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İHYÂÜ ULÛMİ’d-DÎN Skip to content Gazzâlî’nin (ö. 505/1111) başta tasavvuf ve ahlâk olmak üzere fıkıh, kelâm gibi ilimlere bilhassa amaçları bakımından yeni yaklaşımlar getiren önemli eseri.
Gerek ismi gerekse kısa önsözündeki açıklamalar, Gazzâlî’nin bu eseri İslâm ümmeti için bir ıslah projesi niteliğinde kaleme aldığını göstermekte, eski ve yeni ilim çevrelerinde de genellikle İḥyâʾ ın böyle bir iddia ile yazıldığı kabul edilmektedir. Müellif eserin önsözünde, âhiret yolunun öncüleri olması gereken âlimlerin şeytanın aldatmasına kapılmış şekilciler olduğundan yakınır; bunların ilim kavramını yozlaştırdıklarını, ilmi siyasetçilerin taleplerine uygun olarak verilen fetvalardan veya içeriksiz kelâmî tartışmalardan ya da vâizlerin sıradan insanları etkileyen tumturaklı konuşmalarından ibaret sayarak halkı yanılttıklarını söyler; gerçek ilimlerin ve selef-i sâlihînin takip ettiği âhiret yolunun artık unutulduğunu görerek İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn adını verdiği kitabı yazmanın gerekli olduğu kanaatine vardığını belirtir (I, 2). Dikkatle bakıldığında eserde, müslümanların içine düştüğü dinî-ahlâkî ve kültürel yozlaşmanın ve bunların içtimaî ve siyasî yansımalarının incelendiği anlaşılır. Klasik kaynaklarda Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾ ı inzivâ döneminde (1095-1105) kaleme aldığı kaydedilmektedir. Gazzâlî de tarih belirtmeden eseri bu dönemde yazdığı kitaplar arasında zikreder (el-Müstaṣfâ , I, 3-4). Maurice Bouyges kitabın 488-495 (1095-1101) yılları arasında telif edildiği kanaatindedir (Essai , s. 42).
Dört ciltten oluşan eserin her cildinde “kitâb” başlığı altında on konu işlenmiştir. “Rub‘u’l-ibâdât” başlıklı ilk ciltte ilim, akaid, temizlik, namaz, zekât, oruç, hac, Kur’an tilâveti, zikir ve dua, virdler ve gecelerin ihyası konuları ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümün en önemli özelliği, ibadetlerin zâhirî usul ve erkânı hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra fıkıh kitaplarından farklı olarak bunların ihlâs, huşû gibi müellifin “kalbin amelleri” dediği mânevî şartlarıyla ahlâkî boyutları üzerinde de durulmasıdır. Bu niteliğiyle İḥyâʾ , İslâm kültür tarihinde ibadet psikolojisi bakımından özel bir yere sahiptir. Yeme içme âdâbı, evlilik, ekonomik hayat, helâl ve haram, ülfet, kardeşlik, sohbet ve muaşeret âdâbı; uzlet, semâ ve vecd; emir bi’l-ma‘rûf nehiy ani’l-münker, maişet âdâbı ve Peygamber’in ahlâkına dair “Rub‘u’l-âdât” başlığını taşıyan II. ciltte Gazzâlî’nin İslâmî bir aile, devlet, toplum ve iktisat düzeninin teorik temelini ortaya koymaya çalıştığı ve bunu büyük ölçüde başardığı görülmektedir. Bu modelde asıl unsurun ailevî, içtimaî, iktisadî, siyasî vb. ilişkileriyle ilgili dinî ve ahlâkî bilgisi, bilinci, duyarlılığı ve sorumluluk duygusu gelişmiş fertler olduğu görülür. Bu gelişmenin sağlandığı fertlerin elindeki dünya hayatının kendisi güzel olacağı gibi bu hayat âhiret mutluluğunun da hazırlayıcısı olacaktır. “Rub‘u’l-mühlikât” başlıklı III. ciltte insanın mânevî, ahlâkî yönü, nefsin terbiye edilmesi, yeme içme ve cinsel arzuların kontrol altına alınması, dilin âfetleri; gazap, kin ve haset; dünyanın anlamı ve önemi; cimrilik ve mal tutkusu; mevki