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İHŞÎDÎLER Skip to content Mısır, Suriye ve Filistin’de 935-969 yılları arasında hüküm süren bir Türk hânedanı.
Abbâsî Devleti’nde merkezî otoritenin zayıfladığı dönemlerde Mısır’da kurulan hânedanın adı, kurucusu Muhammed b. Tuğç’a verilen “ihşîd” unvanından gelmektedir. Fergana hükümdar ailesine mensup olan Muhammed b. Tuğç’un dedesi Cuf, Bağdat’a gelip Halife Mu‘tasım-Billâh’ın hizmetine girmiş bir Türk kumandanı idi. Mu‘tasım’dan sonra Vâsiḳ-Billâh ve Mütevekkil-Alellah’ın emrinde çalışan Cuf ölünce oğlu Tuğç, Mısır’a giderek Tolunoğulları’nın hizmetine girdi. Ancak Tolunoğulları ile arasının açılması üzerine Halife Müktefî-Billâh’ın emriyle Suriye bölgesindeki Karmatîler’i etkisiz hâle getirip Mısır’a yürüyen Muhammed b. Süleyman el-Kâtib’in ordusuna katıldı. Muhammed b. Süleyman, Mısır’da Tolunoğulları’nın hâkimiyetine son verince onu Kınnesrîn valiliğine getirdi. Tuğç bir süre sonra Muhammed b. Süleyman ile birlikte Bağdat’a gitti. Burada Vezir Abbas b. Hasan el-Cercerâî ile arası açıldığından Halife Müktefî-Billâh, vezirin etkisiyle onun oğulları Muhammed ve Ubeydullah ile birlikte hapse atılmasını emretti. Tuğç hapiste öldü, oğulları ise serbest bırakıldı (294/906-907).
Muhammed ve Ubeydullah, Hamdânoğulları’ndan Hüseyin b. Hamdân b. Hamdûn ile anlaşıp Vezir Abbas b. Hasan’ı ortadan kaldırdılar. Muhammed b. Tuğç, bu olayın ardından Mısır Valisi Ebû Mansûr Tekin’in hizmetine girdi. 302 (914-15) yılında Mısır’a saldıran Fâtımîler’in bertaraf edilmesinde önemli rol oynadı. Bu sayede Ebû Mansûr Tekin’in en yakın adamları arasında yer aldı ve Hama valisi oldu. 307’de (919) Fâtımîler’le yapılan savaşta gösterdiği başarılar Abbâsîler’in dikkatini çekti. Bu yıllarda Tekin ile arası açılan Muhammed b. Tuğç’u Halife Muktedir-Billâh 316’da (928) Remle, 319’da (931) Dımaşk valiliğine tayin etti. Ancak Muhammed b. Tuğç’un gözü Mısır valiliğinde idi. Nihayet Halife Kāhir-Billâh onu 321 (933) yılında Mısır genel valiliğine getirmek zorunda kaldı. Durumundan emin olmak için Mısır’a gitmeyip Dımaşk’ta bekleyen Muhammed b. Tuğç bir ay sonra görevinden azledildi. Râzî-Billâh halife olunca onu yeniden Mısır valiliğine tayin etti. Böylece Mısır’da İhşîdîler döneminin temelleri atılmış oldu (Ramazan 323 / Ağustos 935).
Halife Râzî-Billâh, 326 (938) veya 327 (939) yılında kendisine eski Fergana Türk hükümdarlarının kullandığı “ihşîd” unvanını verdi; Mısır ve Suriye camilerinde hutbelerde adı halifenin adıyla birlikte anılmaya başlandı.
Muhammed b. Tuğç, Mısır’da yönetimi tam anlamıyla ele aldıktan sonra halkın gönlünü kazanmaya çalıştı. Onun Mısır’da hâkimiyeti ele geçirdiği sırada devlet adamlarının, ayrıca Fâtımîler’in gözü buraya dikilmiş, Abbâsî hilâfet merkeziyle arasının bozulması üzerine Suriye’ye gelen eski emîrü’l-ümerâ Muhammed b. Râiḳ Mısır üzerindeki emellerini açığa vurmaya başlamıştı. Mısır’a yürüyen İbn Râiḳ, Muhammed b. Tuğç ile Arîş’te karşılaştı ve yenilgiye uğradı (15 Ramazan 328 / 24 Haziran 940). Ancak Muhammed b. Tuğç’un kendisini takiple görevlendirdiği kardeşi Ebû Nasr Hüseyin’i Lücûn (Lecûn) denilen yerde mağlûp etti (4 Zilhicce 328 / 10 Eylül 940). Bu savaşta Ebû Nasr’ın öldürülmesinden üzüntü duyan İbn Râiḳ, Muhammed b. Tuğç’tan özür dileyerek onun gönlünü almayı başardı. Daha sonra iki taraf arasında Remle’yi sınır kabul eden bir antlaşma yapıldı. Buna göre Remle dahil olmak üzere Mısır İhşîdîler’e, Suriye ise İbn Râiḳ’e ait olacak ve İbn Râiḳ’e yıllık 140.000 dinar vergi ödenecekti.
