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İmam Şâtıbî’nin Hukukun Ahlâkî Dönüşümü Projesinin Uygulamasına Dair Bir Değerlendirme Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 66 Sayı: 66, 33 – 62, 30.06.2024
Abdurrahim Kozalı
https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1382376
Öz Justice, as a function of law, has been taken into account in all legal systems in the sense of reviewing the law. The task of reviewing the law from the perspective of ethics is taken over from the side of natural law in general legal philosophy, although in Islamic legal thought it appears to be the task of Sufi thought. The most striking name in Islamic legal thought from this perspective is Ġazzālī. It is to be determined that Imām aš-Šātıbī perceived and carried out this task not only as a review, but also as an occasion for the regulation of the law. In this article, this topic has been discussed using the example of some issues that are typically taken into account namely “The responsibility (taklīf) outside aḏ-ḏimma”, “The category of forgiveness (ʿafw)”, “Defining vazʿî legal provisions from the perspective of wisdom (ḥikma)”, “Adding the afterlife perspective to the definition of the terms “Valid (ṣihha)” and “Invalid (butlān)” und “The invalidity of the legal results (musabbab) that do not fit the legal reasons (sabab): The rejection of legal determinism.
Anahtar Kelimeler Hukuk-ahlâk İlişkisi, İslam hukuk felsefesi, Fıkıh usûlü, Şâtıbî, el-Muvâfakât
Kaynakça Apaydın, Yunus. İslam Hukuk Usulü. Kayseri: Kimlik Yayınları, 2017. Apaydın, Yunus. “Sıhhat”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 37/110-11. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2009. Aşur, Mecdî Muhammed Muhammed. es-Sâbit ve’l-mütegayyir fî fikri’l-İmam Ebî İshak eş-Şatıbi. Dübey [Dubai]: Dârü’l-Buhus li’d-Dirasati’l-İslâmiyye ve İhyai’t-Türas, 2002/1423. Bardakoğlu, Ali. “Ehliyet”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 10/533-539. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1994. Bedir, Mürteza. “Usûl-i Fıkhın Geçmişte ve Günümüzdeki Müfredatı -Fıkıh Usulü Tasavvurunda Büyük Değişim: Fıkıh Usulü Ders İçeriği Üzerinden Bir İnceleme”. Kelâm İlminde ve İslam Hukukunda İçerik Sorunları. İstanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2019, 305-337. Boynukalın, Mehmet. “Şart”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 38/36-365. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2010. Çağıl, Orhan Münir. Hukuka ve Hukuk İlmine Giriş. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1966. Çelebi, İlyas. “Hüsün Kubuh”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 19/59-63. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1999. Del Vecchio, Giorgio. Hukuk Felsefesi Dersleri. çev. Suut Kemal Yetkin. İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası, 1940. Dönmez, İbrahim Kâfi. “İllet”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 22/117-120. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2000. Dönmez, İbrahim Kâfi. “Sebep”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 36/244-248. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2009. Dönmez, İbrahim Kâfi. “Sedd-i zerâîʿ”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 36/ 277-282. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2009. Dönmez, İbrahim Kâfi. “Vâcip”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 42/410-414. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2012. Duran, Muhammet Sait. Zur Theorie einer teleologischen Methode in der islamischen Normenlehre: AšŠāṭıbīs (gest. 790/1388) Konzept der Abscihten der Scharia (maqāṣid aš-Šariʿa). Berlin, EB Verlag, 2015. Duran, Muhammet Sait. “Anlamsal Tümevarım (İstikrâ-i Mânevî)”. Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 16 (2016), 177-196. Ensârî, Ferîd. Usûl Terminolojisi (Şâtıbî Örneği). çev. Soner Duman, Osman Güman İstanbul: Akademi Yayınları, 2012. Erdoğan, Mehmet. “el-Muvâfakât”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 31/406-408. