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İLMİHAL Skip to content Temel dinî bilgileri içeren el kitaplarının genel adı.
Sözlükte ilm-i hâl “davranış bilgisi” anlamına gelir. Terim olarak “inanç, ibadet, muâmelât (günlük yaşayış), ahlâk konuları, yer yer büyük peygamberler, ayrıca Resûl-i Ekrem’in hayatına dair özlü bilgileri içeren el kitabı” diye tanımlanabilir. Her ne kadar ilmihal tabiri, Hüseyin Remzi’nin İlâveli İlmihâl-i Tıbbî adlı eseriyle Auguste Comte’un Türkçe’ye Pozitivizmin İlmihâli adıyla çevrilen kitabında olduğu gibi herhangi bir alana ilişkin temel bilgileri içeren bir kavram olarak kullanılmaktaysa da temel dinî bilgileri ihtiva eden kitaplar için daha yaygın bir kullanıma sahiptir. İlmihallerde muâmelâta dair bilgiler, hitap edilen insanların yaşadığı zaman ve coğrafyaya göre değişiklikler göstermekle birlikte bu eserler daha çok herkesin bilmesi gereken hususları içerir.
İlmihal geleneğinin IV. (X.) yüzyıldan itibaren oluşmaya başladığını söylemek mümkündür. İlim öğrenmenin her müslümana farz olduğunu bildiren hadisteki (İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 17) “ilim” kelimesi “ilm-i hâl” olarak yorumlanmış ve bunun kapsamına iman, namaz, oruç, helâl ve haram gibi temel bilgilerin girdiği belirtilmiştir (Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî, s. 6). İlmihal adı verilen eserlerin telifine ise muhtemelen IX-X. (XV-XVI.) yüzyıllarda başlanmıştır. İslâmî ilimlere dair II. (VIII.) yüzyıldan itibaren kaleme alınan risâle şeklindeki muhtasar eserlerin ardından hacimli kitaplar yazılmış, telif hareketi daha sonra uzun şerhler ve hâşiyelerle devam etmiştir. Âlimlere hitap eden bu kaynaklar dinî konuları ayrıntılı biçimde ele aldığı ve eğitim de daha çok hoca merkezli olup sözlü geleneğe dayandığından halk için temel konularda özlü bilgiler ihtiva eden, dili sade, anlatımı basit, hatta ezberlenmeye müsait eserlere ihtiyaç duyulmuş, bu sebeple Osmanlılar döneminde ilk ilmihaller ortaya çıkmıştır. İlmihal geleneği önce, Arapça yazılmış bazı eserlerin Türkçe’ye çevrilmesi ve eksik görülen kısımların tamamlanmasıyla başlamıştır. Kutbüddin İznikî’nin, Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî tarafından kaleme alınan Muḳaddime adlı namaz risâlesini Türkçe’ye çevirip inanç, ibadet ve ahlâka dair konuları eklediği Kitâbü’l-Mukaddime ’si bu alanın ilk örneklerinden birini oluşturur. Abdurrahman Aksarâyî’nin, Abdülazîz Fârisî’ye ait ʿUmdetü’l-İslâm adlı eseri Türkçe’ye tercüme ederek bazı konuları eklemek suretiyle telif ettiği İmâdü’l-İslâm tesbit edilebilen bir başka örnektir. XII-XIII. yüzyıllarda Hârizm Türkçesi’yle yazılan ve XV. yüzyılda Mehmed b. Bâlî tarafından Anadolu Türkçesi’ne aktarılan Güzîde adlı eser de ilmihal geleneğinin ilk örnekleri arasında yer alır. 970 (1562-63) yılında yazıldığı tahmin edilen Birgivî’nin Vasiyetnâme ’si (Risâle-i Birgivî ), Anadolu sahasındaki Türkçe ilmihal kitaplarının kısa cümleli, ezberlenmesi kolay ifadelerle örülü, ayrıca anonim Mızraklı İlmihal ’e öncülük eden önemli bir metindir (nşr. Musa Doğan, Vasiyyet-nâme , İstanbul 2000). “İlmihal” adının kullanıldığı ilk kitap ise XVI. yüzyıldan sonra yazıldığı tahmin edilen ve zamanımıza kadar etkisini sürdüren Mızraklı İlmihal ’dir (İstanbul 1258; Latin harfleriyle, İstanbul 1989, haz. İsmail Kara). Mızraklı İlmihal ’in sıbyan mekteplerinde, camilerde, köy odalarında ve evlerde yaygın olarak okunması sebebiyle halkın din anlayışını etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu yüzden, modernleşme döneminde adı zikredilerek çokça tenkide konu olmuştur. Daha sonra kaleme alınan Kadızâde İstanbûlî’nin Cevhere-i Behiyye-i Ahmediyye fî şerhi’l-vasiyyeti’l-Muhammediyye ’si de (İstanbul 1241) ilk ilmihaller arasında gösterilir.