tutkusu ve riya; kibir, kendini beğenmişlik ve kuruntu (gurur) konuları ele alınmıştır. Gazzâlî bu konuları işlerken ahlâk ve tasavvuf literatüründen geniş ölçüde yararlanmakla birlikte son derece dirayetli psikolojik ve pedagojik tahlilleriyle seleflerini aşmıştır. Gazzâlî, kendi deyimiyle bu ahlâkî hastalıkların psikolojik ve sosyal sebeplerini ve iyileştirme yollarını gösterirken her seviyedeki okuyucusunu bir iç gözleme yöneltmekte, onu kendi ruhunu tanımaya, ahlâkî şuurunu ve iradesini harekete geçirmeye sevketmektedir. Bu cildin “Ẕemmü’l-câh ve’r-riyâ” bölümünde insandaki mevki tutkusunun psikolojik temelleri incelenirken ortaya konan insan tasavvuru felsefî antropoloji bakımından önemlidir. Ayrıca bu cildin sonunda “Ẕemmü’l-ġurûr” başlığı altında, dönemin İslâm toplumuyla ilgili olarak gerçekçi ve yararlı bir dindarlık eleştirisi yapılmıştır. “Rub‘u’l-münciyât” başlığını taşıyan son bölümde ise tövbe, sabır ve şükür, havf ve recâ, fakr ve zühd, tevhid ve tevekkül, muhabbet, şevk, üns ve rızâ; niyet, ihlâs ve sıdk; murakabe ve muhasebe, tefekkür, ölüm ve âhiret hayatı konuları incelenmiştir. Ancak bu başlıklar altında dar anlamda tasavvufî ve ahlâkî görüşler ortaya konmakla yetinilmemiş, konunun özelliğine göre ince fikrî ve felsefî tahliller de yapılmıştır. Meselâ tövbe, sabır ve şükür, tevhid ve tevekkül bölümlerinde yeri geldikçe irade ve özgürlük problemi üzerine ortaya konan görüşler müellifin felsefî, kelâmî ve tasavvufî birikimi yanında dehasının da bir ürünü sayılacak değerdedir. İslâm filozofları, Grek felsefesinin bütün konularına ilgi duydukları ve bu alanda eserler verdikleri halde sanat felsefesini ihmal etmişler, ilk defa Gazzâlî İḥyâʾ ın IV. cildinde (s. 302-310, 435-448) sanat felsefesine dair parlak tahliller yapmış, güzellik ve âhenk kavramlarını inceleyerek buradan Allah’ın varlığını ispata gitmiştir.
İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’in ana bölümleriyle ihtiyaç duyuldukça alt bölümlerinde önce konuyla ilgili âyet ve hadisler genellikle yorum yapılmadan sıralanmış; ardından Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn ile Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd, Selmân-ı Fârisî, Ebû Süleyman ed-Dârânî, Ebü’d-Derdâ, Ebû Zer el-Gıfârî, Hasan-ı Basrî, Süfyân es-Sevrî gibi zühd ve takvâlarıyla tanınan sahâbî ve tâbiî âlimlerinin; Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî, Zünnûn el-Mısrî, Bâyezîd-i Bistâmî, Fudayl b. İyâz, Yahyâ b. Muâz gibi ilk dönem sûfîlerinin sözleri aktarılmıştır. Abdullah b. Mübârek, Hâris el-Muhâsibî, Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, Abdülkerîm el-Kuşeyrî gibi mutasavvıfların eserleri İḥyâʾ ın tasavvufî konulardaki başlıca kaynaklarıdır. Gazzâlî isimlerini zikretmemekle birlikte İhvân-ı Safâ risâlelerinden, Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, İbn Sînâ, İbn Miskeveyh gibi filozofların eserlerinden de yararlanmıştır. Yine ismini kaydetmemesine rağmen en çok faydalandığı eserlerden biri de Râgıb el-İsfahânî’nin eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ mekârimi’ş-şerîʿa adlı ahlâk kitabıdır. İḥyâʾ da yer alan hadislerle ilgili tahrîc çalışmaları, müellifin başta Kütüb-i Sitte olmak üzere en az yirmi hadis mecmuasından istifade ettiğini göstermektedir.