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2020. Gazzâlî, Ebû Hâmid Muhammed b. Muhammed. Mustasfâ: İslâm Hukukunun Kaynakları. çev. H. Yunus Apaydın. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2017. Geylânî, Abdurrahman İbrahim. Şâtıbî’de Makâsıdî Kaideler. çev. Mehmet Erdoğan. İstanbul: Beka Yayınları, 2022. Griffel, Frank. Gazzâlî’nin Felsefî Kelâmı. çev. İbrahim Halil Üçer-Muhammed Fatih Kılıç. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2012. Gözler, Kemal. Hukukun Temel Kavramları. Bursa: Ekin y., 2023. Gündüz, Eren. “Şâtıbî’nin El-Muvâfakât’ında Niyet-Eylem İlişkisinin Hukukî Sonuca Etkisi”. II. Uluslar arası Din ve İnsan Sempozyumu “Din, Ahlâk ve Hukuk” (07-09 Ekim 2021). İstanbul: Sonçağ Akademi, 2021, 404-417. Gürler, Sercan (ed.). Adalete Yönelmiş Bir Toplumsal Düzen Olarak Hukuk: Prof. Dr. Yasemin Işıktaç Armağanı. (İstanbul: Sümer Kitabevi Yayınları, 2021. Hacak, Hasan. “İslam Hukukunda Kişi ve Kişilik (Zimmet) Kavramı”, Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 65 (Aralık 2023), 19-39. Haçkalı, Abdurrahman. Şâtıbî’de Makâsıd ve Fıkıh Usûlü: Makâsıdî Düşünce ve Delil Teorisine Katkıları. İstanbul: Rağbet Yayınları, 2010. Karakoyunluoğlu, Ali. “Gazâlî’nin Ulema Eleştirisi: Tecditçi Yaklaşım Ve Bazı İthamlar”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. (Aralık 2019). 48/304-330. Kasapoğlu, Saliha. ‘Şâtıbî’nin el-Muvâfakât Adlı Eseri ile Yeni Bir Fıkıh Usulü Telif Ettiği’ İddiasına Dair Bir İnceleme”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. (2023) 32/1, 157-173. Kıllıoğlu, İsmail. İnsan ve Değerler Kavramı Açısından Ahlâk ve Hukuk. İstanbul: Büyüyenay Yayınları, 2020. Kozalı, Abdurrahim. Hukuk Felsefesi Açısından Doğal Hukuk ve İstihsan. Bursa: Emin Yayınları, 2011. Kozalı, Abdurrahim. “el-Muvâfakât Okumaları, 3. Seminer”, Youtube, Yayın Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqHJSjavO4g&t=28s&ab_channel=KlasikD%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnceOkulu. Köse, Saffet. “Hülle”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 18/475-477. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1998. Özervarlı, M. Sait. “Gazzâlî (Kelâm ilmindeki Yeri)”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 13/505511. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1996. Kaya Eyüp Said, Hacak, Hasan. “Zimmet”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 44/424-428. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2013. Mesʿûd, Muhammed Hâlid. İslam Hukuk Teorisi. çev. Muharrem Kılıç. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 1997. Nesefi, Ebü’l-berekât Hâfizuddîn. Menâru’l-envâr. İstanbul: Asitane yayınları, 1329. Sadruşşerîa, Ubeydullah b. et-Tavzîh. Beyrut: Dâru’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye, t.y. Şâtıbî, Ebû İshâk İbrahim b. Mûsâ. el-Muvâfakât. nşr. Ebû Ubeyde Meşhûr b. Hasen Âlu Selmân, 4 Cilt. Huber: Dâru İbn Affân, 1997/1317. Şâtıbî, Ebû İshâk İbrahim b. Mûsâ. el-İʿtisâm. çev. Ahmet İyibilden. İstanbul: İtisam Yayınlar, 2009. Şâtıbî, Ebû İshâk İbrahim b. Mûsâ. Fetâvâ el-İmâm eş-Şâtıbî. thk. Muhammed Ebû’l-Ecfân, Tunus: Matbaatü’l-Kevakib 1985. Reysûnî, Ahmed. Nazariyyetü’l-makâsıd inde’l-İmâm eş-Şâtıbî. Beyrut: el-Mahedu’l-âlemiyyü li’l-fikri’lislâmî, 1995. Reysûnî, Kutb. et-Tecdîdü’l-usûlî inde’ş-Şâtıbî: Müntalakât ve tecilliyât. Riyad: Darü’l-Meyman, 2018/1439. Uğur, Seyit Mehmet. “Fıkıh Usûlü Yazımında Memzûc Metot Üzerine Bir İnceleme: İbnü’s-Sââtî’nin Nihâyetü’l-Vüsûl’ü Örneği”. Bilimname: Düşünce Platformu. (2019/2), 38/689-724. Vehennâ, İdris. el-Aslî ve’t-tebeî fi’l-ictihâdi’l-usûlî min hilâli “el-Muvâfakât” li’l-imam eş-Şâtıbî. Beyrut: Daru İbn Hazm, 2011/1432. Watt, W. Montgomery. Müslüman Aydın: Gazzâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma. çev. Hanifi Özcan. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2017. Yörük, Abdülhak Kemal. Hukuk Felsefesi Dersleri. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1966.
