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İLELÜ’l-HADÎS Skip to content Hadislerin sıhhatini zedeleyen kusurları inceleyen disiplin.
Sözlükte “sebep, hastalık ve kusur” gibi anlamlara gelen illet (çoğulu ilel ), hadis ilminde terim olarak “genellikle ilk bakışta farkedilmeyen ve hadisin sıhhatini zedeleyen kusur” demektir. Hadis ilminin bu kusurları inceleyen alt disiplinine “ilelü’l-hadîs”, illeti tesbit işlemine “taʻlîl” ya da “iʻlâl”, illetli hadise “muallel”, “maʻlûl” veya “muall” denir (bk. MUALLEL ).
İllet, râvilerin hâfıza zayıflığı gibi beşerî kusurlarının yanı sıra rivayet sırasında yaptıkları tahrif ve ziyâde gibi hatalarından veya aşırı kısaltma ve özetleme (ihtisar) gibi kasıtlı tasarruflarından kaynaklanır. Râvideki vehim kusuru ile yakından ilişkili olan illet, bu tür hataları gösteren ilel kitaplarında genellikle “vehime”, “ahtae” ve “galita” gibi fiiller kullanılarak açıklanır (bk. VEHİM ).
İllet güvenilir (sika) râvilerin rivayetlerinde bulunabildiği gibi zayıf râvilerin rivayetlerinde de bulunabilir. Zayıf râviler karşısında daha dikkatli olunduğu halde, sika bir râviye duyulan güven bazan yanıltıcı olabilir. Bu durum güvenilir râvilerin hatasını tesbit etmeyi daha değerli hale getirir. İlelü’l-hadîs disiplini, sika râvilerin hatalarını bulmadaki işlevi bakımından daha önemlidir ve literatürde bu yönüne daha fazla dikkat çekilir.
Hadisin sıhhatini zedeleyen zâhirî kusurlara göre daha zor farkedildiği için illet denilince genellikle gizli kusurlar anlaşılmış ve sahih hadisin tanımında illetin bu yönü öne çıkarılmış olsa da ilelü’l-hadîs disiplini açık-gizli bütün kusurları kapsayacak genişlikte bir muhtevaya sahiptir.
İllet rivayetin sened ya da metin kısımlarında bulunabilir; fakat ilel kitaplarındaki örnekler genelde senedle ilgilidir. Hadis usulünde inkıtâ, tahrif, kalb ve idrâc gibi özel terimlerle anılan kusurlara ilel kitaplarında yer verilmesi, illetin bunların hepsini kapsayan üst kavram olarak görüldüğüne işaret eder. En sık karşılaşılan illet türleri muttasıl olmayan hadisin muttasıl nakledilmesi, merfû olmayan hadisin merfû nakledilmesi ve isnaddaki râvinin yerine başka bir râvinin zikredilmesidir. Meselâ Hz. Osman’a ait olan, “İçkiden sakınınız, çünkü o kötülüklerin anasıdır” sözü (mevkuf hadis) hatalı biçimde Hz. Peygamber’e izâfe edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu hadisin merfû rivayeti illetli, mevkuf rivayeti sahihtir (İbn Ebû Hâtim, III, 11; Dârekutnî, III, 41-42). Bir hadisin senedinin başka bir hadisin metnine iliştirilmesi, râvinin hadis öğrendiği hocasına aslında ondan işitmediği bir hadisi nisbet etmesi, senedi çok meşhur olmayan bir hadisin meşhur ve yaygın olan bir tarikle nakledilmesi, hadisin Hz. Peygamber’in sözüne benzemeyip onun nezahetine uygun düşmemesi diğer bazı illet türleridir. İlletlerin bir kısmı hadisin sıhhatini tamamen ortadan kaldırırken bazıları yalnızca senedi yahut metni zedeler. İlletin özellikle metinle ilgili olduğu durumlarda hadisten çıkan fıkhî hükümler de bundan etkilenebilmektedir.
Bir hadisin sahih sayılması için illetli olmaması gerektiği, sahih hadisin tanımında belirtilen önemli bir unsurdur. Bu yüzden hadis âlimleri illet araştırmalarına büyük özen göstermişlerdir. Tebeu’t-tâbiîn nesline mensup hadis âlimlerinden Abdurrahman b. Mehdî’nin “Bilmediğim yirmi hadis yazmaktansa elimdeki tek bir hadisin illetini öğrenmeyi tercih ederim” sözü bu hususu vurgular (İbn Ebû Hâtim, I, 123-124).
