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İKRAR Skip to content Kendi aleyhine başkasına ait bir hakkı haber verme anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “yerine getirmek, sabit kılmak, ispat etmek; itiraf etmek, bir şeyi haber vermek” anlamlarına gelen ikrâr , hukuk terimi olarak kişinin kendisi aleyhine başkasına ait bir hakkı haber vermesini ifade eder. İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu ikrarın mücerret bir “ihbâr”, bazıları “inşâ”, bazıları ise bir yönden ihbâr, bir yönden inşâ olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. İkrarda bulunan kişiye mukır , kendi lehine ikrar yapılan kimseye mukarrun leh , ikrara konu olan hakka mukarrun bih denir. İtiraf da ikrarla aynı mânada olmakla birlikte daha çok ceza hukukunda suçun ikrarı için kullanılır.
İkrarın hukukî bir delil olarak meşruiyeti kitap, sünnet, icmâ ve kıyasa dayanır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ikrar kelimesi ve çeşitli türevleri bazı âyetlerde sözlük anlamında geçmekte (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/84; Âl-i İmrân 3/81; el-Hac 22/5), bir âyette hatalarını dile getiren (itiraf) bir grup sahâbîden söz edilmekte (et-Tevbe 9/102), bir âyette de kişinin kendisi, ana babası ve akrabası aleyhine bile olsa Allah için şahitlik edip doğruyu söylemesi gerektiği belirtilmektedir (en-Nisâ 4/135). Hz. Peygamber’in uygulamalarında da çeşitli ikrar örnekleri mevcuttur (Dârimî, “Veṣâyâ”, 28; Buhârî, “Aḥkâm”, 21, “Veṣâyâ”, 8, “Diyât”, 4, 12; Müslim, “Ḥudûd”, 23, “Ḳasâme”, 17). İkrarın ikrar eden kişi aleyhine hukukî bir delil olduğu konusunda ayrıca icmâ vardır. İkrarın doğru ve yalan olma ihtimali bulunmakla beraber akıl sahibi bir insanın kendisi aleyhine olan bir şeyi yalan yere ikrar etmesi uygun değildir. Bu sebeple insanın bizzat kendisi aleyhine vuku bulan bu şahitliği başkasınınkinden daha doğru sayılır.
İkrar, tek taraflı irade beyanı ile vücut bulan hukukî bir tasarruf olup ikrarla verilen hükmün ihtilâfsız şekilde kabulü ve ikrarla sabit olan şeyin araştırılmaması esastır. İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu, şüphe ve töhmeti giderici olması sebebiyle ikrarın şehâdetten daha kuvvetli bir delil olduğunu belirtmiştir. Bundan dolayı davalı, dava konusu olan hakkı itiraf ederse onun üzerine şahit dinlenilmez. Şahitler birinin lehine şahitlik yaptıktan sonra o kimse kendi aleyhine ikrarda bulunursa ikrara göre hüküm verilir. Zira beyyine ile (şehâdet) verilen hüküm zannî, ikrarla verilen hüküm kat‘îdir. Mecelle ’nin, “Beyyine hüccet-i müteaddiye ve ikrar hüccet-i kāsıradır” (md. 78) şeklindeki maddesi, ikrarın yalnızca mukırrı bağlayıcı bir delil olup diğer kişileri etkilemediğini ifade etmektedir. Bu özellik, ikrarın hukukî bir delil ve ispat vasıtası oluşu bakımından bir noksanlık değil sadece ikrarın şümulüyle ilgili bir sınırlandırmadır. Ayrıca şahitliğin delil olarak geçerliliği hâkimin takdir ve kararına bağlı iken ikrar kendi başına hüküm ifade eder ve delil olarak hâkimi de bağlar.
