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İKTİDÂ Skip to content Namazda imama uyma anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte, “bir kimseye uymak, yaptığını yapmak, onu örnek almak” anlamına gelen iktidâ , fıkıh terimi olarak cemaatle namaz kılan bir kimsenin imama uyması demektir. İmama uyan kimseye muktedî veya me’mûm , imama ilk rek‘attan itibaren sonuna kadar uyan muktedîye müdrik , baştan bir ve daha fazla rek‘atı imamla kılamayana mesbûk , baştan imama uyduğu halde daha sonra namazın bir rüknünü onunla kılamayan kimseye de lâhiḳ denir.
Cemaatle kılınan namazın geçerli olabilmesi için hem imamda hem muktedîde bazı şartların bulunması gerekir. Cemaatin imama uymaya niyet etmesinin gerektiği konusunda fakihler görüş birliği içindedir. Niyetle iftitah tekbirinin arasının başka bir meşguliyetle bölünmemesi de şart koşulmuştur. Buna göre Hanefîler’e, Mâlikîler’e ve bazı Hanbelî fakihlerine göre iftitah tekbiri alarak tek başına namaz kılmaya başlayan kimsenin daha sonra oluşan bir cemaate uymaya niyet etmesi geçersizdir. Şâfiî fakihleriyle diğer bazı Hanbelî fakihlerine göre ise bu durumdaki kimsenin, ister namazın başında ister ortasında olsun sonradan oluşan bir cemaatin imamına uymaya niyet etmesi câizdir.
Mâlikî mezhebine ve Şâfiî mezhebinde kuvvetli görüşe göre beş vakit namazda olduğu gibi cuma ve bayram namazlarında da imama uymaya niyet etmek şarttır. Hanefî mezhebiyle Şâfiî mezhebinde bir görüşe göre ise cuma ve bayram namazları cemaatsiz kılınamayacağından bu namazlara niyet yeterli olup ayrıca imama uymak için niyet şart değildir. İktidânın geçerli olabilmesi için Hanbelî mezhebine göre bütün namazlarda imamın da imâmete niyet etmesi gerekir. Fukahanın çoğunluğu böyle bir şart koşmazken Hanefîler, cemaat arasında kadınların da bulunması halinde imamın imâmete niyet etmesini şart koşmuşlardır. Aksi halde kadınların imama uyması geçerli olmaz.
Hanefî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî fakihleri, namazın sahih olması için imamın cemaatin önünde durmasının şart olduğunu kabul eder. İmam Mâlik’e göre ise esas olan, cemaatin imamı namazda takip etmesi ve ona uyma imkânı bulabilmesi olduğundan mutlaka arkasında durması şart değildir. Ancak imamın önde bulunması mendup olup bir zaruret olmadıkça önüne geçilmesi veya aynı hizada durulması mekruhtur. Öte yandan imama iktidâ eden cemaatin bir veya birden fazla olması, kadın ya da erkek olması gibi durumlarda nasıl saf tutacakları konusunda da bazı ayrıntılar bulunmaktadır. Hanefî mezhebine göre imamın kendileri için imamlığa niyet etmesi ve aynı namazı kılmaları halinde erkeklerin arasında kadın bulunması iktidâya engel olup yanında ve arkasında duran erkeklerin namazı, kadınlar tam bir saf oluşturmuşsa arkada bulunan bütün saflardaki erkeklerin namazı bozulur. Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelî fakihlerine göre ise safların arasında kadın bulunması iktidâya engel olmamakla birlikte mekruhtur (bk. MUHÂZÂT ; SAF ). İktidânın geçerli olması için Hanefî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre imamın ve muktedînin aynı namazı kılması gerekir. Bundan dolayı meselâ öğle namazı kılan birinin arkasında ikindiye niyet etmek ya da aynı namaz bile olsa vakit namazını eda eden birine kazâ niyetiyle uymak câiz değildir. Ancak nâfile namaz kılan kimse farz namaz kılana uyabilir. Şâfiî mezhebine göre ise imamla muktedînin kıldığı namazların yalnız dış görünüş bakımından birbirine benzemesi yeterli olup sebep ve vasıf birliği şart değildir. Buna göre vakit namazı kılanın cenaze namazı kılana uyması câiz olmamakla birlikte herhangi bir vakit namazı kılanın başka bir vakit namazı kılana, farz kılanın nâfile kılana veya vakit namazını eda edenin kazâ namazı kılana uyması câizdir.
