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İLÂHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ Skip to content Din görevlisi, öğretmen ve ilâhiyat alanında araştırmacı yetiştiren, üniversiteye bağlı yüksek öğretim kurumu.
İlâhiyat Fakültesi’nin kuruluşunu, 1 Eylül 1900 tarihinde İstanbul’da açılan Dârülfünûn-ı Şâhâne’deki Ulûm-i Âliye-i Dîniyye Şubesi ile başlatmak mümkündür. Dört yıl süreli bu şubede tefsir, hadis ve usulü, fıkıh ve usulü, kelâm ve târîh-i dîn-i İslâm dersleri okutulmuştur. 1908 Meşrutiyeti’nden sonra büyük ölçüde değişikliğe uğrayan Dârülfünûn-ı Şâhâne’nin adı önce Dârülfünûn-ı Osmânî’ye, 1913 yılından itibaren İstanbul Dârülfünunu’na dönüştürülmüş, Ulûm-i Âliye-i Dîniyye Şubesi’nin adı da Ulûm-i Şer‘iyye olarak değiştirilmiştir. Programına ahlâk ve tasavvuf, siyer, dinler tarihi, Arap edebiyatı ve felsefe gibi bazı dersler de ilâve edilmiştir (Ayni, s. 36-37; Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , III, 1225). 18 Eylül 1914’te medreselerin ıslahı sırasında Selimiye Camii avlusundaki I. Abdülhamid Medresesi’nde Medresetü’l-mütehassısîn açılmış ve Dârülfünun bünyesindeki Ulûm-i Şer‘iyye Şubesi kapatılmıştır. Şeyhülislâmlığa bağlanan Medresetü’l-mütehassısîn 1918’den itibaren Süleymaniye Medresesi adıyla devam etmiş; Tefsir, Hadis, Fıkıh, Kelâm ve Hikmet (tasavvuf, ilm-i nefs, ahlâk da dahil) ve Edebiyat (Arap, Türk, Fars, Garp edebiyatı) şubelerinden oluşmuştur. Süleymaniye Medresesi, 3 Mart 1924 tarihinde çıkarılan 430 sayılı Tevhîd-i Tedrîsat Kanunu ile kapatılmıştır.
İstanbul Dârülfünunu hükmî şahsiyeti hakkında çıkarılan 21 Nisan 1924 tarih ve 493 sayılı kanun İlâhiyat Medresesi’ne de yer veriyordu. 7 Ekim 1925 tarihli Dârülfünun Tâlimatnâmesi’nde ise İlâhiyat Fakültesi adı yer almış ve okutulacak dersler tefsir, hadis, fıkıh tarihi, içtimaiyat, ahlâk, İslâm dini tarihi, Arap edebiyatı, din felsefesi, kelâm tarihi, tasavvuf tarihi, felsefe tarihi, İslâm bedîiyyâtı, hâlihazırda İslâm mezhepleri, akvâm-ı İslâmiyye etnografyası, Türk târîh-i dînîsi, târîh-i edyân olarak tesbit edilmiştir. İstanbul Dârülfünunu 31 Mayıs 1933’te çıkarılan bir kanunla kapatılarak yerine İstanbul Üniversitesi kurulmuş, İlâhiyat Fakültesi de ortaöğretim kurumlarından din derslerinin kaldırılması, Diyanet İşleri teşkilâtında kadro bulunamaması ve sonuç olarak mezunlarının istihdam edilememesi gibi sebeplerle kapatılmış, yerine öğrencisi olmayan İslâm Tetkikleri Enstitüsü açılmıştır.
Türkiye’de çok partili siyasî hayatın başlamasının ardından din öğretimi konusu gündeme gelmiş, 14 Ocak 1948’de bazı milletvekilleri bir ilâhiyat fakültesinin açılması yönünde Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne kanun teklifi sunmuş, nihayet 4 Haziran 1949 tarih ve 5424 sayılı kanunla Ankara Üniversitesi’ne bağlı İlâhiyat Fakültesi kurulmuş, fakülte 21 Kasım 1949’da öğretime başlamıştır. Ortaöğretim üzerine dört yıl süreli (1972’den 1982’ye kadar beş yıl) olarak kurulan fakültenin ilk yıllarındaki ders programı şöyledir: Kur’an ve İslâm dini esasları, tefsir, hadis, İslâm hukuku, kelâm ve mezhepler tarihi, tasavvuf tarihi, felsefe-mantık, İslâm felsefesi, dinler tarihi, İslâm tarihi, din psikolojisi, din sosyolojisi, İslâm sanatları tarihi, Arapça, Farsça, klasik dinî Türkçe metinler, paleografi, pedagoji. Zaman zaman yeni program denemeleriyle gelişmeler kaydeden fakülte giderek kendi öğretim elemanlarını yetiştirmiş, daha sonraki yıllarda diğer fakültelere de akademik personel vermiştir. 1971 yılında Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi’ne bağlı beş yıl süreli İslâmî İlimler Fakültesi kurulmuştur.