İkrarın Şartları. İkrarı yapan kimse, lehine ikrarda bulunulan kişi, ikrar konusu ve ikrar vasıtası (sîga) olmak üzere dört unsurdan meydana gelen ikrarın sahih olabilmesi için bu unsurlarının birtakım şartlar taşıması gerekir. 1. Mukırrın Şartları. a) İkrar yapan kişinin âkıl, bâliğ ve mâlûm olması. Çocuğun, delinin, uyuyanın ve baygın kimsenin ikrarının sahih olmadığı konusunda hukukçular arasında ittifak vardır. Ancak Hanefîler’le Hanbelîler, mümeyyiz çocuğun ticarete izinli olması halinde izinli olduğu konularda ikrarının câiz olacağını belirtmişlerdir. Had ve kısası gerektirecek bir suçun ikrarı için ise âkıl ve bâliğ olmak şarttır. İkrarda bulunan kişi mâlûm olmadığı zaman lehine ikrar yapılan kimse ikrara konu olan hakkı kimden talep edeceğini bilemeyeceği için ikrarın bir anlamı kalmayacaktır. b) Mukırrın borç veya sefeh sebebiyle hacr altında bulunmaması. Bu durumda mukır ehliyet sahibi olmadığından ikrara dayalı tasarrufları geçersizdir. c) Mukırrın ikrarında töhmet altında olmaması. Borcu bütün malını kapsayan birinin kendi yakınları lehine yapacağı ikrar geçersizdir. Bunun gibi, kişinin ölümle sonuçlanan hastalığı sırasında yabancılar lehine her çeşit hakkı ikrar etmesinin câiz olduğu konusunda hukukçular ittifak ettiği halde vârislerine yaptığı ikrarlar tartışmalara sebep olmuştur. Hanefîler ve Hanbelîler, töhmete engel bir delil veya diğer vârislerin muvafakati ya da hâkimin izni olmadıkça hastanın kendi vârisine ikrarda bulunmasını câiz görmemişlerdir. İmam Mâlik, mukırrın töhmet altında kalmaması şartıyla bu durumdaki ikrarını sahih görürken Şâfiîler ve İbn Hazm, mutlak olarak ölüm hastasının yabancı gibi kendi vârisine yaptığı ikrarın da sahih olduğunu söylemişlerdir. d) Mukırrın rızâsının bulunması ve ikrarının ciddi olması. İkrarın sahih olabilmesi için mukırrın ikrarı zorlama olmaksızın gönül rızâsı ile yapması, ayrıca ciddi olması, her türlü muvâzaa, telcie, istihza, hezl ve hileden uzak bulunması gerekir. e) Mukırrın ikrarının zâhir-i hâle ve kanuna uygun bulunması, aklen ve şer‘an muhal olmaması. Meselâ yaşlılığı sebebiyle çocuğu olamayacak bir kişinin çocuğu olduğunu ikrar etmesi ve kendi hissesinden daha fazla miktarda terekeden hisse ikrar etmesi câiz değildir. İkrarın sahih olabilmesi için mukırrın müslüman olması şart değildir. Vekilin müvekkili aleyhine ikrarı hâkim huzurunda olması şartıyla geçerlidir; aksi takdirde geçerli olmayacağı gibi kendisi de vekâletten azledilmiş sayılır (Mecelle , md. 1517).
2. Mukarrun Lehin Şartları. a) Mukarrun lehin mâlûm olması. Lehine ikrar yapılan kişinin bilinmezliği, ikrarla sabit olan hakkın kendisine ulaştırılmasına imkân veriyorsa bu takdirde ikrar sahih sayılır; fakat hiç tanınmıyorsa ikrar geçersizdir (a.g.e. , md. 1578). b) Mukarrun lehin ikrar edilen şeyi istihkaka “hissen” ve “şer‘an” ehil olması. Buna göre cansız bir nesne veya hayvan lehine yapılan ikrar geçersiz; çocuk, deli, ma‘tûh, cenin ve vakıf lehine ayn veya borç ikrarı câiz görülmüştür. Ancak cenin lehine ikrar, miras ve vasiyet gibi uygun ve geçerli bir sebep belirtilerek yapılırsa bütün hukukçulara göre geçerli olur. Herhangi bir sebep belirtilmeden yapılan ikrar Ebû Yûsuf’a göre sahih değildir; Hanbelîler’e, Şâfiî mezhebinde kuvvetli görüşe ve Hanefîler’den İmam Muhammed’e göre ise sahihtir. Uygun olmayan bir sebebe dayanılarak yapılan ikrar bütün hukukçularca reddedilmiştir. Ayrıca ikrar sırasında ceninin varlığının çeşitli karînelerle bilinmesi ve sağ olarak doğması gerekir.