Müellifin önsözdeki hem naklî hem aklî delillere dayanacağına dair vaadine uygun olarak eserde hemen her konunun anlamı ve önemiyle ilgili nakillerin ardından çoğunlukla (bilhassa III ve IV. ciltlerde) “beyânü hakîkati …” başlığı altında konunun esası ve mahiyeti hakkında başarılı açıklamalar, yorumlar, ince tahliller ve tesbitler yapılır. Gazzâlî’nin fikrî ve felsefî birikimini, ufkunun genişliğini ve dehasını yansıtması bakımından dikkat çeken bu incelemeler İḥyâʾ ın o güne kadar yazılmış olan tasavvuf, ahlâk ve bazı yönlerden felsefe literatürünü aştığını kanıtlayacak niteliktedir.
İḥyâʾ ın Türkiye’de ve Türkiye dışındaki kütüphanelerde bulunan yüzlerce tam ve kısmî yazması içinde en eskisi, muhtemelen Muḫtaṣarü’l-İḥyâʾ başlığını taşıyan 502 (1108-1109) tarihli nüshadır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 1675). Eserin IV. cildine ait diğer bir yazma ise 553 (1158) yılında istinsah edilmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., İzmir, nr. 2945). Tahran’daki Meclis-i Şûrâ-yı Millî Kütüphanesi’nde İḥyâʾ ın IV. cildinin başından “Kitâbü’l-Ḫavf ve’r-recâʾ” bölümünün sonuna kadar olan kısmını içeren yazma 597 (1200) tarihini taşımaktadır (eserin yazmalarının listeleri için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 422; Suppl. , I, 748-749; Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 98-112). Muhtemelen ilk defa 1269’da (1853) Kahire’de (Bulak) basılan ve daha sonra pek çok baskısı yapılan eserin henüz ilmî bir neşri gerçekleştirilmemiştir (bazı baskıları için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 422; Suppl. , I, 748; Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 112).
Gazzâlî’nin kardeşi Ahmed el-Gazzâlî tarafından Lübâbü İḥyâʾi ʿulûmi’d-dîn adıyla ihtisar edilen esere (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 422; Suppl. , I, 748; Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 114) daha sonra da pek çok ihtisar yazılmış olup bunlardan bazıları şunlardır: İbnü’l-Cevzî, Minhâcü’l-ḳāṣıdîn (Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme el-Makdisî tarafından Muḫtaṣaru Minhâci’l-ḳāṣıdîn adıyla özetlenmiştir); Muhammed b. Ömer b. Osman el-Belhî, ʿAynü’l-ʿilm ve zeynü’l-ḥilm ; Abdülvehhâb b. Ali el-Hatîb el-Merâgī, Lübâbü’l-İḥyâʾ ; Muhammed b. Ali b. Ca‘fer el-Aclûnî, İḥyâʾü’l-İḥyâʾ (eser üzerine yazılmış en güzel ihtisar olduğu kabul edilir, bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 24). İḥyâʾ , Seyyid Muhammed Murtazâ ez-Zebîdî tarafından İtḥâfü’s-sâdeti’l-müttaḳīn bi-şerḥi esrâri İḥyâʾi ʿulûmi’d-dîn adıyla şerhedilmiştir (Kahire 1311). On ciltten oluşan bu şerhin başında Gazzâlî’yi tanıtan geniş bir giriş bulunmaktadır (I, 2-53). Eserin, XIX. yüzyılda Yûsuf Ahmed Sıdkı (Ebül‘ulâ Mardin’in babası) tarafından yapılan Mesîru umûmi’l-muvahhidîn tercümetü ve şerhu İhyâi ulûmi’d-dîn başlıklı dokuz ciltlik Türkçe tercüme ve şerhi İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (TY, nr. 5851-5860).
