Zeydiyye ve Ca‘feriyye fakihlerinin çoğunluğu, müslüman olmayı recm ihsanının şartlarından saymazken Hanefîler’in ekserisi, Mâlikîler ve diğer mezheplerden bazı fakihler bir kimsenin muhsan sayılabilmesi için müslüman olmasını şart görürler. Birinci grup, Hz. Peygamber’in zina eden yahudi erkek ve kadına recm cezası uygulamasını (Buhârî, “Ḥudûd”, 37; Müslim, “Ḥudûd”, 26), ikinci grup ise Ehl-i kitap’tan bir kadınla evlenmek isteyen bir sahâbîye Resûl-i Ekrem’in “O seni muhsan kılmaz” dediğine, bir başka hadiste de, “Allah’a ortak koşan muhsan değildir” buyurduğuna dair rivayetleri esas alır (bunların kaynakları için bk. Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, III, 327-328), yukarıdaki uygulamayı da Tevrat’a göre verilmiş ve daha sonra neshedilmiş bir hüküm olarak kabul ederler. Karşı görüşte olanlar ise Hanefîler’in delil saydığı hadisleri sahih görmez ya da bunlarda ihsanın terim değil iffet anlamıyla kullanıldığını ileri sürerler. Hanefîler’in bu görüşünde, Ehl-i kitap kadınla evli kimseyi muhsan saymamalarında da olduğu gibi, recmin tam bir ceza olduğu bunun için de suçlunun tam bir nimet ve imkân içinde bu suçu işlemiş olması gerektiği düşüncesinin de önemli payı vardır. İhsan için müslüman olmayı şart gören fakihler arasında irtidadın, karşı görüşte olanlar arasında da zimmînin dârülharbe iltihakının ihsan sıfatını düşürüp düşürmediği tartışması özel bir yer tutar.
Hukuken geçerli bir evliliğin ve bu evlilik içinde gerçekleşen cinsel ilişkinin kişiyi muhsan kılacağında ve böyle bir evlilik devam ederken işlenen zina suçu için ihsanın ağırlaştırıcı sebep olacağında recm cezasını kabul etmeyen azınlık dışındaki fakihler görüş birliği içindedir. Hatta fâsid evliliğin mehir ve iddet gibi hukukî sonuçları bulunduğundan hareketle kişinin muhsan sayılabilmesi için böyle bir evliliği yeterli görenler de vardır. Hanefîler, Hanbelîler’in çoğunluğu ve bazı Şâfiî fakihleri, evlilik içi cinsel ilişkinin kişiyi muhsan kılabilmesi için bu esnada eşlerden ikisinin de akıllı, bâliğ ve hür olması şartını ararlar; Hanefîler’de çoğunluğa göre ayrıca iki eşin de müslüman olması gerekir. Bunlardan bir kısmını gerekli görmeyen ya da sadece ilgili taraf için gerekli gören fakihlerin yanı sıra hayızlı, lohusa, oruçlu ya da ihramlı iken kurulan ilişkinin de kişiyi muhsan kılmayacağını ileri sürenler vardır. Bunda, recmin şartlarını mümkün olduğu kadar ağırlaştırma düşüncesi kadar evlilik içi cinsel ilişkinin hangi durumlarda kişiye mazeret bırakmayacak şekilde normal ve noksansız gerçekleşmiş olacağına ilişkin bakış açısı farklılığı da etkili olmuştur. Öte yandan recm ihsanında akıl ve bulûğ şartından söz edenlerin, zina suçunun işlenmesine değil evlilik içi ilişkiye dair bir şart olarak bunu gündeme getirdikleri yorumu da yapılabilir.