3. Mukarrun Bihin Şartları. İkrara konu olan haklar Allah hakları (kamu hakları) ve kul hakları olabilir. Allah haklarıyla ilgili ikrar daha çok suçların itirafında söz konusu olup bazı farklı hükümleri vardır. İkrara konu olan malî haklarda bulunması gereken belli başlı şartlar şunlardır: a) Mukırrın ikrar sırasında mukarrun bihi kendisine izâfe etmemesi. İkrar, kişinin kendi mülkünü ve mülkiyet hakkını ortadan kaldırmak için değil sadece ikrar edilen şeyin mukarrun lehin mülkü olduğunu haber vermek içindir. Bu bakımdan mukırrın, “Şu malım veya elimdeki bütün mallar falanındır” gibi mukarrun bihi kendisine izâfe ederek yaptığı ikrar hibe sayılır (a.g.e. , md. 1591). b) Mukarrun bihin fiilen veya hükmen mukırrın elinde mevcut olması. İkrara konu olan şeyin ikrar sırasında mukırrın tasarrufu altında bulunması gerekir. Aksi takdirde bu ikrar, başkasının elinde bulunan bir şeyi başkası adına ve onun izni olmadan dava etmek veya başkası lehine şehâdette bulunmak demektir. Ancak bu şart ikrarın sıhhatinden çok uygulanabilmesi için gereklidir. Kişi ikrar sırasında mevcut olmayan bir şeyi ikrar eder de sonradan o şeye sahip olursa ikrarın gereği yapılır. Ayrıca mukarrun bihin vukuu ve vücudu muhtemel bir şey olması halinde ikrar geçerlidir. Teslimi mümkün bir şey olması şart değildir; bu durumda kıymetini ödemesi gerekir. c) Mukarrun bihin mâlûm olması. İkrara konu olan hakkın sahibine verilebilmesi için bilinmesi gerekliyse de meçhul olması halinde de ikrar geçerlidir. Zira kişi, bildiği bir malı emanet aldığı gibi cinsini ve kıymetini bilemediği bir malı da emanet alabilir, telef edebilir, gasbedebilir veya çalabilir. Ancak bilinmezliğin giderilmesi için mukırdan o şeyi açıklaması istenir ve gerekirse buna zorlanır. Bazı hukukçular, beyanda bulununcaya kadar mukırrın hapsedilmesi gerektiğini belirtmişlerdir. Fakat cehaletle birlikte sahih olan tasarrufların aksine bey‘ ve icâre gibi cehaletle beraber sahih olmayan akidlerde mukarrun bihin meçhul kalması ikrarın sıhhatine mânidir ve mukır bunu açıklamaya zorlanamaz (a.g.e. , md. 1579). Mukarrun bihin bilinmezliği ya aslında ya da niteliklerinde olabilir. Bu kapalılıklar açıklandığı zaman söz konusu şey olduğu gibi duruyor ve aynen geri verilmesi mümkün oluyorsa aynen, değilse kıymeti ödenir. Mukarrun leh yalnız açıklanan şeye hak kazanır; daha fazlasını iddia ederse bunu ispatlaması gerekir. Nesep, nikâh, talâk, köle âzadı vb. konularda da ikrar belirli şartlarla geçerli sayılmıştır. Meselâ nesepte ikrarın geçerli olabilmesi için mukarrun bihin nesebi meçhul biri olması, başkasının da ona yönelik nesep iddiasında bulunmaması, mukırrın çocuğu olabilecek yaşta bulunması, çocuk ve hacr altında biri olmaması halinde mukırrı tasdik etmesi gerekir (bk. NESEP ).