İlleti tesbit etmenin başlıca yolu rivayetlerin karşılaştırılmasıdır. “Muâraza”, “mukārene”, “muvâzene” ve “sebr” gibi isimlerle anılan bu karşılaştırma sırasında bir hadisin bütün farklı rivayetleri (tarikleri) bir araya getirilir ve râvilerin zabt durumu da dikkate alınarak değerlendirme yapılır. Tebeu’t-tâbiîn’in önde gelenlerinden Abdullah b. Mübârek, “Hadisin sahih olup olmadığını anlamak istiyorsan onu diğer hadislerle karşılaştır” diyerek ana hatlarıyla bu yönteme işaret etmiştir (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, s. 426). Karşılaştırma sonrasında ortaya çıkan teferrüd veya muhalefet gibi kusurlar, illetin bulunma ihtimalini arttıran unsurlardır. Karşılaştırma işleminde râvilerin sayısal çokluğu yahut hadis ilmindeki şöhretleri ve zabt açısından durumları dikkate alınarak bazı prensipler geliştirilmiş olsa da tek bir kriterden hareketle hüküm verilmemiş, her bir rivayeti çevreleyen özgün karînelere dikkat edilmiştir. İlleti tesbit edecek olan kişinin ezber kuvveti, hadislere âşinalığı, sezgileri, kavrayış ve tecrübesi önemli olmakla birlikte bunlar illet tesbitinin yöntemini değil ancak başlangıç aşamasını oluşturur.
İsnad ve metinle ilgili hassas incelemeler yapmayı gerektiren ilelü’l-hadîs disiplini, hadis ilminde en yetkin seviyeye ulaşan âlimlerin üstesinden gelebileceği bir alandır. Hadislerin farklı coğrafyalara ait olan tariklerini, hoca-talebe münasebetlerini, pek çok hadis isnadının kesişim noktasında bulunan şahsiyetleri (medâr) ve konularına göre rivayetleri iyi bilmek, ilelü’l-hadîs uzmanında aranan özelliklerdendir. Hadis râvilerinin araştırılması (ricâl tenkidi) konusunda önemli bir yere sahip olan Şuʻbe b. Haccâc, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân, Abdurrahman b. Mehdî, Yahyâ b. Maîn, Ali b. Medînî, Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Dârekutnî gibi isimler illet bilgisiyle de öne çıkmışlardır. Bu durum ilelü’l-hadîs ile cerh ve taʻdîl disiplini arasındaki sıkı irtibatı gösterir. Cerh ve taʻdîlde râviler genel mânada güvenilir olup olmamaları bakımından incelenirken, ilelü’l-hadîste zayıf râvilerin yanı sıra güvenilir râviler de zabt durumlarına göre mukayeseli olarak incelenir ve hataya düştükleri rivayetler belirlenir. Dolayısıyla ilelü’l-hadîs, cerh ve taʻdîl uzmanlığının ötesinde bir bilgi birikimi ve tecrübe gerektirir (bk. CERH ve TAʻDÎL ).
Erken dönemlerde özellikle ricâl tenkidinde öne çıkan hadis âlimleri rivayetlerdeki kusurlara işaret ederken, anlamları ve kapsamları henüz yerleşmemiş birtakım tabirlerle maksatlarını ifade etmişlerdir. Bunlardan bazıları hadis usulünün sonraki aşamalarında yerleşik hale gelip tanımlanan, zayıf hadislerle ilgili terimlere karşılık gelmektedir. Meselâ şâz, münker, maklûb, müdrec ve ziyâdetü’s-sika gibi genellikle tesbiti zor kusurlara işaret eden terimler illetle de alâkalı olup bu tür hadislere örnek olarak verilen rivayetlerin çoğu aynı zamanda muallel sayılabilir.
Literatür. İlletin geniş kapsamı sebebiyle hadis tenkidine dair hemen her çalışmada ilelü’l-hadîsle ilgili yönler bulmak mümkündür. En genel anlamıyla ricâl literatürü, daha özelde cerh ve ta‘dîl eserleri bazı açılardan bakıldığında aynı zamanda ilelü’l-hadîs kaynaklarıdır. Cerh ve ta‘dîl literatürünün bir alt başlığını oluşturan zayıf râvilerle (duafâ) ilgili kitaplar, râviler hakkında bilgi verirken rivayetlerdeki illetlere de işaret ederler (bk. DUAFÂ ve METRÛKÎN ). Çeşitli râviler ve rivayetlerle ilgili sorulara verilen cevapların derlendiği suâlât türü eserler de ilel hakkında bilgi içeren kaynaklardır.
