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ÎNE Skip to content Vadeli satılan bir malın peşin para karşılığında daha düşük bir bedelle geri satın alınmasını ifade eden terim.
Sözlükte “bir şeyin en iyisi, ribâ, borç verene herhangi bir menfaat sağlamayan borç (selef)” anlamlarına gelen îne (iyne ), İslâm hukuku terimi olarak birkaç anlamda kullanılmış olup en yaygın açıklamaya göre, bir kimsenin bir malı belli bir fiyat karşılığında vadeli olarak satıp aynı malı peşin parayla sattığı fiyattan daha ucuza geri satın almasıdır (İbnü’l-Esîr, III, 333-334; Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, IV, 16). Bu şekilde yapılan alım satıma îne denilmesinin sebebi, akde konu edilen malın tekrar satıcıya dönmesi ve müşterinin hemen nakit parayı (ayn) elde etmesidir.
Îne, “aynı işlemin araya üçüncü bir kişi sokularak yapılması” olarak da tanımlanmıştır. Buna göre A, B’den borç ister. B, A’nın yanında üçüncü bir kişiden (C) belli bir fiyata bir mal satın alır ve kabzeder. Ardından bu malı daha yüksek bir fiyata A’ya vadeli olarak satar. A da aynı malı tekrar ilk sahibine (C) daha ucuz fiyatla (C’nin B’ye sattığı fiyatla) satar (İbnü’l-Esîr, III, 334; İbn Âbidîn, V, 273). Bu işlem sonucunda C, hiçbir kârı veya zararı olmaksızın malına kavuşmuş, A istediği borç parayı temin etmiş ve B de verdiği borçtan daha fazlasını vadeli olarak kazanmış olmaktadır. Bu işlemde araya üçüncü bir kişinin sokulmasının göstermelik olduğu ve tarafların asıl maksadının alım satım yapmak değil faizli borçlanmayı meşrû bir şekil içerisinde gerçekleştirmek olduğu açıktır. İmam Muhammed’e nisbet edilen, “Îne satımı benim kalbimde dağlar kadar kötüdür; bunu faiz yiyicileri icat etmiştir” sözü (İbn Âbidîn, V, 273) bu tür îne satımıyla ilgili olmalıdır. Bazı sahâbî ve tâbiîlerin birinci açıklamadaki îne satımına benzer işlemler yaptığı göz önüne alınırsa (Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, VIII, 184-188) İmam Muhammed’in îne satımının bu birinci türünü kastettiğini söylemek güçtür.
Îne ile ilgili üçüncü açıklama da şudur: İhtiyaç sahibi olan A, B’ye giderek ondan borç ister. B, borç vermek suretiyle elde edemeyeceği bir fazlalığı kazanmak amacıyla A’ya, “Sana borç veremem. Fakat piyasa değeri 100 lira olan şu malı 120 liraya vadeli olarak satarım, sen de bunu götürüp 100 liraya satarsın” der. A da buna razı olur. Böylece A ihtiyaç duyduğu 100 lirayı, B de istediği ilâve 20 lirayı elde etmiş olur. Ebû Yûsuf’tan nakledilen, “Îne câizdir ve bunu yapan ecir kazanır” şeklindeki sözün (İbn Âbidîn, V, 273) bu şekilde açıklanan îne hakkında söylenmiş olması muhtemeldir. Vadeli satın alınan bir malın peşin parayla başka bir şahsa satımı niteliğindeki bu tür işlem terminolojide ve genellikle Hanbelî literatüründe “teverruk” diye adlandırılmakta olup (İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, III, 170, 200) bazı Hanbelî fakihleri hariç tutulursa İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu tarafından câiz kabul edilmektedir.
Teknik anlamdaki îne satımının tanımı olan birinci açıklamanın ve bu tür satımla ilgili yasağın dayanağı Hz. Âişe’den nakledilen haberdir. Bir kadın Hz. Âişe’ye gelerek câriyesini Zeyd b. Erkam’a vadeli olarak 800 dirheme satıp sonra da aynı câriyeyi Zeyd’den 600 dirheme peşin olarak satın aldığını ve bu durumda ondan 800 dirhem alacağı bulunduğunu söyler. Âişe de kınayıcı bir üslûpla bu işlemin hem kadın hem de Zeyd için kötü bir alım satım olduğunu ve Zeyd’in Hz. Peygamber’le yaptığı cihadı Allah’ın iptal ettiğini belirtir (Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, VIII, 184-185; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, V, 330-331; Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, IV, 15-16).
