In Vitro Antibacterial Effect of Hesperidin Microemulsion to Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 117 – 121, 30.06.2024

Harun Hızlısoy

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1443012

Öz

Foodborne bacterial infections and intoxications constitute a large proportion of bacterial diseases worldwide. In recent years, there has been an increasing resistance to chemotherapeutics used in the treatment of these diseases. Studies have shown that some compounds extracted from natural products and plants have alternative potential to antibiotics. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the antimicrobial potential of hesperidin microemulsion on Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. In the study, the broth microdilution method was used to demonstrate in vitro antimicrobial activity. In the microdilution test, the MIC values of hesperidin for S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were as 128 μg/mL. In comparison, the MIC values of ampicillin for S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were as 0.5 μg/mL. Hesperidin is a compound with biologically valuable properties. Its antimicrobial effect may open a promising field as an alternative to antibiotics. However, detailed studies on hesperidin and similar potential active substances are needed to fully understand its therapeutic potential and to define its mechanisms of action.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, MIC, Hesperidin

Kaynakça

• Abuelsaad, A. S., Mohamed, I., Allam, G., & Al-Solumani, A. A. (2013). Antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities of hesperidin and ellagic acid against diarrheic Aeromonas hydrophila in a murine model. Life sciences, 93(20), 714-722.
• Abuelsaad, A. S., Mohamed, I., Allam, G., & Al-Solumani, A. A. (2013). Antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities of hesperidin and ellagic acid against diarrheic Aeromonas hydrophila in a murine model. Life sciences, 93(20), 714-722.
• Altunayar-Unsalan, C., Unsalan, O., & Mavromoustakos, T. (2022). Molecular interactions of hesperidin with DMPC/cholesterol bilayers. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 366, 110131.
• Altunayar-Unsalan, C., Unsalan, O., & Mavromoustakos, T. (2022). Molecular interactions of hesperidin with DMPC/cholesterol bilayers. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 366, 110131.
• Atata, R. F., Sani, A., & Ajewole, S. M. (2003). Effect of Stem Bark Extracts of Enantia chloranta on Some Clinical isolates. Biochemistri, 15(2): 84-92
• Atata, R. F., Sani, A., & Ajewole, S. M. (2003). Effect of Stem Bark Extracts of Enantia chloranta on Some Clinical isolates. Biochemistri, 15(2): 84-92
• Bailey, G. D., Vanselow, B. A., Hornitzky, M.A., Hum, S.I., Eamens, G.J., Gill, P. A., et al. (2003). A study of the foodborne pathogens: Campylobacter, Listeria and Yersinia, in faeces from slaughter-age cattle and sheep in Australia. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep, 27(2):249-57.
• Bailey, G. D., Vanselow, B. A., Hornitzky, M.A., Hum, S.I., Eamens, G.J., Gill, P. A., et al. (2003). A study of the foodborne pathogens: Campylobacter, Listeria and Yersinia, in faeces from slaughter-age cattle and sheep in Australia. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep, 27(2):249-57.
• Baytop, T. (1999). Treatment with herbs in Turkey In the Past and Today, Second edition with addition, Nobel Publications, 203-210
• Baytop, T. (1999). Treatment with herbs in Turkey In the Past and Today, Second edition with addition, Nobel Publications, 203-210
• Chassagne, F., Samarakoon, T., Porras, G., Lyles, J. T., Dettweiler, M., Marquez, L., Salam, A. M., Shabih S., Farrokhi, D. R., & Quave, C. L. (2021). A systematic review of plants with antibacterial activities: A taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 2069.
• Chassagne, F., Samarakoon, T., Porras, G., Lyles, J. T., Dettweiler, M., Marquez, L., Salam, A. M., Shabih S., Farrokhi, D. R., & Quave, C. L. (2021). A systematic review of plants with antibacterial activities: A taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 2069.
• Çetinkaya, E. A., Çiftçi, O., Alan, S., Öztanır, M. N., & Başak, N. (2019). The efficacy of hesperidin for treatment of acute otitis media. Auris Nasus Larynx, 46(2), 172-177.
• Çetinkaya, E. A., Çiftçi, O., Alan, S., Öztanır, M. N., & Başak, N. (2019). The efficacy of hesperidin for treatment of acute otitis media. Auris Nasus Larynx, 46(2), 172-177.
• de Souza, A. B. F., de Matos, N. A., de Freitas Castro, T., de Paula Costa, G., Oliveira, L. A. M., Nogueira, K. D. O. P. C., Ribeiro, I. M. L., Talvani, A., Cangussú, S. D., de Menezes, R. C. A., & Bezerra, F. S. (2022). Effects in vitro and in vivo of hesperidin administration in an experimental model of acute lung inflammation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 180, 253-262.
• de Souza, A. B. F., de Matos, N. A., de Freitas Castro, T., de Paula Costa, G., Oliveira, L. A. M., Nogueira, K. D. O. P. C., Ribeiro, I. M. L., Talvani, A., Cangussú, S. D., de Menezes, R. C. A., & Bezerra, F. S. (2022). Effects in vitro and in vivo of hesperidin administration in an experimental model of acute lung inflammation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 180, 253-262.
• Dos Santos, J. S., Biduski, B., & Dos Santos, L. R. (2021). Listeria monocytogenes: Health risk and a challenge for food processing establishments. Archives of Microbiology, 1-13.
• Dos Santos, J. S., Biduski, B., & Dos Santos, L. R. (2021). Listeria monocytogenes: Health risk and a challenge for food processing establishments. Archives of Microbiology, 1-13.
• Duraipandiyan, V., Ayyanar, M., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Comp Alter Med, 6(35):1-7
• Duraipandiyan, V., Ayyanar, M., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Comp Alter Med, 6(35):1-7
• Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of the citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytotherapy research, 15(8), 655-669.
• Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of the citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytotherapy research, 15(8), 655-669.
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• Ghorab, S., & Ibraheim, A. (2018). Effect of hesperidin on antibacterial activity and adhesive properties of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Egyptian Dental Journal, 64(4-October (Fixed Prosthodontics, Dental Materials, Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics)), 3801-3812.
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Hesperidin Mikroemülsiyonunun Staphylococcus aureus ve Listeria monocytogenes'e Karşı In Vitro Antibakteriyel Etkisi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 117 – 121, 30.06.2024

