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İKTİBAS Skip to content Kur’an ve hadisten alınmış bir ibareyi cümleye yerleştirmek anlamında edebî sanat.
1/2 Müellif: İSMAİL DURMUŞ Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “ateşten köz almak” mânasına gelen iktibâs mecazi olarak “bilgi elde etmeye çalışmak, birinin ilminden istifade etmek” anlamında da kullanılı…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Arap belâgatına bağlı olarak İran ve Türk edebiyatlarına da intikal eden iktibas, Türk edebiyatında yenileşme dönemine kadar âyet ve h…
Sözlükte “ateşten köz almak” mânasına gelen iktibâs mecazi olarak “bilgi elde etmeye çalışmak, birinin ilminden istifade etmek” anlamında da kullanılır. İfadeye canlılık ve sıcaklık kazandırdığı, sözü pekiştirip güzelleştirdiği için Kur’an veya hadisten yapılan iktibaslar edebî bir sanat kabul edilmiştir. Alınan âyet ve hadis metinleri kolayca tanınacağı için kaynak gösterilmez, alıntının söz arasına ustalıkla yerleştirilmiş olması şartı da bu tür ifadelere imkân vermez. Dolayısıyla, “Allah ve Peygamber şöyle buyurdu” gibi ifadelerle yapılan iktibas sanat sayılmaz. Alıntının en az bir terkip olması gerekir. Bu bakımdan söz içinde Kur’an ve hadislerde geçen kelimelerin tek başına kullanılması iktibas kabul edilmediği gibi uzun iktibaslar yapılması da uygun görülmemiştir.
İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinden beri iktibas bilinmektedir. Resûl-i Ekrem dualarında, hutbelerinde Kur’an’dan iktibaslar yapmıştır. Kur’an’la süslenmeyen hitabelere “betrâ” (güdük, hayırsız) adı verilmiştir. İmrân b. Hıttân’ın Ziyâd b. Ebîh’in (veya İbn Ziyâd) huzurunda irad ettiği bir hutbe edipler tarafından müzakere edilmiş ve içinde Kur’an’dan bir parça bulunsaydı bu zatın Araplar’ın en büyük hatibi olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır (Câhiz, II, 6, 118). Başlangıçta tazminin kapsamı içinde değerlendirilen iktibas, VI. (XII.) yüzyıldan itibaren bu sanatın kapsamından çıkarılarak Kur’an ve hadis tazminine iktibas adı verilmiştir. Ancak Kur’an’dan yapılan nakillerin iktibas olduğunda ittifak bulunduğu halde hadis iktibaslarını tazmin kapsamı içinde görenler de vardır. Bazı âlimler, iktibasın kapsamını genişleterek bütün ilim dallarından yapılan nakillerin iktibas olduğunu söylemişlerdir.
İktibas nesirden ziyade nazımda söz konusudur. İktibas edilen kısım ya asıl anlamı ile veya değişik bir anlamda kullanılır. Meselâ Kur’an’da “ekin bitmez vadi” (Mekke vadisi) ifadesi (İbrâhîm 14/37) gerçek mânasındadır. Yazdığı methiyenin karşılığını alamayan İbnü’r-Rûmî ise bunu mecazi anlamda (hayırsız, cimri kimse) iktibas etmiştir: لئن أخطأت في مدحك ما أخطأت في منعي//لقد أنزلت حاجاتي بواد غير ذي زرع (Ben seni övmekle hata etmiş isem de sen beni ihsanından mahrum etmekle hata etmedin. Çünkü ben gerçekten ihtiyaçlarımı ekin bitmez bir vadiye konuk etmişim; Teftâzânî, s. 431). İktibas edilen metinde vezin, kafiye, seci vb. zaruretlerle asıl anlamı bozmayan değişikliklerin yapılmasında bir sakınca görülmemiştir. إِنَّا ِللهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ (Şüphesiz ki biz Allah’a aidiz, dönüşümüz de O’na olacaktır; el-Bakara 2/156) âyetinin şu mısradaki iktibasında böyle bir değişiklik söz konusu olup bir arkadaşının ölüm haberini alan şair şöyle demiştir: قد كان ما خفت أن يكونا إنّا إلى الله راجعونا (Olmasından korktuğum şey olmuştur; gerçi hepimizin dönüşü Allah’adır).
İktibasın fıkhî hükmü konusunda çeşitli görüşler bulunmaktadır. Hutbe, hitabe, mev‘iza, ahid, na‘t ve benzerlerindeki iktibaslar makbul; gazel, risâle ve kıssalardaki iktibaslar mubah sayılmış; Allah’ın zâtına nisbet ettiği ifadeleri insana uyarlayarak iktibasta bulunmak veya ciddiyetten uzak şiirlerde, müstehcen nazımlar içinde Kur’an’dan iktibaslar yapmak câiz görülmemiştir (Safiyyüddin el-Hillî, s. 326-327; İbn Hicce, s. 442).