Îne konusunda, İslâm hukukçularının gerekçe olarak pek kullanmadıkları bir hadiste alım satımların îne yoluyla yapılması, ziraatla uğraşılıp cihadın terkedilmesi halinde ümmetin zillete duçar olacağı ve tekrar dine dönmedikçe bu zilletin kalkmayacağı belirtilmiştir (Müsned , II, 84; Ebû Dâvûd, “Büyûʿ”, 56). Abdullah b. Ömer de, “Ne zamana kaldık! Eskiden hiçbirimiz kendisinin dirhem ve dinara müslüman kardeşinden daha lâyık olduğunu düşünmezdi. Şimdi ise dirhem ve dinar her birimize müslüman kardeşimizden daha sevimli gelmeye başladı” dedikten sonra bu hadisi, baş tarafına “insanlar dirhem ve dinar konusunda cimrilik ederek …” şeklinde bir ilâve yaparak rivayet etmiştir (İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, III, 166; Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, IV, 17).
Hanefî mezhebinde, bir kimsenin sattığı ve teslim ettiği bir malı henüz parası kendisine ödenmeden sattığı fiyattan daha düşük bir fiyatla geri satın alması câiz görülmemiştir (Kâsânî, V, 198). Hanefîler’in bu konudaki temel gerekçeleri Hz. Âişe’nin yukarıda geçen ifadeleri olmakla beraber bazı Hanefîler, söz konusu akidde ribâ şüphesi bulunmasını da ayrı bir gerekçe olarak göstermişlerdir.
Hz. Âişe’nin sözü iki yönden gerekçe yapılmıştır. Birincisi, onun böyle bir satım akdi yapan Zeyd b. Erkam’a yönelttiği tehdittir; yani yapılan taatlerin dinden dönme dışındaki bir sebeple boşa gittiği iddiası akıl ve re’y ile bilinebilecek bir konu değildir. Şu halde Âişe bunu Hz. Peygamber’den duymuş olmalıdır. Öte yandan böyle bir tehdit, ancak bir günah işlenmesi durumunda söz konusu edileceğine göre Zeyd’in yaptığı akid fâsiddir. İkincisi, Hz. Âişe bu akdi “kötü bir satma ve kötü bir satın alma” olarak nitelemiştir. Bu vasıf sahih akde değil fâsid akde uygun düşer (a.g.e. , V, 199).
Hanefîler bu akidde ribâ şüphesi bulunduğunu da şu şekilde açıklamışlardır: İkinci akiddeki fiyat gerçekte ilk akiddeki fiyatın bedelidir. Böyle olunca muâvazalı bir akid olan satım akdinde birinci fiyatın ikinci fiyattan fazla olan kısmına hiçbir bedel tekabül etmemekte, bununla da ribâ oluşmaktadır. Her ne kadar bu ribâ iki akdin toplamıyla sabit olmakta ve akidlerden biriyle ribâ değil sadece ribâ şüphesi ortaya çıkmaktaysa da bu gibi konularda şüphe hakikat hükmünde tutulur (a.g.e. , V, 199). Hanefîler, bu tür konulara prensip olarak akdin rüknünün kusursuz şekilde mevcut olup olmaması yönünden yaklaştıkları halde burada Hz. Âişe’nin tavrı sebebiyle bu kuralı uygulamamışlar, söz konusu akdin yerleşik kuraldan (kıyas) hareketle değil Hz. Âişe’nin sözü sebebiyle fâsid sayıldığını, onun sözünde ise yalnızca sattığı fiyattan daha ucuza satın almanın ifade edildiğini ileri sürerek bir kimsenin sattığı bir malı henüz parası ödenmeden sattığı fiyattan daha yüksek fiyata satın almasının câiz olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Her ne kadar Hanefîler bunda ribâ şüphesi bulunmadığını söylemişlerse de taraflar yer değiştirdiğinde, yani satıcı konumuna borç verenin değil borç isteyenin geçmesi ve elindeki herhangi bir malı peşin olarak 100 liraya satıp vadeli olarak 120 liraya geri satın alması durumunda sonuç itibariyle diğer akidle bunun arasında hiçbir fark kalmadığı açıktır. Hanbelî ekolünde bu husustaki iki görüşten biri böyle olup diğerinde bu şeklin îneden farksız olduğu ifade edilmiştir.
