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İMÂMİYYE Skip to content İmâmeti dinin esaslarından kabul eden, bazan Şîa ve İsnâaşeriyye ile eş anlamlı olarak kullanılan Şiî fırkaların ortak adı.
Mezhepler tarihi kitaplarının bir kısmında Râfıza (Revâfız) adıyla ele alınan İmâmiyye (Eş‘arî, s. 17-31; Bağdâdî, s. 54-72; Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Malatî, s. 14-26) zaman zaman, imam ilkesini benimseyen bütün Şiî gruplar için olduğu gibi varlığını sürdüren en büyük Şiî grup durumunda bulunan İsnâaşeriyye için de kullanılır. Gaybet-i suğrâdan (260-329/873-941) önce yazılmış erken devir Şiî kaynaklarında İmâmiyye adıyla bir fırkaya rastlanmamakta, gaybet-i suğrâ sırasında kaleme alınan eserlerde ise on birinci imam Hasan el-Askerî’nin ölümü üzerine Şîa arasında ortaya çıkan fırkalar içinde sadece birinin ismi olarak anılmaktadır (Sa‘d b. Abdullah el-Kummî, s. 102-103; Nevbahtî, s. 90).
Hz. Ali, Hasan ve Hüseyin zamanında Şîa diye bilinen ve henüz dinî bir fırka oluşturmayıp yalnız siyasî bir görüşü temsil eden grup önce Irak’a yerleşmişti; Irak sakinlerinin çoğu ve özellikle Kûfe halkı Şiî temayülü benimsemiş bulunuyordu. Hz. Hüseyin’in öldürülmesinden sonra siyasî ve dinî mahiyette bir fırka olarak ortaya çıkmaya başlayan Şiî cemaati, Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin imâmetini iddia eden Keysâniyye, imâmetin kesintiye uğradığına inananlar ve Ali b. Hüseyin Zeynelâbidîn’in imâmetini benimseyenler olmak üzere üç gruba ayrılmıştır. Sonuncu grup, Zeynelâbidîn’i babasından sonra ilim ve amel bakımından en üstün ve imâmet makamına en lâyık kişi olarak benimsemiş, onun devrinde ileri sürülen diğer imâmet iddialarının geçersiz olduğunu söylemiş ve Hz. Peygamber’den gelen nasların da bu hususu teyit ettiğini belirtmiştir (Şeyh Müfîd, el-İrşâd , s. 254). İmâmiyye’nin selefleri denilebilecek olan, fakat İmâmiyye diye anılmayan sonuncu grubun düşüncesi bu yönde oluşmaya başlamıştır.
Zeynelâbidîn’in ölümünden sonra Şîa içinden bir grup oğlu Zeyd’e nisbetle Zeydiyye fırkasını teşkil etmiş, diğerleri ise Muhammed el-Bâkır’ın imâmetini benimsemiştir. Bu arada imâmetin Muhammed el-Bâkır’dan Ebû Mansûr el-İclî’ye, ardından oğlu Hüseyin’e geçtiğini iddia eden Hüseyniyye fırkası aşırı özellikler gösterdiği için mutedil Şîa tarafından kabul edilmemiştir. Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın mensupları genellikle “Şîatü Ali” diye bilinmekle birlikte Türâbiyye ve Ca‘feriyye adıyla da anılıyordu (Küleynî, s. 80; Keşşî, s. 165). Yine bu devrede Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın mensupları için Şîa ile eş anlamlı olarak Râfıza isminin kullanılmasına rağmen (Şeyh Müfîd, el-İḫtiṣâṣ , s. 104-105) İmâmiyye adına rastlanmamaktadır. Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın ölümünün ardından ortaya çıkan Nâvûsiyye, Nâvûs isminde Basralı bir kişinin taraftarı olup Ca‘fer’in hayatta bulunduğunu, tekrar meydana çıkıp dünyaya hâkim olacağını iddia ederken Muhtar es-Sekafî’nin askerleri arasında yer alan ve onunla birlikte öldürülen Yahyâ b. Ebû Şümeyt adlı bir kişinin mensupları (Şümeytıyye/Sümeytıyye) imâmetin Muhammed b. Ca‘fer’e geçtiğini ileri sürmüştür. Bu esnada imâmetin Ca‘fer’in hayatta kalan en büyük oğlu Abdullah el-Eftah’a geçtiğini söyleyen Eftahiyye (Fetahiyye) ve liderleri Ammâr b. Mûsâ es-Sâbâtî’ye nisbetle Ammâriyye diye de anılan fırka da Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın ölümünden sonra ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte imâmetin Mûsâ el-Kâzım’a intikal ettiği dönemde Şîa kelimesi ya tek başına yahut izâfetle kullanılmış olup bu devirde de Ehl-i beyt taraftarları İmâmiyye adıyla anılmamıştır. Mûsâ el-Kâzım’ın ölümü üzerine üç gruba ayrılan mensuplarından, aslen Romalı bir esir olan Zürâre