Harun Hızlısoy

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1443012

Öz

Gıda kaynaklı bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar ve zehirlenmeler dünya genelinde bakteriyel hastalıkların büyük bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Son yıllarda bu hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılan kemoterapötiklere karşı artan bir direnç söz konusudur. Yapılan çalışmalar, doğal ürünlerden ve bitkilerden elde edilen bazı bileşiklerin antibiyotiklere alternatif potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada hesperidin mikroemülsiyonunun Listeria monocytogenes ve Staphylococcus aureus üzerindeki antimikrobiyal potansiyelinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, in vitro antimikrobiyal aktiviteyi göstermek için broth mikrodilüsyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Mikrodilüsyon testinde hesperidinin S. aureus ve L. monocytogenes için MİK değerleri 128 μg/mL olarak bulunmuştur. Buna karşılık, ampisilinin S. aureus ve L. monocytogenes için MİK değerleri 0.5 μg/mL olarak bulunmuştur. Hesperidin biyolojik olarak değerli özelliklere sahip bir bileşiktir. Antimikrobiyal etkisi antibiyotiklere alternatif olarak umut verici bir alan açabilir. Bununla birlikte, terapötik potansiyelini tam olarak anlamak ve etki mekanizmalarını tanımlamak için hesperidin ve benzeri potansiyel aktif maddeler üzerinde ayrıntılı çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hesperidin, Antibakteriyel, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, MIC