1959’da Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Müdürler Komisyonu’nun, Tâlim ve Terbiye Kurulu’nun kararına dayanan 17 Kasım 1959 gün ve 575 sayılı kararı ile İstanbul Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsü açılmıştır. İmam-Hatip okulları mezunlarını kabul eden dört yıl süreli enstitüyü Konya (1962), Kayseri (1965), İzmir (1966), Erzurum (1969), Bursa (1975), Samsun (1976) ve Yozgat (1980) Yüksek İslâm enstitüleri takip etmiş, Yozgat Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsü 1981’de bakanlıkça kapatılmıştır. 20 Temmuz 1982 tarih ve 41 sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararnâme ile Erzurum Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsü, Atatürk Üniversitesi İslâmî İlimler Fakültesi ile birleştirilmiş ve bu fakülte ile diğer Yüksek İslâm enstitüleri İlâhiyat fakültelerine dönüştürülerek bulundukları illerin üniversitelerine bağlanmıştır. Böylece yüksek din öğretimi kurumlarında birlik sağlanarak bu kurumlar aynı idarî ve ilmî esaslara kavuşturulmuştur (bk. YÜKSEK İSLÂM ENSTİTÜSÜ ). 27 Haziran 1987 tarihinde Şanlıurfa’da Gaziantep Üniversitesi’ne bağlı İlâhiyat Fakültesi açılmış, daha sonra bu fakülte yeni kurulan Harran Üniversitesi’ne bağlanmıştır. 1992 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi’ne bağlı İlâhiyat Fakültesi yanında Sivas (Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 1992), Darende (İnönü Üniversitesi, 1992), Van (Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, 1993), Rize (Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, 1993), Çorum (Gazi Üniversitesi, 1993), Diyarbakır (Dicle Üniversitesi, 1993), Adana (Çukurova Üniversitesi, 1993), Isparta (Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 1993), Adapazarı (Sakarya Üniversitesi, 1993), Elazığ (Fırat Üniversitesi, 1994), Çanakkale (Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 1995) ve Kahramanmaraş’ta da (Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 1996) İlâhiyat fakülteleri kurulmuş olup toplam yirmi iki fakültede eğitim öğretim devam etmektedir. 1995’te Bakanlar Kurulu kararıyla Eskişehir’de (Osman Gazi Üniversitesi) açılan İlâhiyat Fakültesi henüz öğretime başlamamıştır.
İlâhiyat fakültelerindeki akademik teşkilâtlanma 1982-1983 öğretim yılından itibaren gelişme göstererek 1991-1992 öğretim yılında şu şekli almıştır: Temel İslâm Bilimleri Bölümü tefsir, hadis, İslâm hukuku, kelâm, İslâm mezhepleri tarihi, tasavvuf, Arap dili ve belâgatı; Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bölümü felsefe tarihi, İslâm felsefesi, din felsefesi, mantık, dinler tarihi, din sosyolojisi, din psikolojisi ve din eğitimi; İslâm Tarihi ve Sanatları Bölümü İslâm tarihi, Türk İslâm sanatları tarihi, Türk İslâm edebiyatı ve Türk din mûsikisi. Bu ana bilim dallarına bağlı olarak yaklaşık kırk bilim dalında ders okutulmakta ayrıca yüksek lisans ve doktora programlarında da öğretim yapılmaktadır. 15 Haziran 1989 tarih ve 358 sayılı kanunla İlâhiyat fakülteleri öğretmen ve eğitim uzmanı yetiştiren yüksek öğretim kurumlarından kabul edilmiştir.
