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İLM-i AHKÂM-ı NÜCÛM Skip to content Yıldızların insanları ve olayları etkilediği inancına dayanan sözde ilim dalı, astroloji, yıldız falcılığı, müneccimlik.
İlm-i ahkâm-ı nücûmun matematiksel ilimlerden astronomiyle farkı, yıldızların konum ve hareketlerinin bir işaret sistemi oluşturduğuna ve bu sistem sayesinde gelecek, şimdiki durum ve geçmişe dair bilgi elde etmenin mümkün olduğuna inanılmasıdır; bu anlamda astroloji astronominin metafiziğidir. Astroloji, İslâm ilimler tasnifi geleneğinde tabii ilimlerden sayılmış ve astronomiyle yakın ilişkisi bulunmakla birlikte ismindeki “ahkâm” terimi sebebiyle ondan ayrıldığı kabul edilmiştir. Fârâbî’nin verdiği bilgiye göre ilm-i nücûm adıyla anılan iki ilim bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilm-i ahkâm-ı nücûm yıldızların zaman içinde olmuş ve olacak hadiseler hakkında verdiği işaretlerin (delâlâtü’l-kevâkib) yorumlanmasını amaçlar; ilm-i nücûm-i ta‘lîmî adıyla anılan ikincisi ise asıl matematiksel astronomidir. İlm-i ahkâm-ı nücûm rüya tabiri, uğursuz olduğuna inanılan bazı olayları yorumlamak (zecr) ve geçmiş hadiselerden geleceğe dair gizli anlamlar çıkarmak (ırâfe) gibi yöntemlerle gelecekte vuku bulacak hadiselere karşı insanları uyarma sanatından ibarettir (İḥṣâʾü’l-ʿulûm , s. 43-44). Yine Fârâbî’nin en-Nüket fîmâ yeṣiḥḥu ve mâ lâ yeṣiḥḥu min ʿilmi’n-nücûm adlı bir eser yazarak astronomiyle astrolojinin arasını ilmî usuller bakımından ayırmak istediği bilinmektedir. Aynı tavır daha sonra İbn Sînâ tarafından da sürdürülmüştür.
İbn Haldûn tencim sanatını iki açıdan değerlendirmektedir. Önce yıldızların dört unsurdan meydana gelen cisimlerdeki değişmeler üzerinde tabii bir tesir icra edip etmediği meselesini ele alır, daha sonra bu tesirlerin tecrübî olarak bilinebileceği iddiasını tartışır. Tecrübî bilginin düzenli bir şekilde tekrarlanan olayların gözlemlenmesiyle kazanılabileceğini öne süren düşünür, yıldızların devrî hareketlerini izlemenin yüzyıllar alacağını, dolayısıyla da bu konuda kesin bilgiye ulaşılamayacağını belirtir. Aynı konuda Batlamyus’un Tetrabiblos (Kitâbü’l-Erbaʿa ) adlı astrolojik eserinden de faydalanan müellif, bir yandan güneş ve ayın unsurlar âlemi üzerindeki gözlenebilir tabii etkilerinden hareket ederek diğer yıldızların “kırân” denilen kavuşumlarıyla (konjonksiyon) tesirlerinin artıp artmadığının anlaşılabileceği iddiasını inandırıcı bulmamakta, bir yandan da güneş ve ayın dünya üzerindeki etkileriyle yıldızların kırânı arasında yapılacak kıyaslamalara dayanmak suretiyle, meydana gelen ve gelecek olan hadiseler hakkında sezgiden kaynaklanan tahminlerde bulunmanın ve hüküm çıkarmanın tecrübî bilgiyle alâkasını sorgulamaktadır. İbn Haldûn’a göre Batlamyus da bu konudaki tahminlerin zandan öteye geçmeyeceğini belirtmiştir; şu halde yıldızların birer etken olarak tesir icra ettiği iddiası aklen mesnetsizdir. Ayrıca bu iddia dinen de bâtıldır; çünkü kâinatta tek fâil Allah’tır ve yıldızların etkisiyle bazı hadiselerin meydana geldiğine inanmak tevhid inancına aykırıdır. Her ne kadar astrolojik tahminlerin tesadüfen doğru çıkması bu ilmin itibarını yükseltmekteyse de müneccimliğin ilmî ve medenî hayat bakımından ne kadar zararlı olduğu âşikârdır (Muḳaddime , II, 1255-1260). İbn Haldûn’un özellikle tevhide aykırılık açısından takındığı olumsuz tutum esasen İslâm âlimlerinin çoğunluğunca paylaşılmış bir tavırdır.
