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İKĀLE Skip to content Bağlayıcı ve feshi kabil bir akdi bozmayı konu edinen akid.
Sözlükte ikāle “bir şeyi gidermek, ortadan kaldırmak” anlamına gelir. Bir satım akdinin, ahid veya biatın taraflarca bozulması bağlamında kullanılan kelime, fıkıh literatüründe bağlayıcı ve feshi kabil bir akdin tarafların karşılıklı rızâsıyla ortadan kaldırılmasını ifade eder. Kur’an’da yer almayan ikāle kelimesi hadislerde genellikle iki anlamda kullanılmıştır. Bunlardan birincisi, dinî-siyasî bir bağlılık anlaşması niteliğinde olan biatın geri alınması (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Medîne”, 4; Müsned , III, 306, 307, 325, 392; Buhârî, “Medîne”, 10; “Aḥkâm”, 45, 47; Müslim, “Müsâfirîn”, 278, “Ḥac”, 489), diğeri de satıcının alıcıyla anlaşarak aralarında yaptıkları satım akdini bozmalarıdır (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Büyûʿ”, 1; Müslim, “Büyûʿ”, 45; İbn Mâce, “Rühûn”, 17). Hz. Peygamber’in, satıcının pişman olmasıyla müşterinin bunu dikkate alıp akdin bozulmasına yanaşmasını teşvik ettiği hadisinde (İbn Mâce, “Ticârât”, 26; Ebû Dâvûd, “Büyûʿ”, 54) ikāleyi kullanmasının, kelimenin bu hukukî işleme isim olarak verilmesinde etkili olduğu ve ikālenin buradaki kullanımından itibaren terim anlamı kazanmaya başladığı söylenebilir. İslâm hukuk literatüründe özel borç ilişkilerinin en önemli kaynağı olan akidler ayrı ad ve başlıklar altında incelenmiş, ikāle de bütün akidler için model olarak kabul edilen bey‘ akdi içinde geniş şekilde ele alınmıştır.
İkāle, fesih gibi akde dayalı borç ilişkisini sona erdiren sebeplerden biri olmakla birlikte kuruluşu için iki tarafın karşılıklı iradesine ihtiyaç duyulması bakımından fesihten ayrılır ve bu yönüyle bir akid özelliği taşır. İkālenin feshe benzer bozucu yenilik doğurucu bir etkiye sahip olması bir akid sayılmasına engel teşkil etmediği gibi bu akdin feshe benzer hukukî sonuçlar doğurması da fesih sayılmasını gerektirmez. Her fesih bir ikāle değilse de her ikāle aynı zamanda bir fesihtir. Bu iki özelliği sebebiyle ikālenin akid mi fesih mi olduğu hususunda fukaha arasında görüş ayrılığı ortaya çıkmıştır. 1. İkāle, gerek taraflar gerekse üçüncü kişiler açısından fesih niteliğinde bir işlemdir. Bu görüş Şâfiîler, Hanbelîler ve Hanefîler’den Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî ile Züfer b. Hüzeyl’e aittir. Adı geçen âlimler, lafzî bir yorum yaparak ikālenin Arap dilinde “bir şeyin ortadan kaldırılması” anlamında kullanıldığını, dolayısıyla bir akdin ortadan kaldırılmasının onun feshedilmesi demek olduğunu ileri sürmüş, bir işlemin, kendisi için kullanılan terimin ifade ettiği anlamın dışına taşmaması gerektiğini söylemişlerdir. 2. İkāle, hem taraflar hem de üçüncü kişiler hakkında imkân ölçüsünde bir akiddir. Bu görüşü savunan İmam Mâlik ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre, özünde karşılıklı edimler arasında bir değiş tokuş bulunan bir işlemin adı ne olursa olsun bir akid olduğu gerçeği göz ardı edilemez. Ancak ikāle, önceki akidden doğan karşılıklı edimler henüz ifa edilmeden yapılmışsa fesih özelliği taşır. 3. İkāle taraflar hakkında fesih, üçüncü kişiler hakkında ise akiddir. Bu görüşü savunan Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre ikāle aslında fesih anlamı taşımaktadır. Fakat taraflar, üçüncü kişilerin bu işleme yönelik haklarını düşürme yetkisine sahip değildir. İkālenin üçüncü şahıslar hakkında akid sayılması, akdin taraflarının başvurabilecekleri hilelere karşı üçüncü şahısların müktesep haklarını koruma amacını taşımaktadır.