Kur’an’da Câhiliye şiiriyle benzeşen ifadelerin bulunması, bazı eleştirmenleri Kur’an’ın eski Arap şiirinden iktibas yapmış olduğu kanaatine sevketmiştir. İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Mâide sûresinde yer alan kısas âyetinin (5/45) Tevrat’tan, Hz. Peygamber ile ashabının “ekin ve onun filizleri” temsiliyle anlatıldığı Fetih sûresinin son âyetinin de (48/29) Tevrat ve İncil’den iktibas edildiğini kaydeder (Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân , s. 52-53).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , II, 6, 118.
İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde , Kahire 1325, II, 250.
Râdûyânî, Tercümânü’l-belâġa (nşr. Ahmed Ateş), İstanbul 1949, s. 118-127.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Nihâyetü’l-îcâz fî dirâyeti’l-iʿcâz , Kahire 1317, s. 112.
Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir , Kahire 1358/1939, I, 76-141; II, 341-342, 347.
İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 140-142.
a.mlf., Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1392/1972, s. 52-53.
Hatîb el-Kazvînî, el-Îżâḥ fî ʿulûmi’l-belâġa , Kahire 1369/1950, I, 136-139, 142-143, 144-146.
Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ , Kahire 1937, IV, 509-514, 521-529.
Safiyyüddin el-Hillî, Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’l-bedîʿiyye (nşr. Nesîb Neşâvî), Dımaşk 1403/1983, s. 326-327.
Teftâzânî, el-Muṭavvel , İstanbul 1289, s. 430-436.
Zerkeşî, el-Burhân , I, 483-485.
İbn Hicce, Ḫizânetü’l-edeb , Kahire 1304, s. 184-189, 442-454.
Süyûtî, el-İtḳān , Beyrut 1973, I, 111-113.
D. B. Macdonald – S. A. Bonebakker, “al-Iḳtibās”, EI (İng.), III, 1091-1092.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 52 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Arap belâgatına bağlı olarak İran ve Türk edebiyatlarına da intikal eden iktibas, Türk edebiyatında yenileşme dönemine kadar âyet ve hadislerden seçilen ibarelerin aktarılması şeklinde kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra ise iktibas edilen metinler çok çeşitlenmiş ve her türlü nakil bu kapsama dahil edilmiştir. İktibas, benzer özellikler gösteren irsâl-i mesel (îrâd-ı mesel), telmih ve mülemma‘ (ilmâ‘) gibi sanatlarla karıştırılmıştır. Ancak atasözleriyle örnek verme açısından irsâl-i meselden, cümle veya beytin tamamını aktarma bakımından tazmin, taştîr ve tahmîsten, ibareyi esas lafzıyla nakletme yönünden telmihten ayrılmaktadır.
Türkçe belâgat kitaplarında çeşitli şekillerde tasnif edilen iktibas genel olarak iki başlık altında ele alınabilir. 1. Müstahsen İktibas. Söz veya yazıda şeriata aykırı düşmeyecek şekilde yapılan nakillerdir. Bu türde esas özellik aktarılan sözün asıl anlamı dışında kullanılamaz oluşudur. Müstahsen iktibas da ikiye ayrılır. a) Ahsen İktibas. İktibas edilen âyet veya hadis arasındaki uygunluğun hoş bir tesir bırakması, muhatapta heyecan uyandırması ve anlamı güçlendirmesinin yanında öğüt özelliği de taşımasıdır: “Katl ile zulm-i beşer eylemeden eyle hazer / Beşşiri’l-kātile bi’l-katli (katili ölümle ikaz edin) dedi Peygamber.” b) Hasen İktibas. Nakledilen âyet veya hadisle içinde zikredildiği ibare arasındaki ilginin öğüt verme dışında yukarıdaki şartları taşımasıdır. Yahya Kemal’in, “Mesâğ olaydı eğer ‘lâ şerike leh’ derdim / Nazîri gelmedi âlemde hüsn ü ân olalı” beytindeki, “Onun eşi ve benzeri yoktur” (el-En‘âm 163) âyeti bunun bir örneğidir. 2. Müstehcen İktibas. Âyet ve hadislerden şeriata aykırı ve İslâm âdâbına uygun düşmeyecek şekilde yapılmış aktarmalardır. Özellikle hiciv ve hezel türü şiirlerde dinî esasları hafife alan bu çeşit iktibaslardan kaçınılması tavsiye edilmiştir. Remzî’nin, “Ölürüz içmeyince bir dem mey / ‘Ve mine’l-mâi külle şey’in hay” beytinde içkinin, “Biz her şeyi sudan yarattık” âyetinde ifade edilen hayat sebebi olma vasfı ile nitelendirilmesi ve içki içmeyince ölümün mukadder olacağına bu âyetin delil gösterilmesi müstehcen iktibasa bir örnek teşkil eder.