Müeyyedüddin Muhammed el-Hârizmî, 620 (1223) yılında Hindistan Hükümdarı İltutmış’ın isteği üzerine İḥyâʾ ın tamamını Farsça’ya çevirmiş, bu çevirinin bazı kısımları yayımlanmıştır (Tahran 1358 hş./1979, 1359 hş./1980). VII. (XIII.) yüzyıla ait diğer bir Farsça tercüme ile II. cildine ait bir serbest tercümenin mütercimleri bilinmemektedir (Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 119). Eser, ilk defa Bostanzâde Mehmed Efendi (ö. 1006/1598) tarafından Yenâbîu’l-yakīn fî İhyâi ulûmi’d-dîn adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 2574). Süleyman Tevfîk el-Hüseynî’nin I. cildin ikinci bölümünün (Kitâbü Ḳavâʿidi’l-ʿaḳāʾid ) sonuna kadar getirebildiği Türkçe tercümesi basılmıştır (İstanbul 1326-1327). İḥyâʾ ın tamamını Ahmet Serdaroğlu (Ankara 1963; İstanbul 1974) ve Ali Arslan (İstanbul 1977) Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir. Eser, M. Ahsen Sıddîkī tarafından Meẕâḳḳu’l-ʿârifîn başlığı altında Urduca’ya da tercüme edilmiştir (Leknev 1331).
Gazzâlî’nin eserlerinin Batı dünyasında tanınmasını sağlayan Raimundo Martini 1256-1257 yıllarında kaleme aldığı Explanatio symboli apostolorum adlı eserinde İḥyâʾ a atıfta bulunmuştur (d’Alverny, s. 131-132). Martini’nin Gazzâlî’ye nisbet ettiği De Penitentia (tövbeye dair), Probatorium (kanıt) ve Epistole ad Amicum (sevgi hakkında) adlı eserler muhtemelen İḥyâʾ ın ilgili bölümleridir. Martini ile aynı dönemde yaşamış olan Süryânî-Ya‘kūbî papazı Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-İbrî fazilet, rezîlet, ruh temizliği gibi ahlâk konularını işlediği eserlerinde İḥyâʾ dan alıntılar yapmıştır (Wensinck, s. XVI vd.). Miguel Asin Palacios aynı yazarın İḥyâʾ dan misaller, vecizeler ve şiirler aktardığını da bildirir (L’Islam et l’occident , s. 71).
İḥyâʾ ın Batı dillerine yapılmış çok sayıda kısmî tercümesi bulunmaktadır. Hans Bauer, eserin ilk cildinin aslında müstakil bir kitap olan “Kitâbü Ḳavâʿidi’l-ʿaḳāʾid” başlıklı ikinci bölümünü 1912’de Almanca’ya çevirmiş, daha sonra IV. cildinden “Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣıdḳ ve’n-niyye ve’l-iḫlâṣ” bölümünün (Halle 1916), II. cildinden “Kitâbü Âdâbi’n-nikâḥ”ın ikinci babının (Halle 1917) ve “Kitâbü’l-Ḥalâl ve’l-ḥarâm”ın üçüncü babının (Halle 1922) açıklamalı çevirisini yayımlamıştır. Eserin ibadetlere dair bölümü Edwin E. Calverley tarafından bir giriş ve açıklamalarla birlikte İngilizce’ye çevrilmiştir (Madras 1925). Diğer bazı kısmî çeviriler şunlardır: “Untersuchungen zu Ghazzalis Kitab at-Tauba” (trc. Susanna Wilzer, Isl. , XXXII, [Berlin 1957], s. 237-309; XXXIII [1957], s. 51-120; XXXIV [1959], s. 128-137); Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Kitāb Ādāb al-Maʿīsha wa Akhlāk al-Nubuwwa (trc. L. Zolondek, Leiden 1963); The Book of Knowledge: The Kitāb al-ʿIlm (trc. Nabih Amin Faris, Lahore 1962); The Foundations of the Articles of Faith: The Kitāb Qavāʿid al-ʿAqāʾid (trc. Nabih Amin Faris, Lahore 1963); Mysteries of Almsgiving: The Kitāb Asrār al-Zekāh of Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn (trc. Nabih Amin Faris, Beirut 1966); The Mysteries of Purit: The Kitāb Asrār al-Ṭahārah of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn (trc. N. A. Faris, Lahore 1966); The Recitation and the Interpretation of the Qurʾān: al-Ghazālī’s Theory (trc. Muhammad Abul Quasem, Kuala Lumpur 1979 [Kitâbü Âdâbi tilâveti’l-Ḳurʾân ’ın çevirisi]); Invocations and Supplications: Kitāb al-Adhkār va’d-Daʿawāt (trc. K. Nakamura, Cambridge 1990, 2. bs.); The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife: Kitāb Dhikr al-Mawt va mā Baʿdah (trc. T. J. Winter, Cambridge 1989); Imām Gazzāli’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlûm id-Dīn (ihtisar-trc. Al-Haj Maulana Fazlul-Karim, I-IV, Lahore 1971); Temps et prières: prières et invications, extraits de l’Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn (trc.-tanıtma, Pierre Cuperly, Sindbad 1990; diğer bazı çeviriler için bk. Manzoor-Abdul Waheed Khan, XIII/3, s. 184-190; Y. M. Nawabi, VI, 727-750).