Hukukî varlık kazanmış bir akdi ortadan kaldıran iradî işlemin ikāle mi fesih mi olduğu hususunda en önemli ölçü, söz konusu akdin bağlayıcı (lâzım) olup olmaması ve fesih kabul edip etmemesidir. Bağlayıcı olduğu halde fesih kabul etmeyen nikâh ve hul‘ (muhâlea) gibi akidlerle talâk ve ıtk gibi hukukî işlemlerde ikāle geçerli değildir. İki tarafı bağlayan akidlerde akid ancak iki tarafın anlaşmasıyla bozulabilir. Akdin tek tarafı bağlayıcı olması halinde de akdin kendisini bağladığı taraf için aynı durum söz konusudur; diğer taraf ise istediği zaman tek başına akdi bozabilir. Karşılıklı rızânın şart olduğu ilk iki durumda akdin ortadan kaldırılması ikāle, son durumda fesihle ifade edilir (bk. FESİH ). Buna göre fesih akdin tek taraflı olarak, ikāle ise iki tarafın muvafakatiyle bozulması demektir. Ayrıca fesih bağlayıcı olmayan akidlerde bu akidlerin yapısı gereği, bağlayıcı akidlerde de birtakım hukukî eksiklikler, bazı muhayyerlik ve mazeretler gereği işleme imkânı bulurken ikāle, sadece bağlayıcı olan ve kuruluş aşamasında herhangi bir eksiklik içermeyen akidlerde işleyebilir.
Fesihte olduğu gibi ikāle ile benzeri bazı işlemler arasında da farklar mevcuttur. İkāle borç ilişkisini ortadan kaldırma, istibdâl ise (îfâ yerine edim) borç ilişkisi çerçevesinde yer alan dar anlamdaki bir borcun konusunu değiştirme amacına yönelik birer işlemdir. Havâlede, gerek alacağın bir başkasına geçirilmesi şeklindeki alacağın temliki, gerekse edimin bir üçüncü şahsa aktarılması şeklindeki borcun nakli tarzında tezahür etsin, bir borç ilişkisinin tamamen ortadan kalkması değil sadece dar anlamdaki borcun taraflarında bir değişme söz konusudur. Sulh da ikāle gibi iki tarafın katılımını gerektiren bir işlemdir. Ancak sulhta, akid veya akid dışı bir borç kaynağından doğan dar anlamdaki bir borç çerçevesinde bir anlaşmazlığın sona erdirilmesi amaçlanır. Halbuki ikālede böyle bir anlaşmazlık söz konusu değildir.
Hukukî niteliği tartışmalı olmakla birlikte bir aile hukuku sözleşmesi olan muhâlea kadının, evlilik bağının sona ermesine rızâ göstermesi karşılığında kocasına belli bir bedel ödemeyi taahhüt ettiği bir akiddir. Eğer muhâlea nikâh akdinden sonra, fakat halvetten önce gerçekleşmişse yapısal olarak bir ikāle görüntüsü verir. Çünkü bu aşamada yapılan muhâlea ile önceki durumun avdet ettirilmesi imkân dahilindedir. Fakat halvetten sonra yapılan muhâlea ile nikâh öncesi durumun geri getirilmesi mümkün değildir. Bu sebeple muhâlea akdine dair yapılan değerlendirmelerde muhâleanın bir fesih mi yoksa talâk mı olduğu yönünde iki ayrı eğilim belirmiştir. Fesih olduğu görüşü kabul edilse bile nikâh akdi yapısı itibariyle feshi kabil bir akid olmadığı için muhâlea bir ikāle olarak nitelendirilemez.
İkālenin Kuruluşu. İkāle iki taraflı bir hukukî işlem olduğuna göre kurucu irade beyanları olan icap ve kabulün birbiriyle örtüşmesi gerekir. Ancak bozulması istenen akde oranla akid görüşmelerine daha az ihtiyaç duyulduğu için ikāleyi kuran irade beyanında Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf gibi hukukçular daha esnek davranırken İmam Muhammed, önceki akidde aranan şartlarda bir yumuşamayı kabul etmemiştir. Hanbelî fakihlerinden Kadı Ebû Ya‘lâ da bir akdi kurmaya yeterli olan her yolun o akdi bozmaya her zaman yeterli olamayacağını ifade ederek meselâ teâti yoluyla ikālenin kurulamayacağı görüşünü savunmuştur.
