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İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955) Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 15, 49 – 70, 31.07.2024
Hayri Çapraz Tolga Murat Gürdal
Öz In this study, it is examined why the British government had to move the Middle East Command General Headquarters in Egypt to Cyprus between 1952 and 1955 and what purposes it aimed with the move. The research is important as it covers a period in which the world military-political balances were re-established after the Second World War. As a matter of fact, Britain’s attempt to remain permanent in Cyprus after Egypt was evaluated as a reflex to protect and maintain its presence in military-political mechanisms in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean. In order to reveal the subject, the problems that the British Government had with Egypt, the location of the island of Cyprus, the reactions of the Greeks on the island against England, and the military force with which England settled on the island were included. At the end of the research, it was determined that his exit from Egypt became necessary and that the Middle East General Headquarters, which he restructured in Cyprus, was planned as a means of maintaining his global goals. It was mentioned that in order to achieve this goal, the internal opposition was given the upper hand and efforts were made to resolve the destabilizing actions carried out by the Greeks on the island. In presenting this research, the minutes of the British Council of Ministers and the British Parliament constituted the main sources. In addition, the research was supported by British newspapers of the period. In examining the subject, the writings of British high-ranking soldiers of the period were used to determine the military structure of England in the Middle East and the increase in the military value of the Island of Cyprus before the move. The subject of the study, the relocation and settlement of Britain’s Middle East General Headquarters in Egypt to Cyprus, was discussed with the documents of the British National Archive.
Anahtar Kelimeler Cyprus, England, Akrotiri, Dhekelia, Eastern Mediterranean, Move
Proje Numarası Yok
Kaynakça The National Archives, Cabinet Papers (TNA, CAB kısaltma şeklinde dipnotlarda yer almıştır) Londra, 128, 129, 131. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Vol. 532, Middle Eastern Affairs, Debated, 2 November 1954, (Erişim tarihi: 22.10.2023). Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Vol. 538 Cyprus (Expenditure and Personnel), Debated, 8 March, 1955, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.10. 2023). Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Vol.547, Cyprus, Debated, 5 October 1955 (Erişim Ta-rihi: 24.10. 2023). Reuter, 21 November 1955, “Canal Zone Base Handed Over”, The Daily Telegraph, s.1. The Daily Mail, 26 September 1955, WAKEFORD Geoffrey, “Strong-Man Harding for Cyprus”. The Daily Telegraph, 25 February 1953, O’BRİEN, Edward Donough, ve HYSLOP, John, “Choice of Cyprus as a Base”. The Daily Telegraph, 30 June 1954, JOHNSON, R.F., “Cyprus Base Doubts”. The Daily Telegraph, 24 September 1954, “Cyprus key Base In West Defence”. The Daily Telegraph, 26 September 1955, “Sir J. Harding Made Governor Of Cyprus”. The Economist, 9 April 1955, “Explosions in Cyprus”. The Times, 22 September 1952, “Military Plans For Cyprus”. The Times, 25 September 1952, “Base In Egypt “Vital”. The Times, 29 July 1954, “No To Cyprus”. The Times, 3 September 1954, “Housing The British Soldire/ Barracks In Cyprus, Africa And At Home”. The Times, 3 September 1954, “New British Army Centres In Cyprus”. The Times, 27 August 1955, “Vital Base Against Agression In Middle East”. The Times, 27 September 1955, “Sir John Harding’s Aim In Cyprus”. Kitaplar ve Tezler Aldrich, Richard James, ZAMETİCA, J., “The rise and devline of a strategic concept: the Middle East 1945-51” British Intelligence Strategy and the Cold War, British, Routled-ge, London, 2. Published, 2005. Black, Jeremy, Dünya Tarihinde Askeri Strateji, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul, Nisan 2021. Clark, Tommy, Kısa Kıbrıs Tarihi, Say Yayınları, Çev., Ekin Duru, İstanbul, 1. Baskı, 2023. Cleveland, William, L, Modern Ortadoğu