Kaynakça

• Abuelsaad, A. S., Mohamed, I., Allam, G., & Al-Solumani, A. A. (2013). Antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities of hesperidin and ellagic acid against diarrheic Aeromonas hydrophila in a murine model. Life sciences, 93(20), 714-722.
• Abuelsaad, A. S., Mohamed, I., Allam, G., & Al-Solumani, A. A. (2013). Antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities of hesperidin and ellagic acid against diarrheic Aeromonas hydrophila in a murine model. Life sciences, 93(20), 714-722.
• Altunayar-Unsalan, C., Unsalan, O., & Mavromoustakos, T. (2022). Molecular interactions of hesperidin with DMPC/cholesterol bilayers. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 366, 110131.
• Altunayar-Unsalan, C., Unsalan, O., & Mavromoustakos, T. (2022). Molecular interactions of hesperidin with DMPC/cholesterol bilayers. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 366, 110131.
• Atata, R. F., Sani, A., & Ajewole, S. M. (2003). Effect of Stem Bark Extracts of Enantia chloranta on Some Clinical isolates. Biochemistri, 15(2): 84-92
• Atata, R. F., Sani, A., & Ajewole, S. M. (2003). Effect of Stem Bark Extracts of Enantia chloranta on Some Clinical isolates. Biochemistri, 15(2): 84-92
• Bailey, G. D., Vanselow, B. A., Hornitzky, M.A., Hum, S.I., Eamens, G.J., Gill, P. A., et al. (2003). A study of the foodborne pathogens: Campylobacter, Listeria and Yersinia, in faeces from slaughter-age cattle and sheep in Australia. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep, 27(2):249-57.
• Bailey, G. D., Vanselow, B. A., Hornitzky, M.A., Hum, S.I., Eamens, G.J., Gill, P. A., et al. (2003). A study of the foodborne pathogens: Campylobacter, Listeria and Yersinia, in faeces from slaughter-age cattle and sheep in Australia. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep, 27(2):249-57.
• Baytop, T. (1999). Treatment with herbs in Turkey In the Past and Today, Second edition with addition, Nobel Publications, 203-210
• Baytop, T. (1999). Treatment with herbs in Turkey In the Past and Today, Second edition with addition, Nobel Publications, 203-210
• Chassagne, F., Samarakoon, T., Porras, G., Lyles, J. T., Dettweiler, M., Marquez, L., Salam, A. M., Shabih S., Farrokhi, D. R., & Quave, C. L. (2021). A systematic review of plants with antibacterial activities: A taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 2069.
• Chassagne, F., Samarakoon, T., Porras, G., Lyles, J. T., Dettweiler, M., Marquez, L., Salam, A. M., Shabih S., Farrokhi, D. R., & Quave, C. L. (2021). A systematic review of plants with antibacterial activities: A taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 2069.
• Çetinkaya, E. A., Çiftçi, O., Alan, S., Öztanır, M. N., & Başak, N. (2019). The efficacy of hesperidin for treatment of acute otitis media. Auris Nasus Larynx, 46(2), 172-177.
• Çetinkaya, E. A., Çiftçi, O., Alan, S., Öztanır, M. N., & Başak, N. (2019). The efficacy of hesperidin for treatment of acute otitis media. Auris Nasus Larynx, 46(2), 172-177.
• de Souza, A. B. F., de Matos, N. A., de Freitas Castro, T., de Paula Costa, G., Oliveira, L. A. M., Nogueira, K. D. O. P. C., Ribeiro, I. M. L., Talvani, A., Cangussú, S. D., de Menezes, R. C. A., & Bezerra, F. S. (2022). Effects in vitro and in vivo of hesperidin administration in an experimental model of acute lung inflammation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 180, 253-262.
• de Souza, A. B. F., de Matos, N. A., de Freitas Castro, T., de Paula Costa, G., Oliveira, L. A. M., Nogueira, K. D. O. P. C., Ribeiro, I. M. L., Talvani, A., Cangussú, S. D., de Menezes, R. C. A., & Bezerra, F. S. (2022). Effects in vitro and in vivo of hesperidin administration in an experimental model of acute lung inflammation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 180, 253-262.
• Dos Santos, J. S., Biduski, B., & Dos Santos, L. R. (2021). Listeria monocytogenes: Health risk and a challenge for food processing establishments. Archives of Microbiology, 1-13.