Geç devir âlimlerinden Taşköprizâde’nin ilimler tasnifinde ise ilm-i ahkâm-ı nücûmun tabii ilimlerin bir şubesi olduğu belirtilmiştir. Bu konumuyla ilm-i ahkâm-ı nücûm matematiksel ilimlere giren ilm-i hey’etten (astronomi) ayrılmaktadır. Ancak bu durum onun astronominin zîcler ve takvimler ilmi, kırânât ilmi ve melâhim ilmi şeklinde adlandırılan şubeleriyle irtibat halinde olmasına engel teşkil etmez. Zira Taşköprizâde’ye göre ilm-i ahkâm-ı nücûm, gök cisimlerinin farklı konumlarından hareketle oluş ve bozuluş âleminin çeşitli mertebelerindeki değişmeleri önceden görmek, öğrenmek amacını taşımaktadır. Öte yandan gök cisimlerinin mukabele, mukārene, teslîs, terbî‘, tesdîs denilen çeşitli konumları hakkındaki bilgileri astronominin dallarından ilmü’z-zîcât ve’t-tekāvîm sağlamaktadır. Yine astronominin bir dalı olan ilm-i kırânât, yedi gezegenden iki veya daha fazlasının aynı burcun aynı derecesinde ne zaman aynı hizaya geldiğini ve bunlara ait devreleri matematik açısından inceler. Bu kırânlara ait bilgilerin, yeryüzünde yeni bir dinin yahut devletin zuhuru gibi hadiselere işaret eden astrolojik yorumları da söz konusudur. Meydana gelecek büyük fitnelerin bilgisi demek olan ilm-i melâhimin astrolojiyle alâkası daha da açıktır, hatta Taşköprizâde tarafından niçin astronominin bir şubesi sayıldığı anlaşılamamaktadır. İlm-i ahkâm-ı nücûmun şubelerini ise ihtiyârât ilmiyle (aş.bk.) kitaplardan fal açmak (ilm-i fâl), kum falı (ilm-i reml), harflerle kura çekmek (ilm-i kur‘a) ve uğursuz olduğuna inanılan bazı alâmetlerden hüküm çıkarmak (ilm-i zecr) gibi kehânet sanatları oluşturmaktadır. İhtiyârât ilmi uğurlu-uğursuz vakitleri inceler. İlm-i ahkâm-ı nücûm, öteki tabii ilimlerden sihrin bir şubesi olan ilm-i da‘vet-i kevâkible de alâkalıdır. Bâbilliler’den miras kalan bu ilim, yıldızların ruhaniyetini çağırıp onlardan belli konularda bilgi almayı amaçlamaktadır (Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 337, 359-368, 379-380, 386-387).