Özellikle ilel konusunda kaleme alınmış eserlerin standart bir türü ve kapsamı yoktur. Bunlar bazan bir şahsın (meselâ Zühlî’nin ʿİlelü ḥadîs̱i’z-Zührî ’si) bazan da bir kitabın rivayetlerini esas alarak yazılabilir. Yaʻkūb b. Şeybe’nin günümüze çok küçük bir bölümü ulaşan el-Müsned ’indeki gibi, müsned tertibinde derlenmiş hadislerin illetlerine işaret eden eserler de mevcuttur.
İlelü’l-hadîs literatürünün günümüze ulaşmış örnekleri yazıldıkları dönem ve muhtevaları itibariyle üç grupta incelenebilir. III. (IX.) yüzyılda Kütüb-i Sitte müellifleri veya hocaları tarafından kaleme alınan metinler literatürün ilk safhasını oluşturur. Bu eserlerde ilel hakkındaki notlar, râvileri tanıtıp cerh ve taʻdîl açısından değerlendiren kısımlarla birliktedir. Bazıları suâlât türünden olan bu metinleri müstakil ilel eserleri olmaktan çok hadis tenkidini konu edinen ve ilel konusuna da yer veren çalışmalar olarak değerlendirmek daha uygundur. Meselâ Yahyâ b. Maîn’in et-Târîḫ ve Maʿrifetü’r-ricâl gibi suâlât türü eserlerinde ilel hakkında yoğun bilgi mevcuttur. Bu alanda önde gelen ve birden fazla eser kaleme almış olan Ali b. Medînî Kitâbü’l-ʿİlel ’inde, farklı bölgelerde hadis rivayetinde öne çıkan şahsiyetleri tesbit eder ve sahâbe tabakasından itibaren en güvenilir rivayet tariklerini belirlemeye çalışır. Böylece ilelin tesbitinde büyük önem arzeden tariklerin mukayesesi işlemi için bir alt yapı oluşturur. Ahmed b. Hanbel’e oğulları ve talebeleri tarafından yöneltilen ricâl ve ilel hakkındaki soruların cevaplarını içeren Kitâbü’l-ʿİlel de bu alanın önemli bir kaynağıdır (bk. KİTÂBÜ’l-İLEL [Ahmed b. Hanbel]). Müslim b. Haccâc’ın Kitâbü’t-Temyîz ’i râvilerin yanılgıları yüzünden hatalı nakledilmiş, çoğunluğu muallel sayılabilecek örnekler sunar ve bu hataların nasıl belirlendiğini izah eder. Tirmizî’nin el-ʿİlelü’l-kebîr ’i büyük ölçüde Buhârî’nin çeşitli hadisler ve râviler hakkındaki görüşlerinden oluşur. el-ʿİlelü’ṣ-ṣaġīr diye de bilinen Kitâbü’l-ʿİlel ise Tirmizî’nin el-Câmiʿ inin son bölümü olup hadis münekkitlerinin tenkit gerekçelerini ortaya koyması bakımından Kitâbü’t-Temyîz ’e benzemekte, ancak ilelü’l-hadîsle ilgisi yukarıdaki çalışmalara nazaran sınırlı kalmaktadır (bk. KİTÂBÜ’l-İLEL [Tirmizî]).
İlel literatürünün ikinci grubunda, ilk gruptakilerden yaklaşık bir yüzyıl sonra kaleme alınan İbn Ebû Hâtim’in ʿİlelü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i ile Dârekutnî’nin el-ʿİlelü’l-vâride fi’l-eḥâdîs̱i’n-nebeviyye ’si gibi eserler yer alır. Bunlar illet konusunu merkeze almaları ve öncekilerden daha düzenli olmaları yönüyle literatürün en temel kaynakları haline gelmiştir. İbn Ebû Hâtim, babası Ebû Hâtim ile hocası Ebû Zürʻa’ya sorduğu 2840 hadis veya mesele hakkındaki sorularına aldığı cevapları derlediği ve hadislerin konularına (fıkıh babları) göre tertip ettiği eserinde neredeyse her türden illete örnek verdiği gibi farklı rivayet tarikleri arasında yapılmış mukayeselere de yer verir. Rivayetler hakkında ulaştığı kanaatleri râvilerin genel cerh ve taʻdîl durumlarıyla irtibatlı olarak aktarır. Eser Şemseddin İbn Abdülhâdî tarafından şerhedilmiştir (Şerḥu ʿİleli İbn Ebî Ḥâtim , nşr. Mustafa Ebü’l-Gayt – İbrâhim Fehmî, Kahire 1422/2002). Dârekutnî’nin 4128 hadisle ilgili görüşlerinin Berkānî tarafından kaydedilmesi suretiyle ve müsned tertibinde yazılmış olan el-ʿİlelü’l-vâride ise İbn Ebû Hâtim’in eserine nazaran daha geniş kapsamlıdır. Dârekutnî mukayese yöntemiyle bu hadislerin sahih ve zayıf tariklerini belirler.