Recm ihsanında evlilik şartına ilişkin belki de en önemli tartışma bu evliliğin devamının ihsan için şart olup olmadığı, diğer bir ifadeyle dul kimsenin zina cezası açısından muhsan mı yoksa bekâr mı sayılacağı hususudur. Dört Sünnî fıkıh mezhebine ve Zeydiyye’ye göre yukarıdaki şartlarda evlilik içi bir defa olsun cinsel ilişkide bulunan kimse bu evlilik sona er-se bile muhsan sayılmaya devam eder. Ca‘ferîler’de ve bir görüşe göre İbâzîler’de evlilik sona erince kişi muhsan olmaktan çıkar. Hatta Ca‘ferî mezhebinde eşlerin cinsel ilişki imkânı da önem taşımakta olup eşinden uzakta olan veya hapiste bulunan kimse de muhsan sayılmaz. Onlar bu konuda Hz. Ali’nin bu yöndeki uygulamasını delil getirirler (Muhammed Hasan en-Necefî, XLI, 273). Çağımızda Reşîd Rızâ, Muhammed Ebû Zehre, Muhammed Selîm Avvâ gibi âlimler de Arap dilinde muhsan ile evli kimsenin kastedildiği, evliliği sona ermiş kimsenin artık evliliğin koruması altında olmayacağı için muhsan sayılmayacağı, dul olmanın zina suçunun cezasını ağırlaştırıcı değil belki hafifletici sayılmasının hakkaniyete daha uygun düştüğü, Hz. Peygamber’in recm uygulamasında dulların muhsan sayıldığına ilişkin bir açıklığın bulunmadığı gibi gerekçelerden hareket ederler ve sonuçta bir kimsenin ihsan sıfatını taşıması için o anda evli olmasının gerektiğini belirtirler. Gerçi klasik literatürde evliliğin kişiye meşrû yoldan cinsel ihtiyacını giderme imkânı verdiği için harama düşmekten alıkoyacağı, müslüman olma, hürriyet gibi diğer ihsan şartlarının da kişiyi zinadan koruyacağı şeklindeki açıklamalar, esasen illetten çok hikmetten yola çıkan azınlık görüşünü destekler mahiyettedir; ancak cumhûru fukahâ bu konuda hikmete yönelik bir tartışma yapmayıp Resûl-i Ekrem dönemi recm uygulamalarında suçlunun daha önce evlenmiş olmasıyla yetinilmesi ve o anda evli olup olmadığının araştırılmaması, hadislerde “ihsan” ve “seyyib” kelimelerinin eş anlamlı olarak kullanılması, seyyibin de Arap dilinde daha çok dul anlamına gelmesi, evlilik nimetini bir defa elde etmiş bir kimsenin artık mâzur sayılmaması gerektiği gibi noktalardan hareket etmiştir.
Kazf İhsanı. Zina iftirasına uğrayan kişide aranan niteliklerin bütününü ifade eden bir terim olup kişide bu nitelikler mevcut olduğu takdirde ithamda bulunan kimse zina iftirası suçu işlemiş sayılır. Fıkıh literatüründe kazf ihsanının beş şartı olarak iftiraya uğrayan kimsenin (makzûf) iffetli, akıllı, müslüman, bâliğ ve hür olması gereğinden söz edilirse de bunlardan özellikle son ikisinin gerekip gerekmediği fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır. Öte yandan, iftiraya uğrayan kimsede aranan bu özellikler bir bakıma zina iftirasına had uygulanabilmesinin ön şartları olduğundan bu bağlamdaki ihsan kavramında iffet anlamı ön plana çıkmaktadır. Zina suçunda ihsan kavramının odağında evlilik ya da daha teknik bir ifadeyle geçerli bir evlilik içi cinsel ilişkide bulunma şartı yer alırken kazf suçunda ihsan, kelimenin sözlük anlamına daha yakın şekilde iffetli olmayı ifade eder. Zina iftirasının ağır bir günah ve suç olduğunu bildiren âyette geçen “muhsanât” kavramı da her ne kadar fakihlerin çoğunluğu tarafından bu konudaki görüşlerine uygun düşmesi için “hür kadınlar” şeklinde açıklanmışsa da iffetli kadınlar şeklinde anlaşılmaya daha müsait görünmektedir (bk. KAZF ).