Tarihi, Çev., Mehmet Harmancı, Agora Kitaplık, İstanbul, 1. Baskı, Haziran 2008. Darwin, John, Britain and Decolonisation The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World, Macmillan Press, London, Reprinted, 1992. Devereux, David R., The Formulation of British Defence Policy Towards The Middle East, 1948-56, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, First Publishing, 1990, Gürel, Şükrü Sina, Kıbrıs Tarihi, İmge Kitabevi, 1. Baskı Ankara, Mart 2020. Hill, George, Kıbrıs Tarihi Osmanlı ve İngiliz İdaresi Dönemi (1571-1948), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul 2016. Holland, Robert, Britain And The Revolt in Cyprus 1954-1959, Oxford University Press, Reprinted, 2002. Kitchen, Martin, The British Empire and Commonwealth, Palgrave, New York, Printing, 2002. Serter V. E., Kıbrıs’ta Rum-Yunan Saldırıları ve Soykırım, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara 2008. Yellice, Gürhan, İngiltere’nin Kıbrıs Politikası 1950-1960, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, İzmir, 2011 Yeşilbursa, Behçet Kemal, Ortadoğu’da Emperyalizm, Sentez Yayıncılık, Ankara, 1. Baskı, Mart 2017. Armaoğlu, Fahir, “(Amerikan Belgeleri ile) Orta Doğu Komutanlığı’ndan Bağdat Pak-tı’na 1951-1955”, Belleten, Cilt 59, Sayı 224, 1995, s.189-236. Atyeo, Henry C., “Egyptian Nationalism”, Current History, Vol. 23, No.135 (Novem-ber, 1952), s. 312-315. Baldwin, AVM, Nigel, “Cyprus and Cento”, Royal Air Force Historical Society, Journal 38, 2007, s.71-76 (Erişim tarihi: 24.11.2023). Dudgeon, Wg. Cdr. Mike “No 4 SFTS and Raschild Ali’s War- Iraq 1941”, Royal Air Force Historical Society, Journal 48, 2010, s.39-57. Edgar, Lieut.-Colonel J. D. R.E., “Cyprus”, Royal United Services Institution Journal, Vo-lume 100, Issue 597, 1955, s.73-81. Hatzivassilou, Evanthis, “Cold War Pressures, Regional Strategies, and Relative Decli-ne, British Military and Strategic Planning for Cyprus, 1950–1960”, The Journal of Military History, Vol 73, Sayı 4, October 2009, s.1143- 1166. Moulton, Major-General James Louis, “Middle East Base: An Exercise in Hindsight”, Royal United Services Institution journal, 11 September 2009, s.44-48. Rahman, Habibur, “British Post-Second World War Military Planning for the Middle East”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 5, Issue 4, 24 january 2008, s.511-530. Ritchie, Sebastian, “The RAF and Aden, 1928-1967”, Royal Air Force Historical Society, journal 48, 2010, s. 110-134. Rosenbaum, Naomi, “Success in Foreign Policy: The British in Cyprus, 1878-1960”, Ca-nadian Journal of Political Science/ Revue canadienne de science politique, Volume 3, No: 4, December 1970, s.605-627. Stergiou, Andreas, “Soviet Policy Toward Cyprus”, The Cyprus Review, No: 19 (2), 2007, s.83-106. Torun, Zerrin, Çöpoğlu, M. Onur, “Soğuk Savaş Döneminde İngiltere Dış Politikası”, İngiltere’ Dış Politikası (Britanya Dış Politikası), ed., Filiz Çoban Oran, Nobel Bilim-sel Yayınları, Ankara, 1. Basım, 2021, s.117-144. Vatansever, Müge, “Kıbrıs Sorununun Tarihi Gelişimi”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hu-kuk Dergisi, Cilt 12, Temmuz 2010, ss.1487-1530. Yellice, Gürhan, “1878’den 1931’e Kıbrıs’ta Enosis Talepleri ve İngiltere’nin Yaklaşımı”, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 12, Sayı 24, ss.15,16. Yiangou, Anastasia, “Decolonization in the Eastern Mediterranean: Britain and the Cyp-rus Question, 1945- 1960”, Cahiers Du Centre d’études Chypriotes, 50 / 2020, ss. 45-63. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), “File: 1951 Middle East Oil…”, Wikimedia Commons, Son güncelleme 09.11.2016 https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk4/etd/MQ81944.pdf?is_thesis=1&oclc_number=56965116 (Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2023). Rousou, Maria, “Britain’s Balcony In the Middle East: Cyprus’ Role In British Defence Strategy, 1945,57”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, B. A. Simon Fraser Uni-versity, Kasım 2001. https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk4/etd/MQ81944.pdf?is_thesis=1&oclc_number=56965116 (Erişim tarihi: 16.09.2023). Uk Overseas Territories Conservation Forum, https://www.ukotcf.org.uk/europe-territories/cyprus-sovereign-base-areas, (Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2024).