Halife Râzî-Billâh’ın yerine geçen Müttakī-Lillâh, Mısır’ın Muhammed b. Tuğç’a ait olduğuna dair yeni bir menşur gönderdi. Muhammed b. Tuğç, İbn Râiḳ’in ölümünden sonra Dımaşk üzerine yürüyüp bütün Suriye’yi ele geçirdi. Bağdat’ta Emîrü’l-ümerâ Tüzün’ün baskıları karşısında zor durumda kalıp Musul’a gitmiş olan Halife Müttakī-Lillâh’ın davetini kabul ederek onunla Rakka’da buluştu. Halifeye hediyeler sunup bağlılığını bildirdi ve kendisini Mısır’a davet etti. Halife, Muhammed b. Tuğç’un davetini kabul etmedi. Ancak kendisine bağlılığından dolayı Mısır’ın yönetimini otuz yıl süreyle ona verdi. Oğlu Ebü’l-Kāsım Ûnûcûr’un veliahtlığını da kabul etti (333/944). Muhammed b. Tuğç, ertesi yıl İhşîdî kuvvetlerini yenerek Halep ve Humus’u ele geçirdikten sonra Dımaşk’a da girmeyi başaran Seyfüddevle el-Hamdânî’yi savaşmaksızın Dımaşk’ı terketmeye mecbur etti. Onu takip ederek Humus’a, ardından Kınnesrîn’e geldi. Burada yapılan savaşı İhşîdî ordusu kazandı (334/945-46). Bütün Kuzey Suriye’nin Hamdânîler’e, güneyin de İhşîdîler’e ait olacağına dair yapılan antlaşmadan sonra Muhammed b. Tuğç Dımaşk’a gitti ve orada öldü (Zilhicce 334 / Temmuz 946). Daha önce Bizans İmparatoru I. Romanos Lakapenos’la iyi ilişkiler içerisinde bulunan ve onunla mektuplaşarak 325’te (937) esir mübadelesi gerçekleştiren Muhammed b. Tuğç vefat ettiği yıl Mısır, Suriye ve Sugūrüşşâm emîri sıfatıyla Bizans ile esir mübadelesi yapmak için çalışmaktaydı.
Muhammed b. Tuğç’un yerine on beş yaşlarındaki oğlu Ebü’l-Kāsım Ûnûcûr (Enûcûr) geçti ve ailenin hizmetçisi Nûbe asıllı Ebü’l-Misk Kâfûr ona vasi tayin edildi. Kâfûr devleti bir hükümdar gibi yönetmeye başladı. Daha sonra Ûnûcûr yönetimi ele almaya girişince İhşîdî ordusu Kâfûrîler ve İhşîdîler olarak ikiye bölündü. Ancak Kâfûr’un devlet yönetimi üzerindeki hâkimiyeti, Ebü’l-Kāsım Ûnûcûr’un 349 (960) yılında ölümüne kadar devam etti.
Ebü’l-Kāsım Ûnûcûr’un vefatından sonra hânedanın başına kardeşi Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Muhammed geçti. Halife Mutî‘-Lillâh babası ve ağabeyi gibi onun da Mısır, Suriye, Sugūr ve Haremeyn toprakları üzerindeki hâkimiyetini tasdik etti. Ancak Kâfûr bu dönemde de hâkimiyetini sürdürdü. Ali, daha önce ağabeyi Ûnûcûr için tahsis edilen yıllık 400.000 dinarlık ödeneği alıp istediği gibi kullanması karşılığında Kâfûr’a teslim oldu.
351 (962) yılında Seyfüddevle’yi yenerek Halep’i işgal eden Bizans İmparatoru Nikephoros Phokas, bölgedeki İhşîdî birliklerinin Seyfüddevle’den gelen yardım taleplerine cevap vermesi neticesinde ordusunu geri çekti. Ali b. Muhammed, aynı yıl Kâfûr’u yönetimden uzaklaştırmak için teşebbüse geçtiyse de yeterli asker ve maddî destek bulamadı. Bu durum Kâfûr ile Ali’nin arasının daha da açılmasına sebep oldu. Nihayet Ali de yönetime sahip olamadan vefat etti (355/966).