İhsan, öngörülen cezanın uygulanabilmesi için suçun işlenmesi esnasında ilgili tarafta aranan bir özellik olduğundan bu sıfatı oluşturan şartlardan birinin sonradan yitirilmesi kişinin muhsan sıfatını doğrudan etkilemez; fâilin cezaî ehliyetini etkileyebilir. İrtidadın ihsan sıfatını düşürüp düşürmediği tartışması bir tarafa bırakılırsa, iki tür ihsanda da ihsan şartlarının cezanın uygulanmasına kadar devam etmesi görüşü böyle bir anlam taşır.
Zina suçunda fâilin, kazfte iftiraya uğrayan kimsenin ihsan şartlarını taşıyıp taşımadığı bir suçun ispatı değil bir durum tesbitinden ibarettir. Çünkü ihsan, cezanın sebebi veya suçun oluşum şartı değil, öngörülen haddin uygulanabilmesi için fâilde ya da suç mağdurunda aranan bir vasıf olup birtakım şartlardan oluşur. Ancak başta Şâfiîler olmak üzere fakihlerin bir kesimi, ihsanın ispatının neticede malî bir hakka ilişkin değil bir cezanın ağırlaştırılmasına yönelik olduğunu ileri sürerek ceza yargılamasındaki ispat şartlarını ararlar. Recm ihsanının şart, sebep ya da alâmet olarak nitelendirilmesi de esasen bu tercihlere gerekçe teşkil etmek üzere yapılmış açıklamalardır. İslâm hukukunda yerleşik kurala ve uygulamaya göre sorumluluğun, bir suçun, ilâve ya da ârızî bir vasfın varlığını ileri süren bunu ispatla yükümlü tutulur (Mecelle , md. 8, 9). Bu sebeple de gerek recm gerekse kazf ihsanının şartlarının sübûtu bu ölçüye göre ele alınır; meselâ kişinin iffetli ve akıllı olması aslî vasıf olduğundan aksinin ispatı, evlilik ârızî vasıf olduğundan evliliğin ispatı gerekir. Öte yandan ihsan vasfı suç ve cezanın şahsîliği ilkesiyle de uyum içinde olup kazfte zina iftirasına uğrayan kişinin, recm cezasında da zina fiilini işleyen kimsenin muhsan olması şartları aranır. Bundan dolayı muhsan olan ve olmayan iki kimsenin zinasında, tıpkı birinin cezaî ehliyetinin bulunup diğerinin bulunmayışında olduğu gibi suç fâillerinin konumuna göre uygulanacak ceza da değişmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Vehbe ez-Zühaylî, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî fî üslûbihi’l-cedîd , Dımaşk 1404/1984, VI, 40-44, 78-79.
Bilmen, Kamus2 , III, 16, 199-201.
Ahmed Fethî Behnesî, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-cinâʾiyye fi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî , Beyrut 1412/1991, I, 36-65.
Sa‘d Muhammed Hasan Ebû Abduh, Cerîmetü’l-ḳaẕf ve ʿuḳūbetühâ fi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî , Kahire 1993-94, s. 68-83.
Mehmet Boynukalın, Zina Suçu ve Cezası (yüksek lisans tezi, 1995), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 60-71.
J. Burton, “The Meaning of Ihsan”, JSS , XIX (1974), s. 47-75.
a.mlf., “Muḥṣan”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 474-475.
Harald Motzki, “Wal-muḥṣanātu mina n-nisāʾi illā mā malakat aimānukum (Koran 4:24) und die koranische Sexualethik”, Isl. , LXIII/2 (1986), s. 192-218.
“İḥṣân”, Mv.Fİ , IV, 22-32.
“İḥṣân”, Mv.F , II, 222-229.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 546-548 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.