Gazzâlî’den bahseden hemen bütün tabakat kitaplarında İḥyâʾ hakkında da bilgi verilmektedir. Ayrıca İslâm düşünce tarihine, özellikle İslâm felsefesi, tasavvuf ve ahlâka dair eski ve yeni çalışmalarda eser hakkında mâlûmata rastlanır. İḥyâʾ üzerine pek çok ilmî çalışma yapılmıştır. Miguel Asin Palacios’un Algazel, dogmática, moral, y ascética başlıklı doktora tezi (Madrid 1901) bu alandaki ilk modern çalışmalardandır. Aynı yazarın La espiritualidad de Algazel y su sentido cristiano başlıklı eseri İḥyâʾ ın bazı bölümlerinin tahlil, tahkik ve neşrinden ibaret olup dört ciltten meydana gelmektedir (Madrid 1934, 1935, 1936, 1941). Diğer çalışmalardan bazıları şunlardır: S. M. Zwemer, “Jesus Christ in the Ihya of Al-Ghazali” (MW , VII [1917], s. 144-158); L. Massignon, “Le Christ dans les evangiles selon al-Ghazzali” (Opera Minora içinde, Paris 1969, II, 523-536); Madelain Farah Habib, Islamic Marital Code: Prolegomenon to and Translation of al-Ghazālī’s Book on the Etiquette of Marriage in Iḥyāʾ ʿulūmi al-dīn (doktora tezi, Utah Üniversitesi, 1976, eserde İḥyâʾ ın “Kitâbü Âdâbi’n-nikâḥ” bölümünün çevirisi de yapılmıştır); M.-L. Siauve, L’amour de Dieu chez Gazali. Une philosophie de l’amour à Bagdad au début du XIIe siècle (Paris 1986, “Kitâbü’l-Maḥabbe …” bölümünün çevirisiyle birlikte); Mahmûd Ali Kurrâa, es̱-S̱eḳāfetü’r-rûḥiyye fî Kitâbi İḥyâʾi ʿulûmi’d-dîn li’l-Ġazzâlî (Kahire 1987; diğer bazı çalışmalar için bk. Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 118-122).