b. A‘yen et-Temîmî’ye tâbi olup Zürâriyye (Temîmiyye) diye anılan grubun da dahil olduğu Vâkıfe onun ölmediğini ve bir gün “kāim el-mehdî” olarak döneceğini ileri sürmüştür. Bunlardan “Memtûre” (yağmur yemiş uysal köpek) diye adlandırılanlar onun ölüp ölmediği konusunda tereddüt göstermiş, Kat‘iyye grubu ise kesinlikle öldüğünü kabul etmiştir. Bu dönemde de İmâmiyye ismine rastlanmamaktadır. Bunun yanında adı İmâmiyye olmamakla birlikte ilk asırda tedrîcî bir gelişme kaydeden İmâmî Şiî teorisi, II. (VIII.) yüzyıl ortalarında kesin şeklini Hişâm b. Hakem vasıtasıyla almıştır. Hişâm insanların imama ihtiyacı, imamın peygamberin vasîsi olup günahtan korunduğu, fakat peygamberler gibi vahiy almadığı ve nasla tayin edildiği gibi esasları ortaya koymuştur (EI2 [İng.] , III, 497). Onun çağdaşı Süleyman b. Akta‘a bağlı olan Ya‘fûriyye fırkasının da imâmetin gerekliliğini ve imamı tanımayanların Câhiliye üzere öleceklerini vurguladıkları görülmektedir. II. (VIII.) yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Ca‘feriyye ve Kat‘iyye gibi isimlerle anılan ve imâmeti Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’tan Mûsâ el-Kâzım’a, ondan da Ali er-Rızâ’ya nakledenler “Şîatü Âli’l-beyt” diye de anılmış, Âl-i beyt’ten de Hüseyin neslinden gelen mâsum imamlar kastedilmiştir.
Diğer taraftan Şîa’nın gaybet-i suğrâdan önce yaşayan ricâlinden bir kısmı, daha sonraki Şiî ulemâsı tarafından “imâmî” ve “imâmiyyûn” gibi adlarla anılmıştır. Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Hişâm b. Hakem’in çağdaşlarından İbn Mîsem ve İbnü’t-Temmâr diye tanınan Ali b. İsmâil’in İmâmiyye mezhebi konusunda fikir ortaya koyanların ilki olduğunu belirtir (el-Fihrist , s. 113). Ahmed b. Ali en-Necâşî ise Ali b. Ubeydullah b. Hüseyin b. Ali’den bahsederken onun kendi devrinde Ebû Tâlib ailesinin en âbid ve zâhid kişisi olduğunu, Mûsâ el-Kâzım ve Ali er-Rızâ ile yakınlık kurduğunu ve İmâmiyye’ye karıştığını ifade eder (er-Ricâl , s. 80). İbn Dâvûd el-Hillî de Sekkâk diye bilinen Muhammed b. Halîl b. Ca‘fer’in Hişâm b. Hakem’in arkadaşı, öğrencisi ve İmâmî olduğunu kaydeder (a.g.e. , s. 310). Hişâm b. Hakem’in ölüm tarihinin 179 (795) olduğu kabul edilirse II. (VIII.) yüzyılın sonları ve III. (IX.) yüzyıl başlarında İmâmiyye diye anılan bir cemaatin mevcut olduğu ortaya çıkar. Fakat büyük ihtimalle Tûsî, Necâşî ve bilhassa onlardan iki asır sonra yaşayan İbn Dâvûd el-Hillî, İbnü’t-Temmâr, Ali b. Ubeydullah ve Sekkâk için kendi devrelerinde kullanılan ve Şiî terimiyle aynı anlama gelen İmâmî kelimesini kullanmış olmalıdırlar. Zira Kummî, Ali er-Rızâ’nın ölümünü müteakip Şîa’nın beş gruba ayrıldığını belirtirken bunların içinde İmâmiyye adını taşıyan bir fırka zikretmemiş, Muhammed el-Cevâd’ın imâmetini benimseyen fırkanın vasiyete ve Hz. Peygamber’den gelen sünnete uyduğunu söyleyerek daha sonra İmâmiyye olarak anılan grubun imâmet silsilesini benimsediğini ifade etmiştir (el-Maḳālât , s. 93). Ali en-Nakī zamanında belirtilen Şiî grubun açıkça İmâmiyye adını almadığı, ancak onun halefi Hasan el-Askerî’nin 260 (874) yılında vefatının ardından oğlu olup olmadığı ve daha sonra imâmetin kime intikal edeceği konusunda ortaya çıkan on dört veya on beş fırkadan birinin İmâmiyye adıyla anıldığı görülmektedir. Kummî bu fırkalar arasında ilkinin, Nevbahtî ise on ikincisinin İmâmiyye olduğunu belirtmektedir. Bu ikisinin bildirdiğine göre yeryüzünde Hasan el-Askerî’den sonra onun neslinden gelen, Allah’ın emriyle kāim olan, seleflerinden intikal eden ilâhî hükümler, farzlar ve sünnetler kendisine tevdi edilmiş, halkın dinî ve dünyevî işlerinde muhtaç olduğu hidayeti üstlenmiş bir hüccet vardır. Hz. Peygamber’den gelip kendisinden sonra imamlar tarafından belirginleştirilen usul ve âdâb çerçevesinde kıyametin kopmasına kadar bir imamın var