Tanzimat’tan sonra açılan okullarda din derslerinin programda yer almasıyla birlikte ilmihal kitaplarının yazımı hız kazanmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler sonunda mevcut kitapların din öğretimi ihtiyacını karşılamaktan uzak, hurafeler ve hikâyelerle dolu bulunduğu, iyi tasnif edilmemiş olduğu, giderek dinî hayatın zayıflamasına zemin hazırlayıcı bir nitelik taşıdığı anlaşılmış (Satı Bey, sy. 7 [1326], s. 10-12), bu sebeple yeni ilmihal kitaplarının telifi gerekli görülmüştür. Bu aşamadan sonra ilmihal kitaplarıyla din dersi kitapları birbirine yakınlaşacak, ayrıca “ahlâk dersleri” adını taşıyan kitaplar telif edilecektir. Yeni kurulan ibtidâiye ve rüşdiye mekteplerinde önceleri Birgivî’nin Vasiyetnâme ’si okutulurken (Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , I, 99; II, 384, 465) daha sonra Mustafa Bey’in kaleme aldığı Telhîsü’l-mülahhas (İstanbul 1310), Mülahhas İlmihal (İstanbul 1310), Mufassal İlmihal (İstanbul 1314) ve Mesud Mahmud tarafından yazılan Muhtasar İlmihal (İstanbul 1324) okutulmaya başlanmıştır. Bu dönemde telif edilen ilmihaller arasında şu eserler kaydedilebilir: İşkodralı Lutfi Paşa, Sual ve Cevaplı İlmihal (Süleymaniye Ktp., Kılıç Ali Paşa, nr. 378); Abdülhamîd b. Mustafa Reşîd, Zübde-i İlmihâl (İstanbul 1305); Süleyman Paşa, İlmihâl-i Kebîr (İstanbul 1305) ve İlmihâl-i Sagīr (İstanbul 1305); Fâtih Ahmed Hamîdî, İlmihal (İzmir Millî Ktp., nr. 597); Mehmed Üstüvânî, İlmihal (Süleymaniye Ktp., Yazma Bağışlar, nr. 43); Rûmî Efendi, İlmihal (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2454); Ahmed Akhisârî, İlmihal (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2464); Oflu Mehmed Emin Efendi, Necâtü’l-mü’minîn (İstanbul 1308); Mehmed Zihni Efendi, Ni‘met-i İslâm (İstanbul 1316); İmamzâde Esad Efendi, Dürr-i Yektâ (İstanbul 1320); Halim Sabit (Şibay), Amelî İlmihal (5. kitap İstanbul 1328-1332); İskilipli Mehmed Âtıf, İslâm Yolu-Yeni İlmihal (İstanbul 1338).