Ali b. Muhammed’in ölümünden sonra Kâfûr, onun dokuz yaşındaki oğlu Ahmed’in yerine geçmesine itiraz edince Mısır emîrsiz kaldı. Bu arada Kâfûr, Halife Mutî‘-Lillâh’tan kendisi için bir menşur çıkararak Mısır valiliğine tayinini sağladı ve hutbelerde adını okutmaya başladı. Böylece fiilen ve resmen hükümdarlık makamını elde etmiş oldu. Kâfûr’un ölümünden (357/968) sonra henüz on bir yaşındaki Ebü’l-Fevâris Ahmed b. Ali b. Muhammed el-İhşîd’e biat edildi. Ancak bu arada çeşitli iç meseleler ortaya çıktı. İdareyi ele alan Vezir Ebü’l-Fazl Ca‘fer b. Fazl (İbn Hinzâbe) birçok devlet adamını tutuklatıp mallarına el koydu. Ahmed b. Ali’nin nâibi olan Hasan b. Ubeydullah b. Tuğç, Suriye’den Mısır’a gelerek İbn Hinzâbe’yi tutuklatıp mallarına el koyduysa da bir süre sonra serbest bırakıp görevine iade etti. Bu dönemde kıtlık, salgın hastalıklar, toplanan vergilerin askerlere ödenmemesi ve iç çalkantılar halkı huzursuz etmiş, dâîlerinin de etkisiyle Fâtımî Halifesi Muiz-Lidînillâh toplumun birçok kesiminde kurtarıcı olarak görülmeye başlanmıştı. Eskiden beri Mısır üzerinde emelleri olan Fâtımîler, bu durumu fırsat bilerek Cevher es-Sıkıllî kumandasındaki birlikleri Mısır’a sevkettiler. Fâtımî askerleriyle İhşîdîler arasında bazı çatışmalar olunca İbn Hinzâbe başkanlığındaki İhşîdî ileri gelenleri Cevher es-Sıkıllî’nin karargâhına gidip bağlılıklarını bildirdiler (17 Şâban 358 / 6 Temmuz 969). Cevher aynı gün Fustat’a girdi. Böylece İhşîdîler Devleti sona erdi.
İHŞÎDÎ HÜKÜMDARLARI Muhammed b. Tuğç el-İhşîd 323 (935) Ebü’l-Kāsım Ûnûcûr b. Muhammed 334 (946) Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Muhammed el-İhşîd 349 (960) Ebü’l-Misk Kâfûr 355 (966) Ebü’l-Fevâris Ahmed b. Ali b. Muhammed 357-358 (968-969)
İhşîdîler müstakil bir devlet olmakla birlikte hutbelerde ve sikkelerde Abbâsî halifelerine de yer verip merkeze bir miktar para göndermek suretiyle Abbâsîler’e bağlılıklarını şeklen sürdürmüşlerdir. Mısır, Suriye ve Filistin bölgelerini hâkimiyet altında bulunduran İhşîdîler’in Hicaz ve Yemen’deki hâkimiyetlerinin sembolik mahiyette olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. İhşîdîler, birçok hususta kendilerinden önce Mısır’a hâkim olan Tolunoğulları’nı taklit etmeye çalışmışlar, ancak onlar kadar başarılı olamamışlardır. İhşîdî ailesi mensupları toplumun en nüfuzlu kesimiydi. Muhammed b. Tuğç’un kardeşleri Hasan, Hüseyin ve Ubeydullah önemli devlet hizmetlerini yürütmüşlerdir. Nil nehrinden kanallar açtıran, setler inşa ettiren İhşîdîler’de devlet gelirlerinin temel kaynağını topraktan alınan haraç vergisi oluşturuyordu. Vergilerin genellikle ağır tutulması, askere fazla para verilmemesi, zenginlerin mallarının müsadere edilmesi toplumda çeşitli huzursuzluklara sebep oluyordu. İhşîdîler ordu ve donanmaya da önem vermiştir. Muhammed b. Tuğç döneminde Mısır ve Suriye’de 400.000 kişilik bir ordu kurulduğu bildirilmektedir (Makrîzî, I, 94).
Bu dönemde ilim ve edebiyat alanında da verimli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Fustat’ta Sûku’l-Verrâkīn denilen kitapçılar çarşısında ayrıca münazaralar düzenleniyordu. İhşîdîler döneminin meşhur âlimleri arasında fıkıhta İbnü’l-Haddâd el-Kinânî, Ebû Abdullah Hüseyin b. Muhammed ed-Dımaşkī, İbn Sükkere, Muhammed b. Yahyâ el-Asvânî, İbn Şa‘bân; hadiste Ebû Bekir Ahmed et-Tahhân, Hamza el-Kinânî, Muhammed b. Ali el-Mısrî, İbnü’n-Nablusî; tasavvufta Ebü’l-Hasan es-Sâiğ, Ebü’l-Hayr el-Akta‘; şiirde Mütenebbî, Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Tabâtabâ er-Ressî ile oğulları Kāsım ve İbrâhim, Abdullah (Ubeydullah) b. Muhammed b. Ebü’l-Cû‘, Sâlih b. Mûnis; edebiyatta Muhammed b. Tuğç’un Bizans İmparatoru Romanos Lakapenos’a gönderdiği cevabî mektubu kaleme alan İbrâhim b. Abdullah b. Muhammed en-Necîremî, Sîbeveyhi el-Mısrî diye bilinen Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Mûsâ el-Kindî es-Sayrafî; nahivde Ebü’l-Abbas İbn Vellâd, Ebû Ca‘fer en-Nehhâs; tarihte Ebû Saîd İbn Yûnus es-Sadefî, Muhammed b. Yûsuf el-Kindî, İbn Zûlâk sayılabilir.
