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İnsanın İnsana Ettiği: İnsandışılaştırma Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 82, 963 – 992, 31.07.2024
Banu Açıkgöz
https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1517551
Öz İlk olarak savaşlar, soykırımlar, işkenceler ile ilişkilendirilerek kavramsallaştırılan insandışılaştırmanın artık incelikli bir şekilde günlük yaşamlarımızda da uygulanması bu çalışmanın yapılması için gerekli zemini oluşturmuştur. Bu araştırmada, insanlık tarihi kadar eski ancak sosyal psikoloji bilimi tarafından detaylı olarak görece çok yakın zamanlarda ele alınmaya başlanan insandışılaştırma (insanlıktan çıkarma) kavramı üzerine derinlemesine bir yazın taraması yapılmıştır. Onu insan yapan özelliklerinden arındırıp insana hayvani veya makine benzeri özellikler atfedilmesi şeklinde tanımlanabilecek olan insandışılaştırma ile ilgili en önemli sorun, insandışılaştırmanın şiddeti meşrulaştırmasıdır. Şiddet ile kast edilen yalnızca fiziksel şiddet değildir. Günümüzde kadınların, sağlık çalışanlarının, mültecilerin, göçmenlerin, yoksulların, heteronormatif kalıpların dışında cinsel yönelime sahip bireylerin maruz kaldığı şiddet vakalarının ardındaki meşrulaştırıcı gücün insandışılaştırma olduğu düşünülerek bu çalışma kurgulanmıştır. Ancak her insandışılaştırıcı eylem beraberinde şiddeti getirmediğinden, insandışılaştırmanın mağdurları belirtilen sosyal gruplarla sınırlı değildir. Yaşlılar, ev kadınları, engelliler, iş kadınları, feministler ve mavi yakalılar da insandışılaştırmaya maruz kalan diğer sosyal gruplar arasındadır. Araştırmada, öncelikle insandışılaştırmanın nasıl tanımlandığı ve teorize edildiği, ardından insanın nesneleştirilmesiyle ilişkisi, son olarak da mağdurlarının, faillerinin ve tanıklarının özellikleri anlatılmaktadır
Anahtar Kelimeler insandışılaştırma, insanlıktan çıkarma, çalışma ilişkisi
Kaynakça Alikılıç, Ö., Gökaliler, E. ve Alikılıç, İ. (2021) “Nefret Söylemi Üzerinden Ötekileştirme: Twitter’da Mültecilere Yönelik Nefret Tipolojisi Analizi”, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (36), 501-520. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.989074 Bar-Tal D. (1989) “Delegitimization: The Extreme Case of Stereotyping”, D. Bar-Tal, C. Grauman, A. Kruglanski ve W. Stroebe (Ed.) Stereotyping and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions içinde, New York: Springer, 169-88. Bar-Tal, D. ve Hammack, P. L. (2012) “Conflict, Delegitimization, and Violence”, L. Tropp (Ed.) Oxford Handbook of Intergroup Conflict içinde, New York: Oxford University Press, 29-52. Bastian, B. ve Crimston, D. (2014) “Self-dehumanization”, TPM: Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 21(3), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM21.3.1 Bastian, B. ve Haslam, N. (2010). “Excluded from Humanity: Ostracism and Dehumanization”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.022 Bastian, B. ve Haslam, N. (2011) “Experiencing Dehumanization: Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Everyday Dehumanization”, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2011.614132 Bastian, B., Denson, T. F. ve Haslam, N. (2013a) “The Roles of Dehumanization and Moral Outrage in Retributive Justice”, PloS One, 8(4), e61842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061842 Bastian, B., Jetten, J. ve Radke, H. R. (2012) “Cyber-dehumanization: Violent Video Game Play Diminishes Our Humanity”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(2), 486-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.009 Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Chen, H., Radke, H. R., Harding, J. F. ve Fasoli, F. 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(2011) “Dehumanized Perception: A Psychological Means to Facilitate Atrocities, Torture, and Genocide?”, Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 219(3), 175-178. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000065 Haslam, N. (2006) “Dehumanization: An Integrative Review”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4 Haslam, N. (2021) “The Social Psychology of Dehumanization”, M. Kronfeldner (Ed) The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization içinde, New York: Routledge, 127-144. Haslam, N. (2022) “Dehumanization and the Lack of Social Connection”, Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 312-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.013 Haslam, N. ve Loughnan, S. (2014) “Dehumanization and Infrahumanization”, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 399-423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045 Haslam, N., Bain, P., Douge, L., Lee, M. ve Bastian, B. 