II. Meşrutiyet’le birlikte hız kazanan ve Cumhuriyet döneminde yazımına devam edilip daha düzenli bir telif türü teşkil edecek seviyeye ulaşan ilmihallerin belli başlıları arasında şunları zikretmek mümkündür: Ahmet Hamdi Akseki, İslâm Dini (Ankara 1933); Numan Kurtulmuş, Yeni Âmentü Şerhi (İstanbul 1943); Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen, Büyük İslâm İlmihali (İstanbul 1947); Mustafa Âsım Köksal, İlmihal (Ankara 1954); Ali Fikri Yavuz, Geniş İslâm İlmihali-İslâm Fıkhı ve Hukuku (İstanbul 1977); Süleyman Ateş, Muhtasar İslâm İlmihali (Ankara 1975, Yeni İslâm İlmihali , Ankara 1979); Celal Yıldırım, Hanefî ve Şâfiî Mezheblerine Göre Büyük İlmihal (İstanbul 1976); Hamdi Döndüren, Delilleriyle İslâm İlmihali (İstanbul 1991).
Genellikle temel kaynaklara dayanan ve güvenilir bilgiler içeren Cumhuriyet devri ilmihallerinin bir kısmında dua, vaaz ve irşad mahiyetinde bölümler yer almakla birlikte büyük çoğunluğu sadece inanç, ibadet, ahlâk ve günlük yaşayış bilgilerini ihtiva eder. Bunlardan Ahmet Hamdi Akseki’nin İslâm Dini ile Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen’in Büyük İslâm İlmihali 1980’li yıllara kadar çok basılıp okunmuş, daha sonra yazılan ilmihallere de örnek teşkil etmiştir. Ahmet Tabakoğlu ile İsmail Kara’nın hazırladığı Ansiklopedik Büyük İslâm İlmihali , muâmelât dahil olmak üzere ilmihal konularının alfabetik olarak yer aldığı çalışmadır (İstanbul 1979). İbrahim Kâfi Dönmez’in yönetiminde hazırlanıp Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı’nca yayımlanan İslam’da İnanç, İbadet ve Günlük Yaşayış Ansiklopedisi (I-IV, İstanbul 1997) peygamberler ve semavî dinler, aile hukuku, İslâm hukukuna ait bazı genel konular ve fıkıh usulü kavramlarının da ilâvesiyle hacimli bir ilmihal niteliği kazanmıştır. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi tarafından yazdırılan İlmihal ise (I-II, İstanbul 1998-1999) genel olarak din, İslâm dini, akaid, bazı fıkıh kavramları, ibadet konuları, kefâretler, adak ve yeminler, haramlar ve helâller, aile hayatı, siyasî hayat, çalışma hayatı, hukukî ve ticarî hayat, sosyal hayat ve İslâm ahlâkı ana başlıklarını içermekte olup alanında önemli bir boşluğu doldurmuştur.
Temel dinî bilgileri içeren ilmihaller yanında akaid, ibadet, insanlar arası münasebet gibi konulardan yalnız birini veya sadece bir mezhebin, bir tarikatın esaslarını yahut bir zümreyi ilgilendiren bilgileri ihtiva eden özel ilmihaller de yazılmıştır. Selâmi Ali Efendi’nin Tarikat İlmihali (İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, nr. 1081), Mehmed Zihni Efendi’nin Hanımlar İlmihali (İstanbul 1321), Ahmed Cûdî’nin Yeni İlmihal-Akaid Dersleri (İstanbul 1328), Hüseyin Hıfzî’nin Kızlara Küçük İlmihal (İstanbul 1329), Abdürrahim Hûyî’nin İmâmiyye İlmihali (İstanbul 1341), Uryânîzâde Ali Vahîd’in Asker İlmihali (İstanbul 1332, 1334; Ankara 1927, genişletilmiş 2. bs., İstanbul 1927), Ahmet Hamdi Akseki’nin Askere Din Kitabı (Ankara 1924, 1944), Muallim Cevdet’in Askerî Din Dersleri (İstanbul 1928), Cemal Öğüt’ün Kadın İlmihali (İstanbul 