İngiltere'nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı'nın Kıbrıs'a Taşınması (1952-1955) Yıl 2024, Sayı: 15, 49 – 70, 31.07.2024
Hayri Çapraz Tolga Murat Gürdal
Öz Bu çalışmada, İngiliz hükümetinin, 1952-1955 yılları arasında Mısır’daki Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargâhı’nı neden Kıbrıs’a taşımak zorunda kaldığı ve taşınma ile hangi amaçları hedeflediği incelenmektedir. Araştırma, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası dünya askeri-politik dengelerinin yeniden kurulduğu bir dönemi kapsaması itibariyle önemlidir. Nitekim İngiltere’nin Mısır sonrası Kıbrıs’ta kalıcı olmaya çalışması, Orta Doğu ve Doğu Akdeniz’de onun askeri-politik mekanizmalarda varlığını koruma-sürdürme refleksi olarak değerlendirildi. Konunun ortaya konulması için, İngiltere Hükümetinin Mısır ile yaşadığı sorunlar, Kıbrıs adasının konumu, adadaki Rumların İngiltere’ye karşı tepkileri ve İngiltere’nin hangi askeri güçle adaya yerleştiğine yer verildi. Araştırmanın sonunda Mısır’dan çıkışının zorunlu hale geldiği ve Kıbrıs’ta yeniden yapılandırdığı Orta Doğu Genel Karargâhı’nın, küresel hedeflerini sürdürmesinin aracı olarak planlandığı tespiti yapıldı. Bu amaca ulaşmak için de içerideki muhalefete üstünlük sağlandığı ve adada Rumların çıkardığı istikrarı bozucu eylemlerin de çözülmesi için gayret ettiğine değinildi. Bu araştırmanın ortaya konulmasında, İngiltere Bakanlar Kurulu ve İngiliz Parlamentosu tutanakları ana kaynakları oluşturdu. Ayrıca araştırma, dönemin İngiliz gazeteleriyle desteklendi. Konun incelenmesinde, taşınma öncesinde İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu askeri yapılanması ve Kıbrıs Adası’nın askeri değerdeki artışının tespit edilmesi için dönemin İngiliz rütbeli askerlerinin yazılarından faydalanıldı. Çalışmanın konusu olan İngiltere’nin Mısır’daki Orta Doğu Genel Karargâhı’nın Kıbrıs’a taşınması-yerleşmesi, İngiliz Ulusal Arşivi’nin belgeleriyle ele alındı.
Anahtar Kelimeler Kıbrıs, İngiltere, Ağrotur, Dikelya, Doğu Akdeniz, Taşınma
Etik Beyan Herhangi bir etik sorunu yoktur.