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(2009) “Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that Objectification Causes Women to Be Perceived as Less Competent and Less Fully Human”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 598-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.008 Heflick, N. A., Goldenberg, J. L., Cooper, D. P. ve Puvia, E. (2011) “From Women to Objects: Appearance Focus, Target Gender, and Perceptions of Warmth, Morality and Competence”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(3), 572-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.020 Heinämaa, S. ve Jardine, J. (2021) “Objectification, Inferiorization, and Projection in Phenomenological Research on Dehumanization”, M. Kronfeldner (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization içinde, New York: Routledge, 309-325. Holtz, P. ve Wagner, W. (2011) “Dehumanization, Infrahumanization, and Naturalization”, The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp079 Jack, A. I., Dawson, A. J. ve Norr, M. E. (2013) “Seeing Human: Distinct and Overlapping Neural Signatures Associated with Two Forms of Dehumanization”, NeuroImage, 79, 313-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.109 Jenkins, T. A., Robison, M. ve Joiner, T. E. (2023) “Dehumanization and Mental Health: Clinical Implications and Future Directions”, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 50, 101257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2023.101257 Kelman, H. C. (1973) “Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers”, Journal of Social Issues, 29(4), 25-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00102.x Kelman, H. C. (1976) “Violence without Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers”, G. M. Kren ve L. H. Rappoport (Ed.) Varieties of Psychohistory içinde, New York: Springer, 282-314. Kteily, N. S. ve Landry, A. P. (2022) “Dehumanization: Trends, Insights, and Challenges”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(3), 222-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003 Kteily, N., Hodson, G. ve Bruneau, E. (2016) “They See Us as Less than Human: Metadehumanization Predicts Intergroup Conflict via Reciprocal Dehumanization”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(3), 343-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000044 Lammers, J. ve Stapel, D. A. (2011) “Power Increases Dehumanization”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(1), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210370042 Langton, R. (2009) Sexual Solipsism: Philosophical Essays on Pornography and Objectification. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Leyens, J. P., Demoulin, S., Vaes, J., Gaunt, R. ve Paladino, M. P. (2007) “Infra‐humanization: The Wall of Group Differences”, Social Issues and Policy Review, 1(1), 139-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2007.00006.x Leyens, J. P., Rodriguez‐Perez, A., Rodriguez‐Torres, R., Gaunt, R., Paladino, M. P., Vaes, J. ve Demoulin, S. (2001) “Psychological Essentialism and the Differential Attribution of Uniquely Human Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups”, European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(4), 395-411. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.50 Lopez, J. M., Woolley, K. ve McGill, A. L. (2021) “A Preference for Preference: Lack of Subjective Preference Evokes Dehumanization”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 164, 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.01.002 Loughnan, S. ve Haslam, N. (2007) “Animals and Androids: Implicit Associations between Social Categories and Nonhumans”, Psychological Science, 18(2), 116-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01858.x Loughnan, S., Haslam, N. ve Kashima, Y. (2009) “Understanding the Relationship between Attribute-based and Metaphor-based Dehumanization”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12(6), 747-762. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209347726 Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Murnane, T., Vaes, J., Reynolds, C. ve Suitner, C. (2010) “Objectification Leads to Depersonalization: The Denial of Mind and Moral Concern to Objectified Others”, European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(5), 709-717. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.755 Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Sutton, R. M. ve Spencer, B. (2014) “Dehumanization and Social Class: Animality in the Stereotypes of “White Trash,” “Chavs,” and “Bogans””, Social Psychology, 45(1), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000159 MacInnis, C. C. ve Hodson, G. (2012) “Intergroup Bias toward “Group X”: Evidence of Prejudice, Dehumanization, Avoidance, and Discrimination against Asexuals”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(6), 725-743. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212442419 Martinez, A. G., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R. ve Hinshaw, S. P. (2011) “The Power of a Label: Mental Illness Diagnoses, Ascribed Humanity, and Social Rejection”, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.1.1 Martínez, R., Rodríguez-Bailón, R. ve Moya, M. (2012) “Are They Animals or Machines? Measuring Dehumanization”, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 1110-1122. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39401 Maynard, J. L. ve Luft, A. (2023) “Humanizing Dehumanization Research”, Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 4, 100102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100102 Mikkola, M. (2011) “Dehumanization”, T. Brooks (Ed.) New Waves in Ethics içinde New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 128-149. Mikkola, M. (2016) The Wrong of Injustice: Dehumanization and Its Role in Feminist Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press. Mikkola, M. (2021) “Why Dehumanization is Distinct from Objectification”, M. Kronfeldner (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization içinde, New York: Routledge, 326-340. Moradi, B. (2013) “Discrimination, Objectification, and Dehumanization: Toward a Pantheoretical Framework”, S. J. Gervais (Ed.) Objectification and (De)humanization içinde, New York: Springer, 153-181. Nussbaum, M. C. (1995) “Objectification”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 24(4), 249-291. Nussbaum, M. C. (2004) Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Opotow, S. (1990) “Moral Exclusion and Injustice: An Introduction”, Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x Opotow, S., Gerson, J. ve Woodside, S. (2005) “From Moral Exclusion to Moral Inclusion: Theory for Teaching Peace”, Theory into Practice, 44(4), 303-318. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4404_4 Rector, J. M. (2014) The Objectification Spectrum: Understanding and Transcending Our Diminishment and Dehumanization of Others, New York: Oxford University Press. Rodríguez-Pérez, A. ve Betancor, V. (2023) “Infrahumanization: A Restrospective on 20 Years of Empirical Research”, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 50, 101258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2023.101258 Ruttan, R. L. ve Lucas, B. J. (2018) “Cogs in the Machine: The Prioritization of Money and self-dehumanization”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 149, 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.08.007 Savage, R. (2013) “Modern Genocidal Dehumanization: A New Model”, Patterns of Prejudice, 47(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2012.754575 Schroeder, J. ve Epley, N. (2020) “Demeaning: Dehumanizing Others by Minimizing the Importance of Their Psychological Needs”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(4), 765-791. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000199 Schwartz, S. ve Struch, N. (1989) “Values, Stereotypes, and Intergroup Antagonism,” D. Bar-Tal, C. Grauman, A. Kruglanski ve W. Stroebe (Ed.) Stereotypes and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions içinde, New York: Springer, 151-167. Smith, D. L. (2016) “Paradoxes of Dehumanization”, Social Theory and Practice, 42(2), 416-443. https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract201642222 Smith, D. L. (2021) Making Monsters: The Uncanny Power of Dehumanization, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Staub, E. (1989) The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence, New York: Cambridge University Press. Stinglhamber, F. ve Demoulin, S. (2023) “Enlarging the Victim’s Perspective on Dehumanization”, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 50, 101248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2023.101248 Taşdelen, B. (2020) “Twitter’da Suriyeli Mültecilere Karşı Çevrimiçi Nefret Söylemi: #suriyelileriistemiyoruz”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 562-575. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.706944 Tausen, B. M., Lee, J. H., Dischinger, A. S. ve Dennis, I. A. (2023) “When Dehumanization Does (and Does Not) Matter: Exploring the Relationship between Social Justice Motivations, Avoidant Behaviors, and Intentions to Help Individuals Experiencing Homelessness”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 53(9), 835-849. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12971 Vaes, J. ve Muratore, M. (2013) “Defensive Dehumanization in the Medical Practice: A Cross‐sectional Study from a Health Care Worker's Perspective”, British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(1), 180-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12008 Vaes, J., Paladino, M. P. ve Puvia, E. (2011) “Are Sexualized Females Complete Human Beings? Why Men and Women Dehumanize Sexually Objectified Women”, European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(6), 774-785. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.824 Viki, G. T., Fullerton, I., Raggett, H., Tait, F. ve Wiltshire, S. (2012) “The Role of Dehumanization in Attitudes toward the Social Exclusion and Rehabilitation of Sex Offenders”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(10), 2349-2367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00944.x Wackerhausen, A. C. (2023) “Dehumanization Clarified: What Are We Talking about, When We Talk about Dehumanization?”, Social Theory & Practice, 49(3), 543-577. https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract20211022143 Waytz, A. ve Epley, N. (2012) “Social Connection Enables Dehumanization”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.012 Yang, W., Jin, S., He, S., Fan, Q. ve Zhu, Y. (2015) “The Impact of Power on Humanity: Selfdehumanization in Powerlessness”, PloS One, 10, e0125721. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125721 Toplam 92 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Banu Açıkgöz ZONGULDAK BÜLENT ECEVİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Şubat 2024 Kabul Tarihi 9 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 82
Kaynak Göster APA Açıkgöz, B. (2024). İnsanın İnsana Ettiği: İnsandışılaştırma. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 3(82), 963-992. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1517551
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