İmam Şâtıbî’nin Hukukun Ahlâkî Dönüşümü Projesinin Uygulamasına Dair Bir Değerlendirme Yıl 2024, Cilt: 66 Sayı: 66, 33 – 62, 30.06.2024
Abdurrahim Kozalı
https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1382376
Öz Hukukun fonksiyonlarından adalet, bir hukuk sisteminin ahlâkî denetlemesi anlamında hemen bütün hukuk sistemlerince dikkate alınmıştır. Genel hukuk felsefesinde doğal hukuk düşüncesi tarafından üstlenen hukukun ahlâkî denetimi ödevi İslam hukuk düşüncesi açısından bakıldığında daha çok tasavvufî yönü olan âlimler tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. İslam hukuk düşüncesi açısından bu bağlamda en çok dikkati çeken isim Gazzâlî’dir. Bununla birlikte hukukun ahlâkî bakımdan denetlenmesinin ötesinde düzenlenmesini de içeren bir ameliyenin İmam Şâtıbî tarafından gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu ameliye, tipik olarak değerlendirilen birkaç mesele özelinde incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu meseleler “zimmet dışı teklif”, “af mertebesi”, “vazʿî hükümlerin hikmet eksenli tanımı”, “sıhhat ve butlân kavramlarına uhrevî boyut katılması” ve “sebepler için ön görülmemiş müsebbeplerin, hukuken geçersiz sayılması: hukuksal nedenselliğin reddi” şeklindedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Hukuk-ahlâk İlişkisi, İslam hukuk felsefesi, Fıkıh usûlü, Şâtıbî, el-Muvâfakât
Kaynakça Apaydın, Yunus. İslam Hukuk Usulü. Kayseri: Kimlik Yayınları, 2017. Apaydın, Yunus. “Sıhhat”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 37/110-11. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2009. Aşur, Mecdî Muhammed Muhammed. es-Sâbit ve’l-mütegayyir fî fikri’l-İmam Ebî İshak eş-Şatıbi. Dübey [Dubai]: Dârü’l-Buhus li’d-Dirasati’l-İslâmiyye ve İhyai’t-Türas, 2002/1423. Bardakoğlu, Ali. “Ehliyet”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 10/533-539. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1994. Bedir, Mürteza. “Usûl-i Fıkhın Geçmişte ve Günümüzdeki Müfredatı -Fıkıh Usulü Tasavvurunda Büyük Değişim: Fıkıh Usulü Ders İçeriği Üzerinden Bir İnceleme”. Kelâm İlminde ve İslam Hukukunda İçerik Sorunları. İstanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2019, 305-337. Boynukalın, Mehmet. “Şart”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 38/36-365. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2010. Çağıl, Orhan Münir. Hukuka ve Hukuk İlmine Giriş. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1966. Çelebi, İlyas. “Hüsün Kubuh”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 19/59-63. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1999. Del Vecchio, Giorgio. Hukuk Felsefesi Dersleri. çev. Suut Kemal Yetkin. İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası, 1940. Dönmez, İbrahim Kâfi. “İllet”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 22/117-120. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2000. Dönmez, İbrahim Kâfi. “Sebep”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 36/244-248. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2009. Dönmez, İbrahim Kâfi. “Sedd-i zerâîʿ”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 36/ 277-282. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2009. Dönmez, İbrahim Kâfi. “Vâcip”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 42/410-414. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2012. Duran, Muhammet Sait. Zur Theorie einer teleologischen Methode in der islamischen Normenlehre: AšŠāṭıbīs (gest. 790/1388) Konzept der Abscihten der Scharia (maqāṣid aš-Šariʿa). Berlin, EB Verlag, 2015. Duran, Muhammet Sait. “Anlamsal Tümevarım (İstikrâ-i Mânevî)”. Uluslararası Tarih ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 16 (2016), 177-196. Ensârî, Ferîd. Usûl Terminolojisi (Şâtıbî Örneği). çev. Soner Duman, Osman Güman İstanbul: Akademi Yayınları, 2012. Erdoğan, Mehmet. “el-Muvâfakât”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 31/406-408. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2020. Gazzâlî, Ebû Hâmid Muhammed b. Muhammed. Mustasfâ: İslâm Hukukunun Kaynakları. çev. H. Yunus Apaydın. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2017. Geylânî, Abdurrahman İbrahim. Şâtıbî’de Makâsıdî Kaideler. çev. Mehmet Erdoğan. İstanbul: Beka Yayınları, 2022. Griffel, Frank. Gazzâlî’nin Felsefî Kelâmı. çev. İbrahim Halil Üçer-Muhammed Fatih Kılıç. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2012. Gözler, Kemal. Hukukun Temel Kavramları. Bursa: Ekin y., 2023. Gündüz, Eren. “Şâtıbî’nin El-Muvâfakât’ında Niyet-Eylem İlişkisinin Hukukî Sonuca Etkisi”. II. Uluslar arası Din ve İnsan Sempozyumu “Din, Ahlâk ve Hukuk” (07-09 Ekim 2021). İstanbul: Sonçağ Akademi, 2021, 404-417. Gürler, Sercan (ed.). Adalete Yönelmiş Bir Toplumsal Düzen Olarak Hukuk: Prof. Dr. Yasemin Işıktaç Armağanı. (İstanbul: Sümer Kitabevi Yayınları, 2021. Hacak, Hasan. “İslam Hukukunda Kişi ve Kişilik (Zimmet) Kavramı”, Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 65 (Aralık 2023), 19-39. Haçkalı, Abdurrahman. Şâtıbî’de Makâsıd ve Fıkıh Usûlü: Makâsıdî Düşünce ve Delil Teorisine Katkıları. İstanbul: Rağbet Yayınları, 2010. Karakoyunluoğlu, Ali. “Gazâlî’nin Ulema Eleştirisi: Tecditçi Yaklaşım Ve Bazı İthamlar”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. (Aralık 2019). 48/304-330. Kasapoğlu, Saliha. ‘Şâtıbî’nin el-Muvâfakât Adlı Eseri ile Yeni Bir Fıkıh Usulü Telif Ettiği’ İddiasına Dair Bir İnceleme”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. (2023) 32/1, 157-173. Kıllıoğlu, İsmail. İnsan ve Değerler Kavramı Açısından Ahlâk ve Hukuk. İstanbul: Büyüyenay Yayınları, 2020. Kozalı, Abdurrahim. Hukuk Felsefesi Açısından Doğal Hukuk ve İstihsan. Bursa: Emin Yayınları, 2011. Kozalı, Abdurrahim. “el-Muvâfakât Okumaları, 3. Seminer”, Youtube, Yayın Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqHJSjavO4g&t=28s&ab_channel=KlasikD%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnceOkulu. Köse, Saffet. “Hülle”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 18/475-477. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1998. Özervarlı, M. Sait. “Gazzâlî (Kelâm ilmindeki Yeri)”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 13/505511. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1996. Kaya Eyüp Said, Hacak, Hasan. “Zimmet”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 44/424-428. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2013. Mesʿûd, Muhammed Hâlid. İslam Hukuk Teorisi. çev. Muharrem Kılıç. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 1997. Nesefi, Ebü’l-berekât Hâfizuddîn. Menâru’l-envâr. İstanbul: Asitane yayınları, 1329. Sadruşşerîa, Ubeydullah b. et-Tavzîh. Beyrut: Dâru’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye, t.y. Şâtıbî, Ebû İshâk İbrahim b. Mûsâ. el-Muvâfakât. nşr. Ebû Ubeyde Meşhûr b. Hasen Âlu Selmân, 4 Cilt. Huber: Dâru İbn Affân, 1997/1317. Şâtıbî, Ebû İshâk İbrahim b. Mûsâ. el-İʿtisâm. çev. Ahmet İyibilden. İstanbul: İtisam Yayınlar, 2009. Şâtıbî, Ebû İshâk İbrahim b. Mûsâ. Fetâvâ el-İmâm eş-Şâtıbî. thk. Muhammed Ebû’l-Ecfân, Tunus: Matbaatü’l-Kevakib 1985. Reysûnî, Ahmed. Nazariyyetü’l-makâsıd inde’l-İmâm eş-Şâtıbî. Beyrut: el-Mahedu’l-âlemiyyü li’l-fikri’lislâmî, 1995. Reysûnî, Kutb. et-Tecdîdü’l-usûlî inde’ş-Şâtıbî: Müntalakât ve tecilliyât. Riyad: Darü’l-Meyman, 2018/1439. Uğur, Seyit Mehmet. “Fıkıh Usûlü Yazımında Memzûc Metot Üzerine Bir İnceleme: İbnü’s-Sââtî’nin Nihâyetü’l-Vüsûl’ü Örneği”. Bilimname: Düşünce Platformu. (2019/2), 38/689-724. Vehennâ, İdris. el-Aslî ve’t-tebeî fi’l-ictihâdi’l-usûlî min hilâli “el-Muvâfakât” li’l-imam eş-Şâtıbî. Beyrut: Daru İbn Hazm, 2011/1432. Watt, W. Montgomery. Müslüman Aydın: Gazzâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma. çev. Hanifi Özcan. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2017. Yörük, Abdülhak Kemal. Hukuk Felsefesi Dersleri. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1966. Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular İslam Hukuku Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Abdurrahim Kozalı Marmara Üniversitesi İslam Ekonomisi ve Finansı Enstitüsü 0000-0002-9934-027X Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ekim 2023 Kabul Tarihi 17 Ocak 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 66 Sayı: 66
Kaynak Göster Chicago Kozalı, Abdurrahim. “İmam Şâtıbî’nin Hukukun Ahlâkî Dönüşümü Projesinin Uygulamasına Dair Bir Değerlendirme”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 66, sy. 66 (Haziran 2024): 33-62. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1382376.
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