Destekleyen Kurum yok
Proje Numarası Yok
Teşekkür Yok
Kaynakça The National Archives, Cabinet Papers (TNA, CAB kısaltma şeklinde dipnotlarda yer almıştır) Londra, 128, 129, 131. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Vol. 532, Middle Eastern Affairs, Debated, 2 November 1954, (Erişim tarihi: 22.10.2023). Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Vol. 538 Cyprus (Expenditure and Personnel), Debated, 8 March, 1955, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.10. 2023). Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Vol.547, Cyprus, Debated, 5 October 1955 (Erişim Ta-rihi: 24.10. 2023). Reuter, 21 November 1955, “Canal Zone Base Handed Over”, The Daily Telegraph, s.1. The Daily Mail, 26 September 1955, WAKEFORD Geoffrey, “Strong-Man Harding for Cyprus”. The Daily Telegraph, 25 February 1953, O’BRİEN, Edward Donough, ve HYSLOP, John, “Choice of Cyprus as a Base”. The Daily Telegraph, 30 June 1954, JOHNSON, R.F., “Cyprus Base Doubts”. The Daily Telegraph, 24 September 1954, “Cyprus key Base In West Defence”. The Daily Telegraph, 26 September 1955, “Sir J. Harding Made Governor Of Cyprus”. The Economist, 9 April 1955, “Explosions in Cyprus”. The Times, 22 September 1952, “Military Plans For Cyprus”. The Times, 25 September 1952, “Base In Egypt “Vital”. The Times, 29 July 1954, “No To Cyprus”. The Times, 3 September 1954, “Housing The British Soldire/ Barracks In Cyprus, Africa And At Home”. The Times, 3 September 1954, “New British Army Centres In Cyprus”. The Times, 27 August 1955, “Vital Base Against Agression In Middle East”. The Times, 27 September 1955, “Sir John Harding’s Aim In Cyprus”. Kitaplar ve Tezler Aldrich, Richard James, ZAMETİCA, J., “The rise and devline of a strategic concept: the Middle East 1945-51” British Intelligence Strategy and the Cold War, British, Routled-ge, London, 2. Published, 2005. Black, Jeremy, Dünya Tarihinde Askeri Strateji, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul, Nisan 2021. Clark, Tommy, Kısa Kıbrıs Tarihi, Say Yayınları, Çev., Ekin Duru, İstanbul, 1. Baskı, 2023. Cleveland, William, L, Modern Ortadoğu Tarihi, Çev., Mehmet Harmancı, Agora Kitaplık, İstanbul, 1. Baskı, Haziran 2008. Darwin, John, Britain and Decolonisation The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World, Macmillan Press, London, Reprinted, 1992. Devereux, David R., The Formulation of British Defence Policy Towards The Middle East, 1948-56, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, First Publishing, 1990, Gürel, Şükrü Sina, Kıbrıs Tarihi, İmge Kitabevi, 1. Baskı Ankara, Mart 2020. Hill, George, Kıbrıs Tarihi Osmanlı ve İngiliz İdaresi Dönemi (1571-1948), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul 2016. Holland, Robert, Britain And The Revolt in Cyprus 1954-1959, Oxford University Press, Reprinted, 2002. Kitchen, Martin, The British Empire and Commonwealth, Palgrave, New York, Printing, 2002. Serter V. E., Kıbrıs’ta Rum-Yunan Saldırıları ve Soykırım, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara 2008. Yellice, Gürhan, İngiltere’nin Kıbrıs Politikası 1950-1960, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, İzmir, 2011 Yeşilbursa, Behçet Kemal, Ortadoğu’da Emperyalizm, Sentez Yayıncılık, Ankara, 1. Baskı, Mart 2017. Armaoğlu, Fahir, “(Amerikan Belgeleri ile) Orta Doğu Komutanlığı’ndan Bağdat Pak-tı’na 1951-1955”, Belleten, Cilt 59, Sayı 224, 1995, s.189-236. Atyeo, Henry C., “Egyptian Nationalism”, Current History, Vol. 23, No.135 (Novem-ber, 1952), s. 312-315. Baldwin, AVM, Nigel, “Cyprus and Cento”, Royal Air Force Historical Society, Journal 38, 2007, s.71-76 (Erişim tarihi: 24.11.2023). Dudgeon, Wg. Cdr. Mike “No 4 SFTS and Raschild Ali’s War- Iraq 1941”, Royal Air Force Historical Society, Journal 48, 2010, s.39-57. Edgar, Lieut.