İlm-i ahkâm-ı nücûmu tabii astroloji ve ahkâm astrolojisi olmak üzere iki ana disipline ayırmak mümkündür. Tabii astroloji feleklerin (gökküre) atmosfer ve yeryüzündeki dört unsura dayalı fizikî nesne ve olaylar üzerine yaptığı tesirleri inceler ve eski astronominin kozmolojik modelini esas alarak tahmin ve kehânetlerde bulunur. Ahkâm astrolojisi ise gök cisimlerinin insan kaderi üzerinde etkileri olduğu inancıyla gelecek hakkında kehânetlerde bulunur. Tabii astroloji disiplinlerinin başında, yağmurla ilgili belirtileri elde etmek için göğün incelenmesini amaçlayan ilm-i envâ’ gelmektedir (Sezgin, VII, 336 vd.; Fahd, La divination arabe , s. 412-417). Câhiliye döneminde yaygın olan bu ilim, yıldızlara tapınmayla ilgisinden dolayı Hz. Peygamber tarafından yasaklanmıştır (bk. ENVÂ’ ). İkincisi atmosferde meydana gelen olaylardan anlam çıkarma sanatıdır. Bu konu “melhame” adını taşıyan kitaplarda da incelenmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 408-412). Melhamelerin en ünlüsü Dânyâl’e isnat edilenidir. Bu konulara özellikle astrolojik mecmûâtın yanı sıra (a.g.e. , s. 488-495) ziraatla ilgili takvimlerde de rastlanır (İbn Vahşiyye, I, 209 vd.; Fahd, Orientalia Hispanica , s. 245-272). Bazı anlamlar ifade ettiğine inanılan atmosferik belirtilere aynı zamanda cifrle ilgili eserlerde de yer verilmiştir. Önceleri bu eserlerin içeriği anlaşılmayacak kadar kapalı idi ve melhameler yalnızca “hidsân” (kozmik olaylar) olarak değerlendiriliyordu; ancak daha sonra bunların içinde astrolojik kehanetlerin de bulunduğu görülmüştür (Câhiz, s. 4).
İlm-i ahkâm-ı nücûmun en önemli ve en gelişmiş dalı ahkâm astrolojisidir. Bu konudaki literatür “mevâlîd” ve “ihtiyârât” olmak üzere iki ana gruba ayrılır. Mevâlîd literatürü, bir insanın doğumu sırasında yıldızların bulunduğu yere bakarak kehanet yapmayla ilgilidir. İlk defa Bâbilliler tarafından uygulanan bu sanat Sâsânî topraklarında gelişmiş ve bu gelişmede Hindistan’ın kuvvetli etkisi olmuştur. Bu konudaki birçok Helenistik kaynağın Ortaçağ’ın müslüman ve yahudi astrologları tarafından kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Söz konusu eserlerin başlıcaları Hermetik külliyatla Batlamyus’un kitapları arasında yer almakta (geniş bilgi için bk. BATLAMYUS ; HERMES ), ayrıca aşağıdaki eserler de büyük önem taşımaktadır: 1. II. yüzyılda yaşayan Romalı kâhin Vettius Valens’e (Ar. Vâlîs) ait eser. Vizidak (antoloji) adı altında Pehlevîce’ye ve ondan da Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîd (Kitâbü’l-Bizîdâc) adıyla Arapça’ya çevrilmiş, Pehlevîce’si Nûşirevân’ın veziri Büzürgmihr tarafından şerhedilmiştir (Sezgin, VII, 38-40). 2. Mîlâttan sonra I. yüzyıl başlarında yaşayan Araplar’ın Tankalûşa adıyla bildikleri astrolog Teucros’a atfedilen eser. Kitap önce Pehlevîce’ye, oradan II-III. (VIII-IX.) yüzyıllarda Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîd ʿale’l-vücûh ve’l-ḥudûd adıyla Arapça’ya çevrilmiştir. Ebû Ma‘şer el-Belhî, Kitâbü’l-Mudḫali (Medḫali)’l-kebîr adlı kitabında bu eserden yararlanmıştır (a.g.e. , VII, 71-73). 3. Kitâbü Zerâdüşt fi’n-nücûm ve teʾs̱îrâtihâ ve’l-ḥükm ʿale’l-mevâlîd adlı başka bir Pehlevîce metin yahudi ve müslüman astrologlar tarafından kullanılmıştır (a.g.e. , VII, 85-86). 4. Bîrûnî’nin Hintli astrolog Varâhamihira’nın Sanskritçe bir eserinden Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîdi’ṣ-ṣaġīr adıyla çevirdiği kitap. Bu kitabı D. Pingree Laghujataka ile karşılaştırmış ve onunla aynı olduğunu göstermiştir (ISIS , LIV [1963], s. 234). Bîrûnî yine bu yazarın adına Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîdi’l-kebîr dediği bir eseriyle diğer bir Hintli astrolog olan Kaljana-Varman’ın (Kalan Baram el-Melik) el-Mevâlîd diye andığı bir kitabından daha söz etmektedir (Sezgin, VII, 91, 93). 5. Hârûnürreşîd’in saray müneccimi Kanaka el-Hindî’ye atfedilen Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîd (a.g.e. , VII, 95).