1947), Uryânîzâde Ali Vahîd’in Köy Hocası (Ankara 1965), Haydar Kaya’nın Bektaşî İlmihali (İstanbul 1976) ve Halil Günenç’in Büyük Şafiî İlmihali (İstanbul 1986) bunların örnekleri arasında yer alır. İlmihaller konularına göre tasnif edildiği gibi hacimleri dikkate alınarak ansiklopedik, mufassal, muhtasar ilmihal ve cep ilmihali tarzında da gruplandırılır. Ayrıca manzum olarak yazılan ilmihaller de vardır. Birgivî’nin Vasiyetnâme ’sinin iki ayrı yazar tarafından nazma çekilmiş nüshaları (M. Duman, s. 12), Manastırlı Mehmed Rıfat’ın Manzum İlmihal ’i ile (Selim Ağa Ktp., Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî, nr. 859) Ali Efendi’nin Manzum İlmihal ’i (Selim Ağa Ktp., Kemankeş Emîr Hoca, nr. 681) bunlara örnek teşkil eder. Akaid ve ibadet konularını özetleyen “otuz iki farz”, ahlâk ve görgü kuralları başta olmak üzere ilmihal bahislerini kısaca içeren “elli dört farz” adlı el kitapları da oldukça yaygındır.
İlmihallerin bir kısmı öncekilerin tekrarı mahiyetindedir. Bazılarında da din kuralları aşırı derecede katı gösterilmiş, asıl ilkelere ilâveler yapılarak din, yaşanması zor bir şekle sokulmuştur. İlmihaller, yazıldıkları dönemin din anlayışını yansıtmaları ve dinî bilgilerin günlük hayata uygulanmasını temin edip din kültürünün toplumun çeşitli kesimlerine yayılmasını sağlamaları bakımından önem taşır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 17.
Mâtürîdî, Şerḥu’l-Fıḳhi’l-ekber , Haydarâbâd 1321, s. 6.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , XXX, 260.
Zernûcî, Taʿlîmü’l-müteʿallim (nşr. Mustafa Âşûr), Kahire 1986, s. 27-28.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1163, 1165.
Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , I, 99; II, 384, 465.
M. J. L. Young v.dğr., Religion, Learning and Science in the Abbasid Period , Cambridge 1990, s. 146-148.
Recep Cici, Kuruluştan Fatih Devrinin Sonuna Kadar Osmanlılarda Fıkıh Çalışmaları (doktora tezi, 1994), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 342-345.
Günay Kut, “İlm-i Hal Kitaplarında Yeme-İçme ve Gelenek-Görenekle İlgili Malzeme”, V. Milletlerarası Türk Halk Kültürü Kongresi: Gelenek, Görenek, İnançlar Seksiyon Bildirileri , Ankara 1997, s. 291-302.
Yurdagül Mehmedoğlu, 1838’den 1920’ye Örgün Eğitim’de Din Eğitimi-Öğretimi (doktora tezi, 1998), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 38-58.
Satı Bey, “İlmihal Nasıl Öğretilmelidir”, Tedrîsât-ı İbtidâiyye Mecmuası , sy. 7, İstanbul 1326, s. 10-12.
A. Süleyman, “Mekteplerde Din”, SM , VII/164 (1327), s. 129.
S. M. Zwemer, “Two Moslem Catechisms”, MW , XV (1925), s. 349-360.
Yusuf Ziya Yörükân, “İslâm İlm-i Hâli”, AÜİFD , sy. 1 (1952), s. 5-21.
Ali Birinci, “Birgivi Risalesi: İlk Dinî Kitap Niçin ve Nasıl Basıldı?”, TY , sy. 112 (1996), s. 13-14.
Cahit Baltacı, “Osmanlı Eğitim Sistemi”, Osmanlı Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1993, II, 9-15.
İsmail Kara, “İlmihal”, TDEA , IV, 371-372.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 139-141 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.