-Colonel J. D. R.E., “Cyprus”, Royal United Services Institution Journal, Vo-lume 100, Issue 597, 1955, s.73-81. Hatzivassilou, Evanthis, “Cold War Pressures, Regional Strategies, and Relative Decli-ne, British Military and Strategic Planning for Cyprus, 1950–1960”, The Journal of Military History, Vol 73, Sayı 4, October 2009, s.1143- 1166. Moulton, Major-General James Louis, “Middle East Base: An Exercise in Hindsight”, Royal United Services Institution journal, 11 September 2009, s.44-48. Rahman, Habibur, “British Post-Second World War Military Planning for the Middle East”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 5, Issue 4, 24 january 2008, s.511-530. Ritchie, Sebastian, “The RAF and Aden, 1928-1967”, Royal Air Force Historical Society, journal 48, 2010, s. 110-134. Rosenbaum, Naomi, “Success in Foreign Policy: The British in Cyprus, 1878-1960”, Ca-nadian Journal of Political Science/ Revue canadienne de science politique, Volume 3, No: 4, December 1970, s.605-627. Stergiou, Andreas, “Soviet Policy Toward Cyprus”, The Cyprus Review, No: 19 (2), 2007, s.83-106. Torun, Zerrin, Çöpoğlu, M. Onur, “Soğuk Savaş Döneminde İngiltere Dış Politikası”, İngiltere’ Dış Politikası (Britanya Dış Politikası), ed., Filiz Çoban Oran, Nobel Bilim-sel Yayınları, Ankara, 1. Basım, 2021, s.117-144. Vatansever, Müge, “Kıbrıs Sorununun Tarihi Gelişimi”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hu-kuk Dergisi, Cilt 12, Temmuz 2010, ss.1487-1530. Yellice, Gürhan, “1878’den 1931’e Kıbrıs’ta Enosis Talepleri ve İngiltere’nin Yaklaşımı”, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 12, Sayı 24, ss.15,16. Yiangou, Anastasia, “Decolonization in the Eastern Mediterranean: Britain and the Cyp-rus Question, 1945- 1960”, Cahiers Du Centre d’études Chypriotes, 50 / 2020, ss. 45-63. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), “File: 1951 Middle East Oil…”, Wikimedia Commons, Son güncelleme 09.11.2016 https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk4/etd/MQ81944.pdf?is_thesis=1&oclc_number=56965116 (Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2023). Rousou, Maria, “Britain’s Balcony In the Middle East: Cyprus’ Role In British Defence Strategy, 1945,57”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, B. A. Simon Fraser Uni-versity, Kasım 2001. https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk4/etd/MQ81944.pdf?is_thesis=1&oclc_number=56965116 (Erişim tarihi: 16.09.2023). Uk Overseas Territories Conservation Forum, https://www.ukotcf.org.uk/europe-territories/cyprus-sovereign-base-areas, (Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2024). Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Yakınçağ Tarihi (Diğer) Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Hayri Çapraz SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-2846-948X Türkiye
Tolga Murat Gürdal SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-9137-2106 Türkiye
Proje Numarası Yok Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Nisan 2024 Kabul Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 15
Kaynak Göster APA Çapraz, H., & Gürdal, T. M. (2024). İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955). Tarih Ve Günce (15 ), 49-70. AMA Çapraz H, Gürdal TM. İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955). Tarih ve Günce. Temmuz 2024;(15):49-70. Chicago Çapraz, Hayri, ve Tolga Murat Gürdal. “İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955)”. Tarih Ve Günce, sy. 15 (Temmuz 2024): 49-70. EndNote Çapraz H, Gürdal TM (01 Temmuz 2024) İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955). Tarih ve Günce 15 49–70. IEEE H. Çapraz ve T. M. Gürdal, “İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955)”, Tarih ve Günce , sy. 15, ss. 49–70, Temmuz 2024. ISNAD Çapraz, Hayri – Gürdal, Tolga Murat. “İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955)”. Tarih ve Günce 15 (Temmuz 2024), 49-70. JAMA Çapraz H, Gürdal TM. İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955). Tarih ve Günce . 2024;:49–70. MLA Çapraz, Hayri ve Tolga Murat Gürdal. “İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955)”. Tarih Ve Günce, sy. 15, 2024, ss. 49-70. Vancouver Çapraz H, Gürdal TM. İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu Komutanlığı Genel Karargahı’nın Kıbrıs’a Taşınması (1952-1955). Tarih ve Günce. 2024(15):49-70.
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