Mevâlîd disiplini hakkındaki bu tercüme literatür tabii olarak İslâm dünyasında yaygın bir telif devri başlatmıştır. Bu alanda yazılan ve günümüze ulaşan eserlerin başlıcaları şunlardır: 1. Yahudi âlimi Mâşâallah b. Eserî’nin Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîd ’i. Eser iki defa Latince’ye tercüme edilmiştir. Müellifin Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîdi’l-kebîr adlı diğer bir eseri de Hugo von Santalla tarafından Libellus de nativitatibus 14 distinctus capitulis adıyla Latince’ye çevrilmiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 104-105). 2. Ömer b. Ferruhân et-Taberî’nin Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîd ’i. Hermetik külliyata, Sidonlu Dorotheos’a ve Batlamyus’a dayanılarak yazılmış olan eser, Johannes Hispalensis tarafından De nativitatibus adıyla Latince’ye tercüme edilmiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 112). 3. Mâşâallah b. Eserî’nin öğrencilerinden Ebû Ali el-Hayyât’ın (Batı’da Albohali) Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîd ’i de Latince’ye Plato von Tiroli ve Johannes Hispalensis tarafından çevrilmiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 121). 4. Sehl b. Bişr’in (Batı’da Zahel) Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîd ’i (a.g.e. , VII, 126). 5. Hasîbî nisbesiyle meşhur olan Ebû Bekir b. Hasîb’in (Batı’da Albubather) Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîd ’i. Eser, Padua’da Salio veya Salomon tarafından De nativitatibus adıyla Latince’ye tercüme edilmiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 122-123). 6. İslâm astrolojisinin en parlak siması Ebû Ma‘şer el-Belhî’nin Kitâbü Teḥâvîli sini’l-mevâlîd , Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîd , Kitâbü Aḥkâmi’l-mevâlîd ve Kitâbü Mevâlîdi’r-ricâl ve’n-nisâʾ adlı dört eseri. Bunlardan ilki X. yüzyılda Grekçe’ye tercüme edilmiş olup D. Pingree tarafından Albumasaris, De revolutionibus nativitatum (Leipzig 1968) adıyla neşredilmiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 142). Mevâlîd literatürü Ebû Ma‘şer ile doruğa ulaşmış, ondan sonra gelenler yalnızca onun eserlerine şerhler yazmışlardır.
Batı dillerinde “hemeroloji” ve “menoloji” terimleriyle ifade edilen ihtiyârât ilmi, belirli bir işi uğurlu ve uğursuz olduğuna inanılan vakitlerde yapıp yapmamayı mümkün kılan takvimler hazırlamaktan ibarettir. Yıllara, aylara, günlere, hatta saatlere göre belirlenmiş olan bu vakitlere bakılarak girişilecek bir iş için en uygun zamanın seçilmesine (ihtiyâr) çalışılır. Hangi vakitte hangi işi yapmanın en uygun olduğunu tesbit müneccimin temel görevlerinden biriydi. Bâbilliler ve Mısırlılar’ca bilinen bu uygulama eski Araplar arasında da yaygındı (Fahd, La divination arabe , s. 483). Müneccimin halife sarayında veya yönetici zümre içinde yer almasında ise İran devlet geleneğinin büyük etkisi olmuştur. Abbâsîler devrinde halifeler ve ordu kumandanları müneccimleri yanlarından eksik etmezlerdi. Müneccimlere göre her güne hükmeden bir yıldız ve bu yıldızın o günle ilgili özel etkileri vardı. Yıldızların işler ve günler üzerindeki bu hükümranlığını cetvellere bağlamış olan müneccimler, hangi gün ve saat hangi işin yapılması yahut yapılmaması gerektiği konusunda yöneticilere tavsiyelerde bulunurlardı.