Bunun dışında iktibas tam ve nâkıs olarak da ikiye ayrılır. Bu türler, nakledilen âyet veya hadisin bütününün yahut bir kısmının aktarılmasıyla ortaya çıkmıştır. Bilhassa kısmî iktibaslarda vezin zarureti sebebiyle nakledilen metinler üzerinde birtakım tasarruflarda bulunulmuş, takdim tehirlerle bazı değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Nitekim müstehcen iktibasa örnek olarak verilen beyitteki âyetin aslı, “Ve cealnâ mine’l-mâi külle şey’in hay” iken vezin yüzünden kısaltılmıştır. Ahmed Paşa’nın, “Bî-bekādır bu menzil ey ahbâb / ‘Fettekullāhe yâ üli’l-elbâb’” beytindeki, “Ey akıl sahipleri Allah’a sığının” kısmı (et-Talâk 65/10) tam iktibasa örnektir. Metinde kullanılan lafzın Kur’an ve hadiste aynen yer almadığı, fakat bu mânaya gelen farklı ibarelere dayandırılarak yapılan iktibaslar da vardır. Elvan Çelebi’nin, “Ey Hudâvend-i âlimü’l-esrâr / Mâlikü’l-mülk ü vâhidü’l-kahhâr” beytinin ilk mısraı buna örnek verilebilir. Nitekim buradaki “âlimü’l-esrâr” ibaresi, Allah’ın gizli ve açık her şeyi bildiğini ifade eden âyetlere (et-Tevbe 9/78; Tâhâ 20/7) dayanmaktadır. Şeyhî’nin bir na‘tındaki, “Ey fahr-i halk kimde ola zehre medhine / Çün Hak dedi leamrüke levlâke ve’d-duhâ” beytinin ikinci mısraında önce Hicr sûresinin 72. âyetinin başında yer alan, Allah’ın Hz. Peygamber’in hayatı üzerine yemin edişine ait ibare, ardından, “Sen olmasaydın âlemleri yaratmazdım” anlamındaki kutsî hadisin ilk kelimesi, sonra da Resûl-i Ekrem’e müjde vermek için indirilen Duhâ sûresinin, “Kuşluk vaktine yemin olsun ki” mânasına gelen ilk âyeti nakledilerek tam ve nâkıs iktibaslar bir mısrada toplanmıştır (Tarlan, s. 210).
İktibas, Türk edebiyatında bilhassa yenileşme döneminden itibaren intihal dışındaki bütün nakilleri içine alan bir terim olarak kullanılmaya başlanmış olup (Bilgegil, s. 268) edebî veya ilmî her türlü iktibasa “alıntı” denilmektedir. Böylece âyet ve hadislerden başka Arapça ve Farsça kelâmıkibarlar yanında meşhur mısralar ve sözler de iktibas kapsamına girmiş, hatta âyet ve hadisleri meâlen zikretmenin de iktibas çerçevesinde değerlendirildiği olmuştur. Nitekim Usûl-i Kitâbet (İstanbul 1298) adlı bir eserin son bölümü bu konuya ayrılmıştır. Nâmık Kemal’in mektupları, bu tür iktibasların ustaca kullanılışına olduğu kadar zenginlik ve çeşitliliğine de delil gösterilebilir. Devrin bu iktibas merakı, Muallim Nâci’nin Sânihâtü’l-Arab (İstanbul 1304) ve Sânihâtü’l-Acem (İstanbul 1304) isimli iki antoloji ile Emsâl-i Ali (İstanbul 1307) ve Hikemü’r-Rifâî (İstanbul 1304) adlı eserleri kaleme almasıyla sonuçlanmıştır.
Bir müellifin kendinden önce yaşamış bir kişinin fikrini alıp bunu kendi sanat anlayışı ve üslûbu içinde yeniden şekillendirerek kullanmasına “mazmun iktibası” denilir. Bilhassa Farsça şiirlerde yer alan birçok mazmunun Türk şairleri tarafından bazan aynen tercüme denilebilecek şekilde iktibas edildiği görülmektedir. Aralarındaki bazı farklara bakılmadan “tevârüd, taklid, tanzîr” adlarıyla da anılan bu çeşit iktibaslara Ali Nihad Tarlan Şeyhî Divanını Tetkik adlı eserinde pek çok örnek göstermiştir. Bunlardan biri şudur (s. 218): Şeyhî, Hz. Ali hakkında söylediği, “Âlî menâkıbını Alî’nin kim ede şerh / Hayy ü alîm dedi çü vasfında ‘hel etâ’” beytinin mazmununu Sa‘dî’nin, “Kesrâ çi zûr u zehre ki vasf-ı Alî küned / Cebbâr der menâkıb-ı ô güfte ‘hel etâ’” beytinden iktibas etmiştir. Şeyhî’nin beyti, Sa‘dî’nin mısralarıyla Dehr sûresinin (76. sûre, diğer adı İnsân’dır) 1. âyetinden yapılan iktibasa kadar aynıdır. İlk Osmanlı şairlerinde kuvvetle görülen İran etkisi dolayısıyla bunları tevârüdden ziyade mazmun iktibası saymak gerekir. Ömer Ferit Kam, Bâkî’nin Sa‘dî’den yaptığı benzer bir iktibası açıklarken böyle meşhur beyitleri mazmun iktibası saymak gerektiğini, şairlerin bu durumlarda iktibastan bahsetmemelerinin mâlûmu i‘lâm etmemek arzusundan kaynaklandığını, asıl beytin meşhur olması sebebiyle bu hali intihal kabul etmenin de mümkün olamayacağını belirtmektedir (Çeltik, s. 101).