Gazzâlî’nin en hacimli ve en önemli eseri olan İḥyâʾ hakkında, “İslâm’a dair bütün kitaplar kaybolup sadece İḥyâʾ kalsaydı diğerlerini aratmazdı” şeklinde yaygın bir kanaat bulunduğu ifade edilir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 23; Zebîdî, I, 27). “İḥyâʾ neredeyse Kur’an gibidir” anlamına gelen bir özdeyişten dahi söz edilir (Goldziher, s. 151). Eser özellikle Kuzey Afrika’daki Şâzeliyye, Yemen’deki Ayderûsiyye tarikatlarının mensupları üzerinde derin etkiler bırakmıştır. Muhibbî, bu bölgede İḥyâʾ ın bazı bölümlerini vird olarak okuyanların bulunduğunu kaydeder (Ḫulâṣatü’l-es̱er , III, 69). Buna karşılık Hanbelî fakihlerinin esere ağır eleştiriler yönelttiği görülmektedir. Henüz Gazzâlî hayatta iken Endülüs’te İḥyâʾ ın yakılması yönünde fetvalar verilmiş, bu hüküm uyarınca Murâbıt Hükümdarı Ali b. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn bir ara eserin ülkesinde okunmasını yasaklamıştır. Gazzâlî’nin çağdaşlarından Kādî İyâz, İbn Ebû Rendeka et-Turtûşî ve Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî eseri ilk tenkit edenlerdendir. İki yıl Gazzâlî’den öğrenim gören ve başta İḥyâʾ olmak üzere bazı eserlerini bizzat kendisinden okuyan Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Emedü’l-aḳṣâ adlı eserinde (vr. 122a-b ), varlığın mümkün olan en güzel şeklinin hâlihazırdaki durumu olduğuna dair İḥyâʾ daki görüşü eleştirerek bunun filozoflar tarafından gerçekleri tersyüz etmek için ileri sürülmüş bir fikir olduğunu ve ümmetin bu görüşün yanlışlığında ittifak ettiğini söyler. Esere en ağır eleştiriler Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî tarafından yöneltilmiştir. İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam ’da ve Telbîsü İblîs adlı eserinde İḥyâʾ ı tenkit ettiği gibi bu konuda İʿlâmü’l-aḥyâʾ bi-aġlâṭi’l-İḥyâʾ adlı müstakil bir kitap kaleme almıştır. Ayrıca Ebû Abdullah Ali b. Ömer el-Mâzerî’nin el-Keşf ve’l-inbâʾ ʿani’l-mütercem bi’l-İḥyâʾ , Ebü’l-Hasan İbn Sekr’in İḥyâʾü meyyiti’l-aḥyâʾ fi’r-reddi ʿalâ Kitâbi’l-İḥyâʾ , Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Münîr el-İskenderî’nin eż-Żiyâʾü’l-mütelâlî fî teʿaḳḳubi’l-İḥyâʾ li’l-Ġazzâlî başlıklı birer reddiye yazdıkları bilinmektedir. Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye de eserin tevekküle dair bölümüne reddiye mahiyetinde bir risâle yazmışsa da (Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 114) genelde kitabı olumlu bulmuştur (Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , VI, 54). Son dönem âlimlerinden Mustafa Sabri Efendi, İḥyâʾ daki fikirleri dolayısıyla Gazzâlî’yi tenkit edenler arasında yer almıştır (Mevḳıfü’l-ʿaḳl , I, 266-270). Esere yöneltilen en ciddi eleştiriler hadislerin sıhhatiyle ilgilidir. Kitapta çok sayıda zayıf ve uydurma hadis bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. İlk defa Zeynüddin el-Irâkī İḥyâʾ daki hadislerin tahrîci için büyük, orta ve küçük hacimde üç eser hazırlamıştır (bu eserler hakkında geniş bilgi için bk. DİA , XIX, 118-119). Irâkī’nin isnadını bulamadığı 271 hadis, Muhammed Emîn es-Süveydî tarafından el-Mevżûʿât fi’l-İḥyâʾ ev el-İʿtibâr fî ḥamli’l-esfâr adlı eserde bir araya getirilmiş, bu kitabı neşreden Ali Rızâ b. Abdülvehhâb (Demenhûr [Mısır] 1414/1993), Süveydî’nin dikkatinden kaçan otuz altı rivayeti bu listeye eklemiştir.