4. İkrar Sigasının Şartları. İkrarı ifade etmek için birçok tabir, kelime, yazı veya işaret kullanılabilirse de bunların tamamı ikrar ifade etmeyebilir. İcap ve ilzam ifade eden lafızlarla yapılan ikrarlara “sarih”, bu şekilde olmayan ikrarlara da “zımnî” (delâleten) ikrar denir. Bir kimsenin diğerinden alacağını istemesi, onun da bu konuda süre talep etmesi veya sulh teklifinde bulunması borcun zımnen ikrarıdır. Fıkıh kitapları, meseleci (kazüistik) özelliklerinden dolayı ikrarla ilgili kelimelerin kullanımına ait çok sayıda örnek verirse de bu lafızları kullanmada Arapça gramerinin incelikleri değil örfteki kullanış önemlidir. Bu ifadelerin nitelik ve şartları şu şekilde sıralanabilir: a) İkrarın sarih olması. İkrar ifade eden lafızların açık ve anlaşılır olması gerekir. Kişi eğer kapalı (müphem) bir şeyi ikrar ederse onu açıklaması istenir. Şarta bağlı ikrarlar da -örfte kabul edilebilecek bir süreye bağlanması hariç- geçerli değildir. Zira ikrar geçmişte mevcut bir hakkı haber verirken şarta ta‘lik geleceğe yöneliktir. Aynı şekilde ikrarda muhayyerlik şartı da geçersizdir. Fakat bir önceki durumdan farklı olarak burada şart bâtıl, ikrar sahih sayılır. b) İkrarın mukır hakkında mümkün olan bir cihete isnat edilmesi. Meselâ, “Şu hayvanın bende şu kadar alacağı var” ifadesi ikrar sayılmaz. Çünkü mukarrun lehin temellüke imkân ve yetkisi yoktur. İkrarın mutlak olarak yapılması halinde hâkim mukırra ikrarının sebep ve cihetini sorarak hakkı sahibine ulaştırır. Mukırrın bu hususu açıklaması zorunludur. Mukır ve mukarrun lehin sebep konusunda ihtilâfları ikrarın sübûtuna tesir etmez. c) İkrarın nisabı (sayısı). Borçlar hukukuyla ilgili konularda tek bir ikrarın yeterli ve geçerli olduğu hususunda ittifak vardır. Ancak herhangi bir mal hakkında ayrı ayrı meclislerde ikrarı tekrarlamanın hükmü hukukçular arasında tartışmalıdır. Tekrarlanan ikrarın sebepleri aynı ise bir mal ödemek gerekir. İkrar meclisleri ve sebepleri farklı ise mutlaka iki malın da ödenmesi lâzım gelir. İkrar, hiçbir sebeple kayıtlanmadan mutlak olarak yapılmışsa Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre meclisler aynı ise iki malı, İmâmeyn’e göre ayrı meclislerde olsa bile bir malı ödemesi gerekir (ceza hukukunda ikrarın sayısıyla ilgili olarak bk. İTİRAF ).
İkrarın Hükmü. Mecelle ’nin, “Kişi ikrarıyla muâheze olunur” (md. 79) maddesinde de belirtildiği üzere ikrarın hükmü ve etkisi, ikrara konu olan sâbık bir hakkın (mukarrun bih) ortaya çıkması ve bu ikrarın mukırrı ilzam etmesidir. Bu hakkın feshe ihtimali bulunmadığı gibi bu konuda mukırrın özrü de kabul edilmez. İkrarın sahih olması, lehine ikrar yapılan kimsenin ikrarı kabul etmesine bağlı değildir. Ancak ikrarı reddederse ikrara konu olan malı reddetmiş sayılır. Gaip lehine yapılan ikrar hemen lüzum ifade etmeyip onun tasdikine bağlıdır. Hâzır lehine yapılan ikrar ise derhal lüzum ifade eder. Fakat bu lüzum, lehine ikrar yapılan kişi açısından bağlayıcı olmadığı için onun ikrarı reddetmesi mümkündür. Bununla beraber lehine ikrar yapılan kişi mukırrın yalan söylediğini bilirse o malı alması mekruhtur. İslâm hukukunda malla ilgili ikrarlarda zaman aşımına itibar edilmemiştir. Bu konuda Mecelle ’de, “Tekādüm-i zaman ile hak sâkıt olmaz” (md. 1674) denmiştir. Dolayısıyla ikrarla sabit olan bir hak zamanın geçmesiyle iptal edilemez.