olacağını benimseyen bu fırkaya göre, Allah’ın kullarına yönelik emri ve nehyi devam ettiği sürece yeryüzünde sadece iki kişi bile kalsa bunlardan biri mutlaka hüccettir, onlardan biri ölse kalan kişi hüccettir. Bu görüş, sadık imamlardan nakledilen ve İmâmiyye Şîası arasında kabul edilen görüştür. Yeryüzü hüccetten yoksun kalamaz, bir an kalacak olsa üzerindekilerle birlikte ortadan kaybolur. Hasan el-Askerî’nin mutlaka bir oğlunun bulunduğuna ve onun imâmetinin gerçekleştiğine inanan bu fırka onun korkudan dolayı gizlendiğini, zamanı gelince zuhur edip gereken işleri yürüteceğini ileri sürmektedir (Sa‘d b. Abdullah el-Kummî, s. 102-103; Nevbahtî, s. 90-93). Bu suretle İmâmiyye fırkası ancak gaybet-i suğrâ döneminde “el-imâmü’l-kāim, hüccet, sâhibü’z-zamân, doğumu insanlardan gizli, zikri mücmel, imam b. imam” diye tanınan bir imam kabul eden Şiî fırkası olarak bilinmeye başlandı. Daha önce Keysâniyye fırkasında görülen “el-imâmü’l-mehdî” telakkisi de “kāim el-mehdî” şeklinde İmâmiyye’ye intikal etti. On ikinci imamın gaybete girmesi İmâmiyye akaidinin mihverini teşkil etmiştir.
On birinci imam Hasan el-Askerî’nin ölümünden sonra ortaya çıkan Şîa fırkaları içinde silsileyi gaip imamla tamamlayan İmâmiyye’yi gerçek Şiîlik olarak kabul eden Nevbahtî bunların dışında kalan bütün fırkaları reddetmiş (a.g.e. , s. 93), er-Red ʿalâ fıraḳi’ş-Şîʿa mâ ḫala’l-İmâmiyye adlı eserini de bu amaçla kaleme almıştır. Gaybet-i suğrânın başlangıcından itibaren ve Hasan el-Askerî’den sonra ortaya çıkan çeşitli gruplar giderek güçlerini kaybetmiş, sadece İmâmiyye Şîası büyük bir gelişme kaydedip varlığını sürdürmüştür. Bu devrede asıl İmâmiyye doktrinine gaybet ve imamların sayısı konuları da ilâve edilerek fırka IV. (X.) yüzyıl sonlarına doğru el-İmâmiyyetü’l-İsnâaşeriyye diye anılmaya başlanmıştır (Şerîf el-Murtazâ, s. 111). Fırka sonraki dönemlerde İmâmiyye adı yanında İsnâaşeriyye, ayrıca fıkıh literatüründe Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’a nisbetle Ca‘feriyye şeklinde meşhur olmuştur (bk. CA‘FERİYYE ; İSNÂAŞERİYYE )
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbn Şâzan en-Nîsâbûrî, el-Îżâḥ (nşr. Celâleddin el-Hüseynî el-Urmevî), Tahran 1363 hş.
Sa‘d b. Abdullah el-Kummî, el-Maḳālât ve’l-fıraḳ , Tahran 1963, s. 76-77, 93, 101-103, 105-106.
Nevbahtî, Fıraḳu’ş-Şîʿa , s. 67, 79, 90-93.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 17-31.
Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Malatî, et-Tenbîh ve’r-red (nşr. S. Dedering), İstanbul 1936, s. 14-28.
Küleynî, er-Ravża , Tahran 1381, s. 80.
Keşşî, er-Ricâl , Bombay 1317, s. 165, 390-391.
Şeyh Müfîd, el-İrşâd , Beyrut 1399/1979, s. 254.
a.mlf., el-İḫtiṣâṣ , Tahran 1379, s. 104-105.
Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ (Abdülhamîd) , s. 54-72.
Şerîf el-Murtazâ, el-Fuṣûlü’l-muḫtâre , Necef 1360, II, 111.
Ahmed b. Ali en-Necâşî, er-Ricâl (nşr. M. Cevâd en-Nâînî), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 80.
Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, el-Fihrist (nşr. M. Sâdık Âl-i Bahrülulûm), Necef 1961, s. 113.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , I, 162-173.
Hasan b. Ali b. Dâvûd el-Hillî, er-Ricâl , Tahran 1342, s. 310.
Nebîle Abdülmün‘im Dâvûd, Neşʾetü’ş-Şîʿati’l-İmâmiyye , Bağdad 1968, tür.yer.
Abdullah Feyyâz, Târîḫu’l-İmâmiyye , Beyrut 1395/1975, s. 31-85.
E. Ruhi Fığlalı, İmâmiyye Şîası , İstanbul 1984, tür.yer.
Etan Kohlberg, “From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-‘Ashariyya”, BSOAS , XXXIX/3 (1976), s. 521-534.
W. Madelung, “His̲h̲ām b. al-Hakam”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 496-497.
a.mlf., “Imāma”, a.e. , III, 1166-1167.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 207-209 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.