Bu konuda yazılmış çok sayıda eserden en önde gelenler şu şekilde sıralanabilir: 1. Ömer b. Ferruhân et-Taberî, Kitâbü’l-İḫtiyârât (Sezgin, VII, 113). 2. Sehl b. Bişr, Kitâbü’l-İḫtiyârât ʿalâ büyûti’l-is̱nâ ʿaşer . Her biri on iki burcun ismini taşıyan on iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Nicolas Pruckner tarafından De electionibus adıyla Latince’ye çevrilmiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 126-127). 3 . Ebû Yûsuf Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî, İḫtiyârâtü’l-eyyâm (a.g.e. , VII, 131). 4. Ebû Ma‘şer el-Belhî, Kitâbü’l-İḫtiyârât (Latince’ye Electiones planetarum adıyla çevrilmiştir), İḫtiyârâtü’s-sâʿât ve el-İḫtiyârât fi’l-ʿamel ve’l-ḥavâʾic min umûri’s-selâṭîn (a.g.e. , VII, 146). 5. Ali b. Ahmed el-İmrânî (Batı’da Haly Imrani), Kitâbü’l-İḫtiyârât . Abraham b. Hıyya’nın yardımıyla Plato von Tivoli tarafından Latince’ye tercüme edilmiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 166). 6. Hâkim-Biemrillâh’ın müneccimi İsrâîlî’nin kitabı. Eseri Plato von Tivoli Liber capitulorum Almonsaris adıyla Latince’ye çevirmiştir (a.g.e. , VII, 175-176). 7. Ebû Saîd es-Siczî, Kitâbü’l-İḫtiyârât (a.g.e. , VII, 179). 8. Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-İḫtiyârâtü’l-ʿAlâʾiyye (Ullmann, s. 340).
İslâm dünyasında kullanılan en ünlü genel astroloji kitapları arasında da şunlar sayılabilir: Kûsyâr b. Lebbân el-Cîlî, el-Medḫal fî ṣınâʿati aḥkâmi’n-nücûm ; İbn Hibintâ, el-Muġnî fî aḥkâmi’n-nücûm ; İbn Ebü’r-Ricâl, el-Bâriʿ fî aḥkâmi’n-nücûm ; Ebû Saîd es-Siczî, Kitâbü Teḥâvîli sini’l-ʿâlem ; Bîrûnî, et-Tefhîm fî evâʾili ṣınâʿati’t-tencîm ; İbnü’l-Bazyâr, Kitâbü’l-Ḳırânât (krş. Taşköprizâde, I, 337-338).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Vahşiyye, el-Filâḥatü’n-Nabaṭiyye (nşr. Tevfîk Fehd), Dımaşk 1993, I, 209-214.
Câhiz, Bâbü’l-ʿİrâfe ve’z-zecr ve’l-firâse ʿalâ meẕhebi’l-Fürs , St. Petersburg 1907, s. 4.
Fârâbî, İḥṣâʾü’l-ʿulûm , s. 43-44.
İbn Haldûn, Mukaddime (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1983, II, 1255-1260.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 337-338, 359-368, 379-380, 386-387.
M. Ullmann, Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam , Leiden 1972, s. 271-358.
Sezgin, GAS , VII, tür.yer.
T. Fahd, La divination arabe , Paris 1987, s. 408-417, 483-495.
a.mlf., “Le calendrier de travaux agricoles d’après al-Filahan-nabatiyya”, Orientalia Hispanica , I, Leiden 1974, s. 245-272.
a.mlf., “Nud̲j̲ūm”, EI2 (İng.) , VIII, 105-108.
C. A. Nallino, “Astrologia e astronomia presso i musulmani”, Raccolta di scritti editi e inediti , V, Roma 1944, s. 19 vd.
a.mlf., “Astroloji”, İA , I, 682-686.
D. Pingree, “Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran”, ISIS , LIV (1963), s. 234.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 124-126 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.