İḥyâʾ ı savunmak amacıyla da kitaplar yazılmıştır. Bunların başında bizzat müellifin el-İmlâʾ ʿalâ işkâlâti (müşkilâti)’l-İḥyâʾ adlı eseri gelir. Gazzâlî’nin, İḥyâʾ daki bazı kavramlara ve görüşlere açıklık getirmek için kaleme aldığı eserin bazı yazma nüshaları el-İmlâʾ ʿalâ keşfi müşkilâti’l-İḥyâʾ, el-Ecvibetü’l-müskite ʿani’l-esʾileti’l-müşkileti’l-mübkite başlığını taşımakta olup (Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 112) eser İḥyâʾ ile birlikte birçok defa basılmıştır. Bu hususta yazılmış diğer önemli bir kitap da Feyz-i Kâşânî’nin el-Meḥaccetü’l-beyżâʾ fî tehẕîbi (iḥyâʾi)’l-İḥyâʾ adlı eseridir (İḥyâʾ ile bu eser arasında bir karşılaştırma için bk. Abdülkerîm Sürûş, Mecelletü’l-ʿulûmi’l-insâniyye , II/1-2 [1990], s. 13-57). Celâleddin es-Süyûtî’nin Teşyîdü’l-erkân fî “leyse fi’l-imkân ebdeʿu mimmâ kân” başlıklı risâlesiyle (İḥyâʾ ın sonunda basılmıştır, Halep 1419/1998, V, 471-504) Abdülkādir el-Ayderûs’un Taʿrîfü’l-aḥyâʾ bi-feżâʾili’l-İḥyâʾ ı da (İḥyâʾ ile birlikte birçok defa basılmıştır) bu hususta kayda değer çalışmalardır. İḥyâʾ daki sebep-sonuç ilişkisine dair görüşlere yöneltilen eleştirileri cevaplamak üzere müellifi bilinmeyen iki eser daha kaleme alınmıştır (Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 113).
Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin Kitâbü’n-Nefs ve’r-rûḥ ve şerḥu ḳuvâhümâ başlıklı eseri, Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Aḫlâḳ-ı Nâṣırî ’si, İbn Haldûn’un Muḳaddime ’si, Şehâbeddin es-Sühreverdî’nin ʿAvârifü’l-maʿârif ’i, Mehmed Birgivî’nin eṭ-Ṭarîḳatü’l-Muḥammediyye ’si gibi tanınmış eserler dahil olmak üzere sonraki dönemlerde yazılmış pek çok kitapta İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’in farklı ölçülerde etkisi olmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , I, 1-4; IV, 302-310, 435-448.
a.mlf., el-Müstaṣfâ , Bulak 1324, I, 3-4.
Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Emedü’l-aḳṣâ , Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., nr. 499, vr. 122a-b .
İbn İzârî, el-Beyânü’l-muġrib , s. 59-60.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , VI, 54.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIX, 323, 330-334, 340-346.
Yâfiî, Mirʾâtü’l-cenân , III, 180.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 23-24.
Muhibbî, Ḫulâṣatü’l-es̱er , III, 69.
Zebîdî, İtḥâfü’s-sâde , I, 2-53.
Mustafa Sabri Efendi, Mevḳıfü’l-ʿaḳl ve’l-ʿilm ve’l-ʿâlem , Beyrut 1401/1981, I, 266-270.
Wensinck, Bar Hebraeus’s Book of the Dove , Leiden 1919, s. XVI vd.
I. Goldziher, Le dogme et la loi de l’Islam (trc. Félix Arin), Paris 1920, s. 151.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 422; Suppl. , I, 748-749.
M. Asin Palacios, “Contacts de la spritualité musulmane et de la spritualité christienne”, L’Islam et l’occident , Paris 1947, s. 71.
M. Bouyges, Essai de chronologie des oeuvres de al-Ghazali (ed. M. Allard), Beyrouths 1959, s. 42.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Müʾellefâtü’l-Ġazzâlî , Küveyt 1977, s. 98-125.
Manzoor-Abdul Waheed Khan, Islam and the Modern Age , New Delhi 1982, XIII/3, s. 184-190.
Y. M. Nawabi, A Bibliography of Iran , Tehran 1984, VI, 727-750.
M. T. d’Alverny, “Algazel dans l’Occident latin”, Un trait d’union entre l’Orient et l’Occident: Al-Ghazzali et Ibn Maimoun , vol. 12, Agadir 1985, s. 131-132.
Abdülkerîm Sürûş, “Muḳārene beyne’l-meḥacceti’l-beyżâʾ ve İḥyâʾi ʿulûmi’d-dîn”, Mecelletü’l-ʿulûmi’l-insâniyye li’l-Cumhûriyyeti’l-İslâmiyyeti’l-Îrâniyye , II/1-2, Tahran 1990, s. 13-57.
a.mlf., “İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn”, DMBİ , VII, 136-152.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, “Irâkī, Zeynüddin”, DİA , XIX, 118-119.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 10-13 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 16.02.2020 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.