İhşîdîler imar faaliyetlerine de önem vermişler, ancak bu eserler günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Muhammed b. Tuğç, 325 (937) yılında Ravza adasında Kasrü’l-Muhtâr adı verilen bir sarayla bir bahçe yaptırmıştır. Dokuma ürünleri başta olmak üzere çeşitli eşyanın satıldığı bedestenlerin yanı sıra Tolunoğulları dönemine ait Bîmâristânü’t-Tûlûnî’den ayırt edilmesi için Bîmâristânü’l-Esfel denilen hastahane de onun zamanında inşa edilmiştir. Bustânü’l-Kâfûrî güzel bir mesire yeriydi. Kâfûr, içinde filler de beslendiği için Dârü’l-fîl adı verilen bir saray ve Mukattam dağı eteklerinde bir cami yaptırmıştır. Vezir Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ali el-Mâzerâî Kâbe’ye benzeyen bir köşk inşa ettirmiş, bu köşk bayramlarda ve önemli dinî günlerde halkın toplandığı bir yer olmuştur. Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Muhammed el-İhşîd Cîze’de bir cami yaptırmış, Vezir İbn Hinzâbe Mescidü Mûsâ adlı bir cami inşa ettirdiği gibi Fustat’a su sağlamak için kanallar açtırıp su kuyuları vakfetmiştir. Ayrıca Mescidü’r-rîh, Mescidü’z-zimâm, Mescidü’l-akdâm gibi camiler dönemin önemli eserleri arasında zikredilmektedir. Tabâtabâî ailesine mensup şahısların kabirlerinin bulunduğu Meşhedü’ş-Şerîf Tabâtabâî’nin bazı kalıntılarıyla bir mihrap İhşîdîler döneminden günümüze ulaşabilen eserlerdir. İhşîdîler devrinde dokuma sanayii bir hayli ilerlemişti. Özellikle Tinnîs, Dimyat, Ferma ve İskenderiye şehirlerinde dokuma tezgâhları vardı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kindî, el-Vülât ve’l-ḳuḍât (Guest) , s. 281-298.
İbn Zûlâk, Sîretü Muḥammed b. Tuġc el-İḫşîd (nşr. İhsan Abbas, Şeẕerât min kütübin mefḳūde fi’t-târîḫ içinde), Beyrut 1988, s. 223-280.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , VIII, 322-620.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , IV, 99-105; V, 56-62.
Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , I, 94, 328-330.
Seyyide İsmâil Kâşif, Mıṣr fî ʿaṣri’l-İḫşîdiyyîn , Kahire 1970.
Hamdi Alaslan, İhşidîler Devleti: Siyasi Tarih, Sosyal, Ekonomik ve Kültür Hayatı (doktora tezi, 1989), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
J. L. Bacharach, “Ikhshidids”, Dictionary of the Middle Ages , New York 1989, VI, 416-418.
a.mlf., “Muḥammad b. Ṭug̲h̲d̲j̲”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 411.
Ahmed Abdürrâzık Ahmed, Târîḫu Mıṣr ve âs̱âruhe’l-İslâmiyye , Kahire 1993, s. 141-165.
Nadir Özkuyumcu, İbn Zûlâk’ta İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri: Tolunoğulları ve İhşidîler , İzmir 1996.
Thierry Bianquis, “Les derniers gouverneurs ikhchidides à Damas”, BEO , XXIII (1970), s. 167-196.
Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi, “The Struggle for Syria and Mesopotamia (330-58/941-69) as Reflected on Hamdānid and Ikhshīdid Coins”, American Numismatic Society Museum Notes , sy. 28, New York 1983, s. 137-186.
Ahmet Ağırakça, “İbn Râiḳ”, DİA , XX, 242.
C. H. Becker, İhşîdîler, İA , V/2, s. 945.
C. E. Bosworth, “Ik̲h̲s̲h̲īd”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 1060.
A. S. Ehrenkreutz, “Kāfūr”, a.e. , IV, 418-419.
Rızâ Rızâzâde Lengerûdî, “Âl-i İḫşîd”, DMBİ , I, 558-561.
Emîne Baytâr, “el-İḫşîdiyyûn”, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿArabiyye , Dımaşk 1998, I, 540-544.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 551-553 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.