• Dos Santos, J. S., Biduski, B., & Dos Santos, L. R. (2021). Listeria monocytogenes: Health risk and a challenge for food processing establishments. Archives of Microbiology, 1-13.
• Duraipandiyan, V., Ayyanar, M., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Comp Alter Med, 6(35):1-7
• Duraipandiyan, V., Ayyanar, M., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Comp Alter Med, 6(35):1-7
• Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of the citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytotherapy research, 15(8), 655-669.
• Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of the citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytotherapy research, 15(8), 655-669.
• Ge, H., Wang, Y., & Zhao, X. (2022). Research on the drug resistance mechanism of foodborne pathogens. Microbial Pathogenesis, 162, 105306.
• Ge, H., Wang, Y., & Zhao, X. (2022). Research on the drug resistance mechanism of foodborne pathogens. Microbial Pathogenesis, 162, 105306.
• Ghorab, S., & Ibraheim, A. (2018). Effect of hesperidin on antibacterial activity and adhesive properties of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Egyptian Dental Journal, 64(4-October (Fixed Prosthodontics, Dental Materials, Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics)), 3801-3812.
• Ghorab, S., & Ibraheim, A. (2018). Effect of hesperidin on antibacterial activity and adhesive properties of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Egyptian Dental Journal, 64(4-October (Fixed Prosthodontics, Dental Materials, Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics)), 3801-3812.
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• Guglielmi, P., Pontecorvi, V., & Rotondi, G. (2020). Natural compounds and extracts as novel antimicrobial agents. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 30(12), 949-962.
• Hermawan, A., Khumaira, A., Ikawati, M., Putri, H., Jenie, R. I., Angraini, S. M., & Muflikhasari, H. A. (2021). Identification of key genes of hesperidin in inhibition of breast cancer stem cells by functional network analysis. Computational Biology and Chemistry, 90, 107427.
• Hermawan, A., Khumaira, A., Ikawati, M., Putri, H., Jenie, R. I., Angraini, S. M., & Muflikhasari, H. A. (2021). Identification of key genes of hesperidin in inhibition of breast cancer stem cells by functional network analysis. Computational Biology and Chemistry, 90, 107427.
• Hizlisoy, H., AL, S., Ertaş Onmaz, N., Yildirim, Y., Gönülalan, Z., Barel, M., Güngör, C., Dishan, A., & Dişli, H. (2020). Virulence genes, antibiotic susceptibility profiles and molecular characterization of Campylobacter species isolated from different slaughterhouses. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, 54(1), 11-25
• Hizlisoy, H., AL, S., Ertaş Onmaz, N., Yildirim, Y., Gönülalan, Z., Barel, M., Güngör, C., Dishan, A., & Dişli, H. (2020). Virulence genes, antibiotic susceptibility profiles and molecular characterization of Campylobacter species isolated from different slaughterhouses. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni, 54(1), 11-25
• Jha, A. K., & Sit, N. (2022). Extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials using combination of various novel methods: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 119, 579-591.
• Jha, A. K., & Sit, N. (2022). Extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials using combination of various novel methods: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 119, 579-591.
• Ju, J., Xie, Y., Yu, H., Guo, Y., Cheng, Y., Qian, H., & Yao, W. (2022). Synergistic interactions of plant essential oils with antimicrobial agents: A new antimicrobial therapy. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(7), 1740-1751.
• Ju, J., Xie, Y., Yu, H., Guo, Y., Cheng, Y., Qian, H., & Yao, W. (2022). Synergistic interactions of plant essential oils with antimicrobial agents: A new antimicrobial therapy. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(7), 1740-1751.