Hukukî temsilci tarafından yapılmış olan bir akdin yine hukukî temsilci tarafından ikāleye konu yapılıp yapılamayacağı tartışmalıdır. Bu mesele, temsilcinin elde ettiği tasarruf yetkisinin hangi işlemleri kapsadığına yönelik olarak yapılan yorumlarla çözülmeye çalışılmıştır. Satıma ilişkin vekilin yaptığı satımı müvekkil ikāleye konu yapabilir. Böyle bir vekil de yaptığı akdi karşı edimi teslim almadan önce ikāleye konu edebilir. Ancak karşı edimi aldıktan sonra vekilin yaptığı ikāle kendi hesabına gerçekleştirdiği yeni bir alım işlemi olarak kabul edilir, dolayısıyla müvekkiline karşı önceki aldığı bedelden sorumlu olur. Satıma ilişkin vekilin ikāle yapmasıyla Ebû Hanîfe ve İmam Muhammed’e göre semen alacağı müşteriden düşer, Ebû Yûsuf’a göre ise düşmez. Ebû Yûsuf’tan farklı olarak Ebû Hanîfe ve İmam Muhammed’e göre seleme ilişkin vekilin tıpkı ibrâ gibi ikāle yapma yetkisi de vardır. Hanefî mezhebinde satmaya vekil olana karşılık almaya vekil olana ikāle yetkisi tanınmamıştır. İmam Mâlik’e göre ise satıma vekil olan da ikāleye yetkili değildir. Asaleten yapılmış olan bir akdin sırf ikālesine ilişkin vekâlet verilmesi Şâfiîler ve Hanbelîler’in ittifakla benimsediği bir görüştür. Vakıf mütevellisi, değerinden daha düşük satın aldığı bir şeyi vakıf için zararlı bir işlem olacağı gerekçesiyle ikāleye konu yapmaya yetkili sayılmamıştır.
İkālenin Şartları. a) İkāleye konu olan akid bağlayıcı ve feshi kabil bir akid olmalıdır. Taraflardan biri lehine herhangi bir muhayyerlik tanınarak feshe elverişli hale getirilebilen iki tarafı bağlayıcı bütün akidler ikāleye konu edilebilir. İki tarafı bağlayıcı akidler ancak iki tarafın karşılıklı rızâsıyla fesih imkânına sahiptir. Bey‘, mudârebe, icâre, havâle, selem ve sulh bu niteliğe sahip akidlerdir. Tek taraf için bağlayıcı olan rehin (kabz gerçekleşmişse) ve kefâlet gibi akidlerde fesih hakkına sahip olmayanlar (rehin veren, kefil) ancak ikāle yoluyla akdi bozabilirler. Hibe de tek taraf için bağlayıcı olduğunu savunanlara göre veya belli işlemlerden sonra bağlayıcı hale geldiğinde ikāleye elverişli olur. İkāleye elverişli olmayan akidler ise vedîa, âriyet, vasiyet, cuâle gibi bağlayıcı olmayan akidlerle vakıf, nikâh, hul‘ gibi feshi kabil olmayan akidlerdir. b) İkālenin kuruluşu sırasında akid konusu mevcut ve mümkün olmalıdır. İkāle bir fesih sayılacaksa eski halin iadesinin imkân dahilinde bulunması gerekir. Buna göre ikāle edilen sözleşmeden doğan borcun konusu ferden muayyen bir şey ise ikāle sırasında mevcut olmalıdır. O şey, yapılmış olan akdin gereği olarak karşı tarafa teslim edilmişse eski halini muhafaza etmesi gerekir. Üzerinde bir değişiklik yapılmışsa veya kendisinde bir ayıp meydana gelmişse ikālenin imkânı tartışmalıdır. Ancak nev‘an muayyen veya paradan oluşan karşı edimin ikāle sırasında mevcut olması şart değildir. c) İkāle temsilci tarafından yapılıyorsa temsil edilen kimsenin zararına olmamalıdır. Şöyle ki: Önceki akid veli veya vasi gibi kanunî temsilci tarafından emsali aşan bir bedel üzerinden yapılmışsa bu işlemin ikālesi ilgili kısıtlının zararına sayılan bir işlem olacaktır. Buna kanunî temsil kurumu imkân vermez. d) Yapısı icabı karşılıklı edimleri akid meclisinde ifası gereken bir akid ikāleye konu olmuşsa aynı hassasiyet ikāle sürecinde de gösterilmelidir. Nitekim sarf akdi ikāleye konu olmuşsa karşılıklı edimlerin akid meclisi dağılmadan iade edilmiş olması gerekir, aksi takdirde ikāle kurulmuş olmaz. e) İkāleyi yeni bir akid sayan görüş dikkate alındığında fâsid şartlar ileri sürülmemelidir. Nitekim Ebû Yûsuf’a göre ikāle fâsid şartların ileri sürülmesiyle geçersiz olur. İkāleyi fesih olarak görenlere göre ise fâsid şartlar ileri sürülmüşse bu tür şartlar geçersiz, ikāle geçerli olur.