İkrar Vasıtaları. İkrar, bir hakkı haber vermek ve itiraf etmek olduğu için öncelikle konuşma ile (söz, lafız) olur. İkrar ifade eden lafız ve kelimeler her milletin kendi diline ve örfüne göre değişiklik arzeder. Mecelle ’de, “Mükâtebe muhâtabe gibidir” (md. 69) ve, “Kitâbetle yani yazı ile ikrar lisan ile ikrar gibidir” (Mecelle , md. 1606) maddelerinde de belirtildiği üzere ilmühaber, mahkeme sicili, mektup ve ticarî defterlerle diğer hususi evrak gibi yazılı belgeler ikrar vasıtası olarak kabul edilmektedir (a.g.e. , md. 1606-1612). Konuşamayan kimselerin bilinen işaretleri de ikrar sayılır (a.g.e. , md. 1586). Ancak ceza hukukunda, haddi gerektiren suçları ikrarda beyanın yalnızca sarih sözle olması sebebiyle yazı ve yazı hükmünde olan işaretlerle yapılan ikrar geçersizdir. Ayrıca dilsizin İslâm ceza hukukunda şüpheyle düşen hadler konusundaki işareti de geçerli sayılmaz.
Sükûtun ikrar ifade edip etmeyeceği konusunda hukukçular farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. İslâm hukukunda esas itibariyle, “Sâkite bir söz isnat olunmaz. Lâkin ma‘rız-ı hâcette sükût beyandır” (a.g.e. , md. 67) kuralı gereği ancak cevap istendiği zaman davalı “evet” veya “hayır” demeyerek sükûtunda ısrar ederse bu inkâr anlamına gelir. “İnkâr da ikrar da etmem” cevabı ise inkâr sayılır (a.g.e. , md. 1822). Şâfiîler’le Hanbelîler ve Zâhirîler sükûtla ikrarı kabul etmezken Hanefîler ve Mâlikîler sükûtun ikrar yerine geçeceğini kabul etmişlerdir (bk. SÜKÛT ).
İkrarın ifadesi veya ispatı esnasında mukır ile mukarrun leh arasında çıkacak herhangi bir anlaşmazlık ikrarın sonuçlarına tesir eder. Sözlü ikrarlardaki ihtilâflar ya ikrara konu olan şeyin bizzat kendisinde ya da sebebinde olabilir. İhtilâf mukarrun bihin kendisinde ise bu ikrarın geçerliliğine mânidir; ihtilâf sebepte ise sebep bâtıl, mukarrun bih sabit ve makbul olur (a.g.e. , md. 1581). Yazılı ikrarlardaki ihtilâf senet, mektup, ticarî defter gibi malzemelerin mukırra aidiyeti ve bunların doğruluğu konusunda meydana gelebilir. Bu ihtilâfı gidermek için bazı araştırmaların yapılması, bilirkişilere danışılması, gelişen son tekniklerden faydalanılması gerekir (a.g.e. , md. 1610).
İkrarın Bölünmesi. İkrarın bir bütün halinde doğru veya yanlış bir beyan olarak mı, yoksa bir kısmı doğru, bir kısmı ispata muhtaç birtakım iddialardan meydana gelen bir açıklama olarak mı kabul edileceği yargılama usulünde ikrarın bölünmesi problemini ortaya çıkarmıştır. İkrarın bölünmesi, mukırrın ikrarının doğru kabul edilmesine rağmen ikrarına eklediği vasıf veya vâkıanın ona ispat ettirilmesi, yani ispat külfetinin ona yüklenmesidir. Bu konuda Dürerü’l-hükkâm ’da (IV, 131) şu açıklama yer almaktadır: “Mukırrın sözünün bir ciheti ikrar, bir ciheti dava olduğunda ikrarı ile muâheze olunur, dava cihetini ise ispatla mükelleftir. Zira kişi kendi aleyhine diğerinin hakkını ikrar ettiğinde hemen muâheze edilir, ama diğeri aleyhine bir hak iddia ettiğinde hüccetsiz davası kabul olunmaz.” İkrara yapılan ilâvelerin ya dava veya defi olarak kabul edildiği ve bunlarla ilgili hükümlerin uygulandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak mukır, borcunu ikrar ettikten sonra onu ödediği veya ödeme vaktinin gelmediği gibi bir vasfını ispat edemezse burada ikrarının, iyi niyetinin ve doğru sözlülüğünün sonuçlarına katlanacaktır. İslâm hukukçuları, ikrarı bölmenin hak ve adalete uygun olmadığı bu gibi durumlarda borçluları muhtemel zararlardan korumak için hâsılı red ve inkâr etmeyi câiz görerek bir denge kurmaya çalışmışlardır. Fakat bu cevaz zamanla istismar edilerek birçok davada hâsılı inkârla cevap verilir olmuştur.