• Karayıldırım, Ç. K. (2017). Characterization and in vitro evolution of antibacterial efficacy of novel hesperidin microemulsion. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 13(4), 943-947.
• Karayıldırım, Ç. K. (2017). Characterization and in vitro evolution of antibacterial efficacy of novel hesperidin microemulsion. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 13(4), 943-947.
• Lourenco, A., Linke, K., Wagner, M., & Stessl, B. (2022). The saprophytic lifestyle of Listeria monocytogenes and entry into the food-processing environment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 789801.
• Lourenco, A., Linke, K., Wagner, M., & Stessl, B. (2022). The saprophytic lifestyle of Listeria monocytogenes and entry into the food-processing environment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 789801.
• Majumder, M. A. A., Rahman, S., Cohall, D., Bharatha, A., Singh, K., Haque, M., & Gittens-St Hilaire, M. (2020). Antimicrobial stewardship: Fighting antimicrobial resistance and protecting global public health. Infection and drug resistance, 4713-4738.
• Majumder, M. A. A., Rahman, S., Cohall, D., Bharatha, A., Singh, K., Haque, M., & Gittens-St Hilaire, M. (2020). Antimicrobial stewardship: Fighting antimicrobial resistance and protecting global public health. Infection and drug resistance, 4713-4738.
• Malekzadeh, F., Ehsanifer, H., Shahamat, M., Levin, M., & Colwell, R. (2001). Antibacterial activity of black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz ) against Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents, (18):85-88
• Malekzadeh, F., Ehsanifer, H., Shahamat, M., Levin, M., & Colwell, R. (2001). Antibacterial activity of black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz ) against Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents, (18):85-88
• Mathews, A., Arbal, A. V., Kaarunya, A., Jha, P. K., Le-Bail, A., & Rawson, A. (2024). Conventional vs modern extraction techniques in the food industry. In Extraction Processes in the Food Industry (pp. 97-146). Woodhead Publishing.
• Mathews, A., Arbal, A. V., Kaarunya, A., Jha, P. K., Le-Bail, A., & Rawson, A. (2024). Conventional vs modern extraction techniques in the food industry. In Extraction Processes in the Food Industry (pp. 97-146). Woodhead Publishing.
• Narayan, K. G., Sinha, D. K., & Singh, D. K. (2023). Staphylococcus aureus. In Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology: Veterinary Public Health-Epidemiology-Zoonosis-One Health pp. 301-308).
• Narayan, K. G., Sinha, D. K., & Singh, D. K. (2023). Staphylococcus aureus. In Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology: Veterinary Public Health-Epidemiology-Zoonosis-One Health pp. 301-308).
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2007). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, Approved Standard-Eighth Edition, Wayne, Pennsylvania: NCCLS Document M7-A6.
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2007). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, Approved Standard-Eighth Edition, Wayne, Pennsylvania: NCCLS Document M7-A6.
• Newman, D. J., & Cragg, G. M. (2020). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. Journal of natural products, 83(3), 770-803.
• Newman, D. J., & Cragg, G. M. (2020). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. Journal of natural products, 83(3), 770-803.
• Nostro, A., Celini, L., Bartolomeo, S. D., Cannatelli, M. A., Campli, E. D., Grande, R., Marzio, L., & Alonzo, V. (2005). Antibacterial Effect of Plant Extracts against H.pylori. Phytother. Fig. 19: 198-202
• Nostro, A., Celini, L., Bartolomeo, S. D., Cannatelli, M. A., Campli, E. D., Grande, R., Marzio, L., & Alonzo, V. (2005). Antibacterial Effect of Plant Extracts against H.pylori. Phytother. Fig. 19: 198-202
• Ozen, T., Bora, N., Yenigun, S., & Korkmaz, H. (2020). An investigation of chemical content, enzyme inhibitory propert, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Aristolochia bodamae Dingler (develiotu)(Aristolochiaceae) root extracts from Samsun, Turkey. Flavour and fragrance journal, 35(3), 270-283.