1998-1999 öğretim yılından itibaren, üniversitelerinde eğitim fakülteleri bulunan İlâhiyat fakültelerinde İlköğretim Din Kültürü ve Ahlâk Bilgisi Öğretmenliği Programı ile İlâhiyat Lisans Programı olmak üzere iki ayrı program uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. İlk programı takip eden öğrenciler, ilköğretim okullarında din kültürü ve ahlâk bilgisi öğretmeni olacak şekilde yetiştirilecektir. İkinci programdan mezun olanlar ise Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı teşkilâtındaki çeşitli görevlerden başka ortaöğretimde ve İmam-Hatip liselerinde öğretmenlik görevi alabileceklerdir. Ancak İmam-Hatip liselerinde öğretmenlik yapacak olanlar, ilâhiyat lisans programını tamamladıktan sonra pedagojik formasyonun yanında meslekî bir ek eğitimin de verileceği üç yarı yıllık bir tezsiz yüksek lisans programına tâbi tutulacaktır. Diğer lise ve dengi okullara öğretmen olmak isteyenler ise sadece pedagojik formasyon derslerinin alınacağı tezsiz yüksek lisans programından geçirilecektir.
Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu’nun 29 Aralık 1988’de aldığı bir kararla İlâhiyat fakültelerine bağlı olarak iki yıllık İlâhiyat Meslek Yüksek okulları kurulmuş olup bu okullarda din hizmetleri mesleğine yönelik ön lisans seviyesinde program uygulanmaktadır. Ancak beş İlâhiyat Fakültesi bünyesinde yer alan İlâhiyat Meslek Yüksek okullarına 1998-1999 öğretim yılından itibaren öğrenci alınmamış, bunun yanında Anadolu Üniversitesi Açık Öğretim Fakültesi’ne bağlı aynı nitelikte bir yüksek okul açılmıştır. Ayrıca 1998-1999 öğretim yılında İlâhiyat fakülteleri ikinci öğretimine öğrenci alınmasına son verilmiştir.
Türk eğitim ve öğretim tarihinde İlâhiyat fakültelerinin önemli bir yer işgal ettiği şüphesizdir. Yüksek seviyede din eğitimi ve öğretimi görevini yürütme, araştırma ve doktora çalışmalarını gerçekleştirme, eser telif edip yayın dünyasına sunma, öğretim elemanları ve mezunları vasıtasıyla halkın dinî ihtiyaçlarına cevap verme, yurt içinde ve yurt dışında dinî görevleri yerine getirme, din bilgisi ve ahlâk öğretmenliğiyle İmam-Hatip liselerinde meslek dersleri öğretmenliği yapma, kamuya ait ve sivil kuruluşlarda çeşitli memuriyet ve hizmetleri ifa etme vb. fonksiyonlar İlâhiyat fakültelerinin önemini kanıtlayan hususlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Said Paşa, Hâtırat , İstanbul 1328, I, 204, 572.
Mehmet Ali Ayni, Dârülfünun Târihi , İstanbul 1927, s. 18, 19, 32, 36, 37, 48, 80.
Düstur , Birinci tertip, Ankara 1941, VII, 689; İkinci tertip, IX (1928), s. 748; Üçüncü tertip, V (1931), s. 596; VI (1934), s. 640.
İstanbul Dârülfünûnu’nun Şahsiyeti Hükmiyesi Hakkında Kanun, Dârülfünûn Tâlimatnâmesi , İstanbul 1932, s. 6.
Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , III, 1220, 1225, 1233, 1235.
Cemil Bilsel, İstanbul Üniversitesi Tarihi , İstanbul 1943, s. 25, 26.
C.H.P. Yedinci Kurultay Tutanağı , Ankara 1948, s. 456, 457.
Faik Reşit Unat, Türkiye Eğitim Sisteminin Gelişmesine Tarihî Bir Bakış , Ankara 1964, s. 5, 8, 33, 35.
Osman Turan, Türkiye’de Manevî Buhran, Din ve Laiklik , Ankara 1964, s. 74, 75.
İbrahim Arvas, Tarihî Hakikatler , Ankara 1964, s. 62.
Hüseyin Atay, Osmanlılarda Yüksek Din Eğitimi , İstanbul 1983, s. 293.
Ömer Okutan, Din Eğitimi, Cumhuriyet Döneminde Eğitim , İstanbul 1983, s. 415, 420.
T.C. Resmî Gazete , sy. 20215, 4.VII.1989.
Ali Arslan, Dârülfünun’dan Üniversite’ye , İstanbul 1995, s. 55.
Türk Eğitim Sistemi, Alternatif Perspektif , Ankara 1996, s. 166.
Halis Ayhan, Türkiye’de Din Eğitimi , İstanbul 1999, s. 467.
TBMM Tutanak Dergisi , IX, Ankara 1948, s. 22, 23; X (1948), s. 3.
SR , I/9 (1948), s. 133.
Devlet Dergisi , sy. 9 (1969), s. 12; sy. 14 (1969), s. 7.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 70-72 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.