Hanefîler’in îne satımının tasvirinde getirdikleri “müşteri henüz parayı ödememişken” kaydından da anlaşılacağı üzere müşteri satın aldığı malın bedelini ödedikten sonra satıcının aynı malı daha yüksek fiyata geri satın almasında sakınca görülmemiştir. Çünkü bu vaziyette iki akiddeki iki fiyatın birbirine bedel olma durumu söz konusu değildir. Mâlikîler meseleye sedd-i zerâi‘ açısından bakmış ve dış görünüşü itibariyle mubah olduğu halde faize götürdüğü için îne satımını câiz görmemişlerdir. Hanbelîler’den İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye de konuyu hiyel açısından ele almış ve tarafların sahih bir akid görüntüsü altında meşrû olmayan kasıtlarını sakladıklarını öne sürerek böyle bir akdin câiz olamayacağını söylemiştir. Bu mesele, dışarıya yansıtılmayan kastın (iç niyet) akde etkisi açısından da değerlendirilebilir. Mâlikîler’in yaklaşımı ile Hanbelîler’in yaklaşımı arasında ince bir farkın bulunduğu gözden kaçmamaktadır. Mâlikîler, înenin haram olan ribâya götürebilecek bir vasıta olarak kötüye kullanılabileceğinden ve tarafların bu töhmet altında bulunacağından hareketle îne satımını yasaklarken Hanbelîler, tarafların zaten asıl niyetlerinin faizli işlem olduğuna ve bu satımı hile olarak kullandıklarına âdeta kesin gözüyle bakmışlardır.
Îne satımını câiz görmeyen mezheplerde söz konusu iki satımdan hangisinin fâsid olduğu konusu da tartışılmıştır. Hanefî mezhebinde daha ziyade ikinci akdin fâsid olduğu ifade edilirken Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde ağırlıklı görüş her iki akdin de fâsid olduğu ve feshedilmesi gerektiği yönündedir. Şâfiî ise celî kıyasa uygunluğu, yeni akdin sıhhat şartlarının mevcut olduğu ve kendisini fâsid kılacak şartların bulunmadığı noktasından hareketle îne satımının (sattığı malı henüz parası ödenmeden daha düşük bir fiyata satın almanın) sahih olduğunu söylemiştir. Şâfiî tarafların niyetlerini hiç dikkate almamış, akdin şekil itibariyle düzgünlüğünü yeterli görmüştür. Onun, sadece açığa vurulmuş kasta itibar edip iç niyeti hesaba katmama şeklindeki kanaati bu meselede açıkça görülmektedir. Şâfiî, Hz. Âişe’ye nisbet edilen haberin sabit olmadığını da ifade etmiştir. Şâfiî mezhebinde îne satımının câiz olduğuna şu hadis gerekçe olarak gösterilmiştir: “Hz. Peygamber bir adamı Hayber’e âmil olarak göndermişti. Bu kişi Hayber dönüşünde beraberinde çok güzel hurma getirdi. Resûl-i Ekrem hurmaların güzelliğini görünce ona, ‘Hayber hurmalarının hepsi böyle mi?’ diye sordu. Adam, ‘Hayır, biz iki sâ‘ hurma verip bundan bir sâ‘ alıyoruz veya üç sâ‘ verip bundan iki sâ‘ alıyoruz’ diye cevap verdi. Bunun üzerine Resûlullah, ‘Böyle yapma, iyisi kötüsü karışık hurmayı dirhem mukabili sat, sonra bu dirhemlerle iyi hurmadan satın al’ dedi” (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Büyûʿ”, 20, 21; Buhârî, “Büyûʿ”, 89, “Vekâlet”, 3; Müslim, “Müsâḳāt”, 95). Şâfiîler’e göre burada, iyi hurmayı satan kişinin kötü hurmayı satın alan kişi olması mümkündür. Dolayısıyla bu durumda kendi parası yine kendine dönmüş olmaktadır.