• Ozen, T., Bora, N., Yenigun, S., & Korkmaz, H. (2020). An investigation of chemical content, enzyme inhibitory propert, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Aristolochia bodamae Dingler (develiotu)(Aristolochiaceae) root extracts from Samsun, Turkey. Flavour and fragrance journal, 35(3), 270-283.
• Önder, G. Ö., Göktepe, Ö., Baran, M., Bitgen, N., Aydın, F., & Yay, A. (2023). Therapeutic potential of hesperidin: Apoptosis induction in breast cancer cell lines. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 176, 113791.
• Önder, G. Ö., Göktepe, Ö., Baran, M., Bitgen, N., Aydın, F., & Yay, A. (2023). Therapeutic potential of hesperidin: Apoptosis induction in breast cancer cell lines. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 176, 113791.
• Pal, M., Shuramo, M. Y., Tewari, A., Srivastava, J. P., & Steinmetz, C. H. (2023). Staphylococcus aureus from a Commensal to Zoonotic Pathogen: A Critical Appraisal. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Res, 7, 220-228.
• Pal, M., Shuramo, M. Y., Tewari, A., Srivastava, J. P., & Steinmetz, C. H. (2023). Staphylococcus aureus from a Commensal to Zoonotic Pathogen: A Critical Appraisal. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Res, 7, 220-228.
• Schaefer, K., Austhof, E., Boyd, K., Armstrong, A., Hoffman, S., & Pogreba-Brown, K. (2022). Septicemia due to Listeria monocytogenes infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 19(2), 104-114.
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• Shams‐Rad, S., Mohammadi, M., Ramezani‐Jolfaie, N., Zarei, S., Mohsenpour, M., & Salehi‐Abargouei, A. (2020). Hesperidin supplementation has no effect on blood glucose control: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 86(1), 13-22.
• Tan, S., Dai, L., Tan, P., Liu, W., Mu, Y., Wang, J., & Hou, A. (2020). Hesperidin administration suppresses the proliferation of lung cancer cells by promoting apoptosis via targeting the miR‑132/ZEB2 signalling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46(6), 2069-2077.
• Tan, S., Dai, L., Tan, P., Liu, W., Mu, Y., Wang, J., & Hou, A. (2020). Hesperidin administration suppresses the proliferation of lung cancer cells by promoting apoptosis via targeting the miR‑132/ZEB2 signalling pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46(6), 2069-2077.
• Tejada, S., Pinya, S., Martorell, M., Capó, X., Tur, J. A., Pons, A., & Sureda, A. (2018). Potential anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin from the genus citrus. Current medicinal chemistry, 25(37), 4929-4945.
• Tejada, S., Pinya, S., Martorell, M., Capó, X., Tur, J. A., Pons, A., & Sureda, A. (2018). Potential anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin from the genus citrus. Current medicinal chemistry, 25(37), 4929-4945.
• Valls, R. M., Pedret, A., Calderón-Pérez, L., Llauradó, E., Pla-Pagà, L., Companys, J., & Solà, R. (2021). Effects of hesperidin in orange juice on blood and pulse pressures in mildly hypertensive individuals: A randomized controlled trial (Citrus study). European journal of nutrition, 60, 1277-1288.
• Valls, R. M., Pedret, A., Calderón-Pérez, L., Llauradó, E., Pla-Pagà, L., Companys, J., & Solà, R. (2021). Effects of hesperidin in orange juice on blood and pulse pressures in mildly hypertensive individuals: A randomized controlled trial (Citrus study). European journal of nutrition, 60, 1277-1288.
• Zaidan, M. R. S., Noor, R. A., Badrul, A. R., Adlin, A., & Norazah, A. (2005). In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method, Trop Biomed, 22(2): 165–170.
• Zaidan, M. R. S., Noor, R. A., Badrul, A. R., Adlin, A., & Norazah, A. (2005). In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method, Trop Biomed, 22(2): 165–170.

Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

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