Bütün fakihlerin iktidânın geçerli olması için üzerinde ittifak ettiği şartlardan biri de muktedînin imamın bir rükünden diğerine geçişini görmek, duymak gibi yollarla herhangi bir şüpheye meydan vermeyecek şekilde bilmesinin gerekliliğidir. Buna göre imamla muktedînin arasındaki mesafe bazı durumlarda iktidânın sıhhatini etkilemektedir. Fakihler bu mesafenin fazla olmaması gerektiğini kabul etmekle birlikte ayrıntılarda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Çoğunluk, imamla muktedî arasındaki mekân mesafesi konusunda mescidle mescid dışını ayrı ayrı ele almış ve Hanefî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî fakihleri, aynı mescidde olmak şartıyla imamın veya arkasındakilerin görülmesi ya da imamın sesinin duyulması halinde mesafenin uzaklığına itibar etmemişlerdir. Mescid dışına gelince, Hanefî fakihlerine göre bayram namazlarının haricindeki namazlarda imamla muktedî veya saflar arasında iki safın sığacağı ölçüde mesafe bulunursa iktidâ gerçekleşmez. Şâfiî fakihlerine göre, imamın yahut onun tekbirlerini tekrarlayan birinin duyulması veya hareketlerinin görülmesi halinde 300 zirâı (yaklaşık 150 m.) geçmeyen mesafe iktidâya engel teşkil etmez. Hanbelî fakihleri, iktidânın sıhhati için mesafenin uzunluğuna ve imamın sesinin duyulmasına itibar etmeyip imamı yahut arkasındakileri görmeyi şart koşmuşlardır. Mâlikî fakihleri ise mescidle mescid dışını bir saymışlar ve imamın yahut cemaatin görülmesi ya da imamın sesinin duyulması veya bir başkası tarafından aktarılması halinde iktidâya cevaz vermişlerdir. İmamla muktedî arasında, büyüklüğü konusunda farklı değerlendirmeler olmakla birlikte nehir, imama ulaşılmasına engel olacak büyük duvar veya kapalı kapı bulunması da iktidâya engeldir. İmamın hareketlerinin görülebileceği bir pencere vb. bulunması yahut sesinin duyulması halinde ise iktidâ sahihtir.
İmama bir imtiyaz tanınması anlamına geldiği veya onun hareketlerini takip etmeyi güçleştirdiği gibi gerekçelerle imamın cemaatten yüksek bir yerde bulunması çoğunluk tarafından mekruh sayılmıştır. Bu yüksekliğin miktarı konusunda ortalama bir insan boyu, sütrede olduğu gibi 1 arşın (45-60 cm.) veya imtiyaz sayılabilecek bir farklılık gibi ölçüler ileri sürülmüştür. Cemaatin çokluğu, ders, duyuru gibi mazeretlerin varlığı veya imamın yanında cemaatten bazılarının bulunması halinde ise imamın yüksekte durmasında bir sakınca görülmemiştir. Bazıları cemaatin imamdan yüksek yerde bulunmasının da mekruh olduğunu söylemişlerdir.
Bir vâcibin terki söz konusu olmadığı sürece farz ve vâcip olan fiillerde imama uymak vâciptir. Ancak bu esnada bir vâcip terkedilecekse iktidâyı biraz geciktirerek vâcibi de yerine getirmek gerekir. Meselâ selâm verme esnasında teşehhüdü tamamlamayan bir kimsenin imama iktidâ ederek selâm vermesi yerine önce teşehhüdü tamamlaması, sonra selâm vermesi daha uygundur. Zira bir vâcibi vaktinde eda edebilmek için diğerinin tamamen terkine sebebiyet verilmesi uygun sayılmaz. Fakat sünnet olan bir husus terkedilebilir; meselâ rükûdan veya secdeden kalkan imama uyabilmek için sünnet olan tesbihlerden vazgeçilebilir. Bunun gibi Hanefî mezhebine göre teşehhüdden sonra salavatlar ve dua okunmasa bile imama iktidâ için selâm vermek gerekir. Cumhura göre ise rükün olmaları dolayısıyla salavatları bitirmeden selâm vermek doğru değildir.