İbn Hazm’ın yaklaşımı da büyük ölçüde Şâfiî’nin yaklaşımına benzer. Ancak İbn Hazm, bu şekildeki alım satımın bizzat akidde koşulan bir şartla olmaması gerektiğini özellikle belirtmiştir. Buna göre akdin cereyan şekli taraflarca önceden kararlaştırılmış değilse bu akdin meşrû olduğunda hiçbir tereddüt yoktur. Çünkü Allah alım satımı helâl kılmış (el-Bakara 2/275) ve haram kıldığı şeyleri açıklamıştır (el-En‘âm 6/119; el-Muḥallâ , IX, 47).
Gerek Hz. Âişe’nin gerekse İbn Ömer’in sözü, eğer rivayetler sahih kabul edilirse îne yoluyla alım satımın o dönemlerde mevcut olduğunu göstermektedir; ancak sahâbîlerin göstermelik akid yapma kastı taşımadıkları, ihtiyaca ve şartlara göre bunu yaptıkları düşünülmelidir. Olayın şöyle cereyan etmiş olması mümkündür: Zeyd b. Erkam kadından vadeli olarak bir câriye satın almış, fakat bir müddet sonra kendisine para lâzım olunca câriyeyi ilk sahibine peşin veya daha ucuza satmayı teklif etmiş ve o da kabul etmiş olabilir. Eğer kabul etmeseydi Zeyd câriyeyi başka birine satmak durumunda kalacaktı. Bu çerçevede cereyan eden akdin meşrû olduğunda kuşku yoktur. Şu halde denilebilir ki îne satımı bir şarta bağlı olmaksızın kendi tabii seyri içinde yapıldığı takdirde işlemin meşrû olmaması için hiçbir sebep yoktur. Ancak işlem faizi gizleme amacıyla yaygınlaştırılır ve kurumlaştırılırsa üç mezhep açısından câiz görülmesi mümkün değildir; hatta bu durumda faize ulaşma kastı artık açığa vurulmuş sayılacağından Şâfiî açısından da meşruiyetini yitirmiş olur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Büyûʿ”, 20-21.
Müsned , II, 84.
Buhârî, “Büyûʿ”, 89, “Vekâlet”, 3.
Müslim, “Müsâḳāt”, 95.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Büyûʿ”, 56.
Şâfiî, el-Üm , III, 78-79.
Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, el-Muṣannef , VIII, 184-188.
İbn Rüşd, Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , II, 116-118.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ , IX, 47-52.
Beyhakī, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ , V, 330-331.
Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, el-Uṣûl (nşr. Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Efgānî), Haydarâbâd 1372, II, 110.
İbn Rüşd el-Ced, el-Muḳaddimât , Kahire 1325, s. 524-539.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , V, 198-199.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , III, 333-334.
Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî, Taḫrîcü’l-fürûʿ ʿale’l-uṣûl (nşr. M. Edîb Sâlih), Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 180-181.
Nevevî, Şerḥu Müslim , XI, 20-21.
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İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, İʿlâmü’l-muvaḳḳıʿîn , III, 113, 161, 165-172, 199-200.
Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, Naṣbü’r-râye , [baskı yeri yok] 1393/1973 (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), IV, 15-17.
Buhûtî, Keşşâfü’l-ḳınâʿ , III, 185-186.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , V, 195-196, 206-208.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , V, 273.
İslâm Hukukuna Göre Alış-Verişte Vâde Farkı ve Kâr Haddi , İstanbul 1987, s. 36, 56-57, 115, 130-132.
Abdullah b. Muhammed et-Tarîkī, “Ḥükmü beyʿi’l-ʿîne”, Mecelletü’l-buḥûs̱i’l-İslâmiyye , sy. 14, Riyad 1406, s. 261-294.
“Beyʿu’l-ʿîne”, Mv.F , IX, 95-97.
“Teverruḳ”, a.e. , XIV, 147-148.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 283-285 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.