Sözlüklerde âyetlerden, hadislerden ve edebî eserlerden örnek (şevâhid) verme de (istişhâd) bir nevi iktibastır. Ayrıca örnek metinlerin çoğunda sanatkârlar, önce kendi fikirlerini söyleyip daha sonra buna uygun ibareyi zikrederek iktibas yapmayı tercih etmişlerdir. Ziyâ Paşa’nın, “Zâlimlere bir gün dedirir Hazret-i Mevlâ / Tallāhi lekad âserek’allāhü aleynâ” beytinin ikinci mısraı Yûsuf sûresinin, “Yemin ederiz ki Allah seni bizden üstün tutmuştur” meâlindeki 91. âyetinin bir kısmından aktarılmıştır. Bununla birlikte Mehmed Âkif, “Leyse li’l-insâni illâ mâ seâ derken Hudâ / Anlamam hiç meskenetten sen ne beklersin daha” beytinde, “İnsan için çalışmasının karşılığından başkası yoktur” meâlindeki Necm sûresinin 39. âyetini ilk mısraa yerleştirmek suretiyle iktibas etmiştir ve bu şekilde başka örnekler de mevcuttur.
Manzum kırk hadis tercümelerinde, hadis metinlerinin kıtaların son mısralarına yerleştirilmek suretiyle nakledilmesi de iktibas sayılabilir. Âlî Mustafa Efendi’nin kırk hadis tercümesinden alınan, “San‘at-ı kesbe rağbet et her gâh / Onu bil devlet-i maâşâ güvâh / Hak sever kâsibi niteki Resûl / Dedi el-kâsibü habîbullah” kıtası buna bir örnek teşkil eder (Aksoy, s. 52-53). Fevzî-i Kefevî ile Okçuzâde’nin kırk hadis tercümeleri de böyledir. Bunlarda hadislerin vezin zaruretiyle bazan kısaltılarak alındığı da görülmektedir. Türk edebiyatında âyet ve hadislerden lafzen iktibas edilerek kullanılmış 700’den fazla örnek Mehmet Yılmaz tarafından bir araya getirilerek yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Süleyman Bey, Mebâni’l-inşâ , İstanbul 1289, II, 77-81.
Seyyid Mehmed Sîret, Usûl-i Kitâbet , İstanbul 1298, s. 109-121.
Manastırlı Mehmed Rifat, Mecâmiu’l-edeb , İstanbul 1308, s. 381-382.
Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât , İstanbul 1330, s. 333-334.
Ali Nihad Tarlan, Şeyhî Divanını Tetkik , İstanbul 1964, s. 210-211, 218-219.
Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı (nşr. Kemal Edib Kürkçüoğlu), İstanbul 1973, s. 61.
Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri , Ankara 1980, s. 268-269.
Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi , Ankara 1983, s. 465-466.
Agâh S. Levend, Divan Edebiyatı-Kelimeler ve Remizler Mazmunlar ve Mefhumlar , İstanbul 1984, s. 101-106.
Abdülkadir Karahan, İslâm-Türk Edebiyatında Kırk Hadis , Ankara 1991, s. 195, 220, 234.
Hasan Aksoy, Mustafa Âlî’nin Manzum Kırk Hadis Tercümeleri , İstanbul 1991, s. 52-53.
Mehmet Yılmaz, Edebiyatımızda İslâmî Kaynaklı Sözler , İstanbul 1992.
Halil Çeltik, Ömer Ferit Kam ve Âsâr-ı Edebiye Tedkikatı , Ankara 1998, s. 101.
M. A. Yekta Saraç, Klâsik Edebiyat Bilgisi Belâgat , İstanbul 2000, s. 240-242.
Mustafa Uzun, “İstişhad”, Nesil , sy. 44, İstanbul 1980, s. 32-33.
“İktibâs”, TDEA , IV, 356.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 52-54 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.