İktidânın gerektirdiği diğer hususlardan biri hiçbir hareketi imamdan önce yapmayıp onu takip etmektir. Buna göre Mâlikî, Şâfiî, Hanbelî mezheplerine ve Hanefî fakihlerinden Ebû Yûsuf’a göre iftitah tekbirini imamla aynı anda getirmesi bile muktedînin namazını bozar. Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre ise bu şekilde hareket etmek namaza zarar vermediği gibi sünnettir. Rükû ve secde gibi fiillerde imamdan sonraya kalmayıp onunla birlikte hareket etmenin zararı yoksa da önce davranmak câiz görülmemiştir. Namaz içinde okunan âyetlerde ve tesbihlerde imamı takip etme zarureti yoktur ve önüne geçilmesinde bir sakınca görülmemiştir.
Hanefî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre iktidânın geçerli olmasının bir şartı da imamın ilim, beden selâmeti vb. hususlarda muktedîden üstün olmasıdır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i okuyabilenin okumayı bilmeyene, sağlıklı kişinin özür sahibine, ayakta duran, rükû ve secde yapabilenin ima ile namaz kılana, erginin çocuğa, avret mahalli örtülü olanın açık olana iktidâ etmesi câiz değildir. Hanbelîler’le Hanefîler’den İmam Muhammed’e göre kıyam, rükû ve secde gibi rükünleri yerine getirebilenin bunlardan birini yapamayana uyması da câiz olmaz. Diğer mezhepler de genelde bu görüşlere katılmakla birlikte bazı konularda farklı kanaatler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Meselâ Mâlikî ve Şâfiî mezheplerinde kuvvetli görüşe göre sağlıklı kimsenin özür sahibine, yine Şâfiîler’de büyüğün çocuğa, ayakta durabilen, rükû ve secde yapabilenin ima ile kılana uyması câiz görülmüştür. Kulakları duymayan ve gözleri görmeyen bir imama uymanın câiz olduğu konusunda mezhepler görüş birliği içindedir. Ancak temizliğe daha çok dikkat edebileceği için gözleri gören imam tercih edilir. Abdest alanın teyemmüm yapana uyması çoğunluğa göre câizken Mâlikîler bunu mekruh görmüşler, Hanbelîler de abdestlinin imamlığının tercih edileceğini belirtmişlerdir. Hanefîler’den İmam Muhammed ise bunu câiz görmemiştir. Ayağını yıkayanın mest yapana, mukimin misafire uyması da ittifakla câiz kabul edilmiştir (ayrıca bk. İMAM ).
Muktedînin başka mezhebe mensup bir imama uymasının, muktedînin mezhebi açısından namazı bozan bir davranışta bulunulduğu kesin olarak bilinmedikçe câiz olduğu konusunda görüş birliği vardır. İmamın bazı davranışlarının muktedînin mezhebine göre namazı bozması halinde ise Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezhepleriyle Şâfiî mezhebinin bir görüşüne göre iktidâ yine sahihtir. Çünkü böyle bir durumda muteber olan muktedînin mezhebi olmayıp imamın mezhebidir. Şâfiî mezhebinde muteber olan görüşe göre söz konusu durumdaki iktidâ câiz değildir. Hanefî mezhebine göre ise imam, muktedînin farz olduğuna inandığı hususları terkederse iktidâ câiz olmaz. Eğer vâcip saydığı hususları terkederse iktidâ câiz olmakla birlikte mekruhtur. Sünnet kabul ettiği hususların terkinde ise iktidâya engel bir durum yoktur. Namazın aslında bulunmayan bir hususta muktedî imama uymaz. Meselâ imam namazda fazladan bir secde yapsa veya son oturuştan sonra yanılarak kalksa bu durumlarda muktedî ona tâbi olmaz.
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