İkrarın Hükümsüzlüğü. İkrarın hükümsüzlüğünden maksat geçersiz olması, hukukî bir sonuç doğuramaz hale gelmesidir. İkrarın iptali şu durumlarda söz konusudur: a) İkrardan rücû. İkrarı red ve inkâr etmek anlamına gelen rücû, “İkrarımdan döndüm, vazgeçtim, yalan söylemiştim” vb. açık bir ifade ile yapıldığı gibi mukırrın ikrar sırasında çocuk veya mecnun olduğunu ya da zorlama ile ikrarda bulunduğunu iddia etmesi ceza uygulanması sırasında kaçması gibi zımnî bir şekilde de olabilir. Mukır bu zımnî inkârını herhangi bir delille ispatlarsa ikrar yapmamış kabul edilir ve ikrar hukukî bir sonuç doğurmaz. Yalan ikrar konusunda Mecelle ’de, “Bir kimse vuku bulan ikrarında kâzip olduğunu iddia etse mukarrun leh onun kâzip değil idüğüne tahlif olunur” (md. 1589) denmiştir. Mecelle bu konuda Ebû Yûsuf’un görüşünü tercih etmiştir. Ebû Hanîfe, İmam Muhammed ve İmam Şâfiî ise mukırrın bu iddiasının kabul edilmeyerek ikrarından sorumlu tutulması gerektiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. İslâm hukukçuları, bu konuyu kul hakları ve Allah haklarındaki ikrarlardan vazgeçme şeklinde iki kısımda ele almışlardır. Kul haklarını oluşturan her türlü mal davalarında (borçlar hukukunda) ikrardan rücûun câiz olmadığı hususunda görüş birliği vardır. Çünkü burada, ikrarla ispat edilen başkasına ait bir hakkın nefiy ve iptal edilmesi söz konusu olup bu da ikrarla tezat teşkil etmektedir (Mecelle , md. 1588). Genel olarak Hanefî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî doktrininde Allah hakkı olan had cezalarında ikrardan rücû geçerli sayılmıştır. Mâlikî mezhebinde rücûun şüphe sebebiyle olması halinde kabul edileceğine dair bir görüş vardır. b) Lehine ikrar yapılan kişinin mukırrı yalanlaması. Mukarrun lehin mukırrı tekzibi ikrarın lüzumunu ortadan kaldırır. Başlangıçta ikrarın sahih olması mukarrun lehin kabul ve tasdikine bağlı olmamakla beraber (a.g.e. , md. 1580) meydana gelen bu ikrar, lehine ikrar yapılan kişinin red ve tekzibiyle hükümsüz hale gelir. Mukarrun leh ikrarı önce reddedip daha sonra kabul ederse bu geçerli değildir. Ancak mukırrın yeni bir ikrarda bulunması durumunda sahih olur. c) Kanunun mukırrı yalanlaması. Kanun ve hâkim mukırrı tekzip ettiği zaman ikrar hükümsüz kalır (a.g.e. , md. 1587). Meselâ boşanmış bir kadın, hamile olabileceği bir müddetten sonra iddetinin bittiğini ikrar edip ikrardan sonra altı aydan daha az bir süre içerisinde bir çocuk doğursa o çocuğun nesebi kadını boşayan kimseye ait olur. Zira bu durumda ikrar vaktinde hamile olduğu kesinlik kazanmış ve çocuğun nesebinin sübûtu konusunda kanun koyucunun hükmü (el-Bakara 2/228; et-Talâk 65/4) kadının iddetinin bittiğine dair ikrarını yalanlamıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 38-40 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.