İlel literatürünün geç (müteahhirîn) dönemini temsil eden üçüncü grupta VI. (XII.) asırdan Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî ile VIII. (XIV.) asırdan İbn Receb el-Hanbelî’ye ait iki eser öne çıkar. İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin el-ʿİlelü’l-mütenâhiye fi’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-vâhiye adlı eseri başlıkları, konuları işleyiş tarzı ve içerdiği hadisler bakımından yine kendisine ait Kitâbü’l-Mevżûʿât ’a benzemektedir. 1579 hadis rivayetine yer veren İbnü’l-Cevzî, illetleri tesbit ederken erken dönem ilel müelliflerinin yanı sıra Nesâî, İbn Hibbân, İbn Adî ve Hatîb el-Bağdâdî gibi isimlerin görüşlerine de yer verir. İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin bu eseri üzerine Zehebî bir muhtasar kaleme almıştır (Telḫîṣu Kitâbi’l-ʿİleli’l-mütenâhiye , nşr. Ebû Temîm Yâsir b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed, Riyad 1419/1998). İbn Receb ise Tirmizî’nin el-Câmiʿ ine şerh yazarken bunun bir parçası olarak ilel bölümünü de şerhetmiştir. Onun Tirmizî şerhinin tamamına yakını kayıp olmasına rağmen ilel üzerine yazdığı bu kısım mevcuttur ve Şerḥu ʿİleli’t-Tirmiẕî adıyla basılmıştır. İbn Receb burada şerhin yanı sıra ilelü’l-hadîs hakkında birtakım küllî kaideler ve faydalı bilgiler de verir. Güvenilir râvilerin kendi aralarındaki mertebeleri ve belirli durumlara bağlı olarak haklarında nisbî cerh veya taʻdîl değerlendirmesi yapılmış râviler kitapta genişçe ele alınan konulardandır. Önceki dönemlerin tenkit anlayışını başarılı biçimde aktaran İbn Receb’in eseri aynı zamanda müteahhirîn döneminde önemi giderek artan küllî düşünme biçimini ilel konusu özelinde ortaya koymasıyla da kıymetlidir. İlelü’l-hadîs disiplininin nazarî ve tatbikî yönlerini dengeli biçimde vermesi eserin bir diğer özelliğidir.
Çağdaş dönemde Arapça’da çok zengin bir ilelü’l-hadîs literatürü teşekkül etmiştir. Özellikle son yirmi yılda gelişen hadis tenkidine dair ilmî araştırma ve tartışmaların merkezinde çoğu zaman ilel konusu bulunur (bir kısmı bibliyografyada zikredilen Arapça ilel literatürünü topluca görmek için bk. Dârekutnî, neşredenin girişi, I, 47-56; İbrâhim b. es-Sıddîk, I, 68-89; Fahl, I, 54-69; Brown, s. 38-41). Türkçe ilel literatürü için de şu örnekler verilebilir: Kudret Karaçam, İlel Edebiyatı ve Kuralları (yüksek lisans tezi, 2004, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Rahile Yılmaz, İbn Ebî Hâtim er-Râzî’nin İlelü’l-Hadîs Adlı Eserinde Vasledilmekle İlletli Saydığı Mürsel Rivayetler (yüksek lisans tezi, 2008, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Muhittin Düzenli, Hadislerde Gizli Kusurlar: İllet ve Şâz (İstanbul 2016); a.mlf., “Bir Tenkit Terimi Olarak ‘Sülûkü’l-Câdde’” (İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 30 [2013], s. 1-23); Ömer Faruk Akpınar, Rivayet Asrında İllet -Bezzâr Örneği- (doktora tezi, 2018, Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Ayşe Güler, İllet Sebebi Olarak Teferrüd -el-İlelü’l-Kebîr Özelinde- (yüksek lisans tezi, 2018, İstanbul 29 Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Yavuz Köktaş, “Müslim’in Sahîh ’ine Yapılan En Eski Tenkid: Ebu’l-Fadl el-Herevî’nin İlelu’l-ahâdîs fî Kitâbi’s-Sahîh li-Müslim Adlı Eserinin Takdim ve Tercümesi” (Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi , V/3 [2005], s. 29-56).
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