İkāle, bir anlamda daha önce yapılmış olan akdin ters çevrilmesi demektir. Bu da ribâ yasağının çiğnenmesine yönelik bir hile olarak kullanılmaya elverişli olduğu için ikāle hakkında ileri sürülen birtakım şartlarla buna karşı önlem alınmaya çalışılmıştır. İkālenin fesih niteliğinde bir işlem olduğu görüşünü savunanlara göre, önceki akidden doğan karşılıklı münferit borçlar arasında kurulan dengeyi bozacak türden bir ikāle bu ilâve şartlar hükümsüz olacak tarzda geçerlik kazanır. İkālenin, önceki akidden doğan karşılıklı edimler ifa edilmeden veya edildikten sonra yapılmış olması bu durumu değiştirmez.
İkālenin Hukukî Sonuçları. İkāle, şartlarına uygun olarak kurulduğunda fesih veya yeni bir akid sayılmasına bağlı olarak farklı sonuçlar doğurur. Yeni bir akid kabul edildiğinde borç ilişkisini ileriye doğru, fesih kabul edilmesi halinde ise geriye doğru ortadan kaldırır. Buna göre önceki akidden doğan ve ifa edilen borçlar iadeye konu olur. İfa edilmiş değilse bunların talep hakkı düşer ve önceki akde dayanılarak herhangi bir talep ileri sürülemez. İkālenin yeni bir akid sayılması özellikle üçüncü şahısların hakları bakımından önem taşır. İkāle fesih işlemi sayılırsa kural olarak, akid sırasında hakkından vazgeçen şüf‘a hakkı sahibinin bu hakkı iddia etmesine imkân verilmez. Zira şüf‘a hakkını doğuran hukukî işlem ikāle ile ortadan kalkmış durumdadır. İkāle akid sayılırsa şüf‘a hakkı yeniden kazanılır.
İkālenin, bozmayı hedeflediği borç ilişkisinin hangi aşamasında yapıldığı önem arzetmektedir. İkāle, önceki akidden doğan borçlar henüz ifa edilmeden yapılmışsa söz konusu borç ilişkisini geçmişe etkili olarak sona erdirir. Ancak bozmaya konu olan akidden doğan karşılıklı edimlerden biri veya her ikisi ifa edildikten sonra yapılan bir ikālede, ikāleyi fesih olarak niteleyen görüş esas alındığında iadeye konu olacak edimler sebepsiz zenginleşme hükümlerine göre tasfiye edilir. Onu bir akid olarak niteleyen görüş esas alındığında ise iadeye konu olan edimler yeni bir borç kaynağı niteliğindeki bu akdin hükümlerine göre ifa edilir.
İkālenin İptali. Şartlarına uygun şekilde kurulan bir ikāle, taraflar arasında yeni bir ikāle ile ortadan kaldırılabileceği gibi bazı durumlarda kendiliğinden son bularak hükümsüz kalır. İkāleyi fesih kabul edenlere göre feshin feshi söz konusu olmayacağından ikālenin de ikālesi olmaz. İkāleyi bir akid sayanlara göre ise yeni ikāleyle öncekinin hükmü ortadan kalkmış, ilk akid hüküm ve sonuçlarıyla geri dönmüş olur.
Karşılıklı edimleri ifa edilmiş bir akid, meselâ bir bey‘ akdi ikāleye konu yapıldıktan sonra mülkiyeti hukuken ve fiilen müşteriye geçmiş olan mebî‘ onun elinde telef olursa bu edimin ifası imkânsızlaştığı için yapılan ikāle kendiliğinden son bulur ve ikāle öncesi durum avdet eder. Çünkü ikālenin şartlarından biri konunun ifasının mümkün olmasıdır. İkāle kurulurken konunun mümkün olması gerektiği gibi akid kurulduktan sonra ifa aşamasında da mümkün olması gerekir. Fakat ikāleye konu olan bu tür bir akidde meselâ satıcının kabzettiği semen telef olursa, bu semen her ne kadar kabz işlemiyle taayyün etmiş de olsa ikāle varlığını korumaya devam eder. Çünkü semen niteliğindeki edim ya nev‘an muayyen bir şey veya bir miktar paradan ibarettir. Dolayısıyla bunun ikamesi imkân dahilindedir. Fakat önceki karşılıklı edimlerin her ikisi de meselâ trampa akdinde (mukāyeda) olduğu gibi ferden muayyen türden ise bunlardan herhangi birinin imkânsız hale gelmesi ikālenin geçersiz olmasına sebep olur. Ancak böyle bir durumda alacağı imkânsız hale gelen taraf ikāleyle bağlı kalmak istiyorsa telef olan şeyin bedeli üzerinde bir anlaşmaya varılması gerekir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 14-16 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.