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İPEK YOLU Skip to content İlkçağ ve Ortaçağ’da Çin ile Ortadoğu ve Batı ülkeleri arasında kullanılan ana ticaret yolu.
Yola bu ad, Alman coğrafyacısı Ferdinand von Richthofen tarafından Çin’le Ortadoğu arasında yapılan ticaretin ana metâını ipek teşkil ettiği için verilmiştir (Bonavia v.dğr., s. 13). İpek yolunun bir kısmı denizden olmak üzere birçok güzergâhı vardı. Arkeolojik kazılarda bulunan tarihî eserler, Sibirya’nın güneyinden geçen ve “kürk yolu” adıyla anılan kuzeydeki güzergâhın bunların en eskisi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yol Don nehrinin denize döküldüğü yerden başlıyor ve Persler’in oturduğu bölgeye varmadan kuzeye kıvrılıp Sibirya’nın güneyinden Tarım havzasına ulaşıyordu. Herodotos’un milâttan önce V. yüzyılda yazdıklarından Kuzey İpek yolunu Çin’in batı eyaleti Kansu’ya kadar takip etmek mümkün olmaktadır (Haussig, s. 13). Urallar’da yeşim Çin yüzükleri ve Shang hânedanının (m.ö. 1450-1050) son dönemine ait tunç baltalar bulunmuştur; Çinliler de tunç imalâtında kullandıkları bakırı muhtemelen bu bölgeden alıyorlardı. Eski Grek ve Romalı tâcirler ise Kerç Boğazı yolundan bölgeyle ticaret yapmaktaydılar; Urallar’ın doğusundaki Tobol kazılarında çıkan milâttan önce V ve IV. yüzyıllara ait altın Grek sikkeleri bunu göstermektedir. Güzergâhın İpek yoluna dahil edilmesinin sebebi, Sibirya’nın güneyindeki Pazırık kurganlarında (m.ö. V-I. yüzyıllar) Çin’den gelen ipekli kumaşlara rastlanmasıdır. Bulunan çok sayıdaki Grek, Göktürk, Hint ve Çin dillerinde ibareler taşıyan ticarî eşya, sikke ve gümüş külçeler İpek yolunun doğudan batıya, güneyden kuzeye coğrafî kapsamı hakkında bir fikir vermektedir.
İpek yolunun ana güzergâhı Çin’i Orta Asya ve İran üzerinden Mezopotamya’ya, oradan da Akdeniz kıyısındaki Antakya ve Sûr limanlarına bağlayan kara yoludur. Bu güzergâha dair en eski kayıt, milâttan önce VII. yüzyıla ait çivi yazılı bir tablet üzerinde olup yolun Mezopotamya’dan Hemedan’a (Ekbatan) kadar uzanan kısmıyla ilgilidir (a.g.e. , s. 22). Yol buradan Ahamenîler zamanında Soğd bölgesinin önemli merkezlerinden Kireşeta’ya (Kuruşkat) uzanıyordu. Hindistan’dan fildişi, pamuk, Orta Asya’dan gümüş, bakır, turkuaz, lâcivert taşı (lapis-lazuli) ve Kuzeydoğu Hindistan’dan keten kumaş, çift hörgüçlü Asya develerinden oluşturulan kervanlarla batıya taşınırdı. Mezopotamya ve Mısır’da paralı askerlik yapan İskitler’in hem bu ticaretin başlamasında, hem de kurgan geleneği gibi karşılıklı dinî ve kültürel etkilerin gelişmesinde önemli rolleri olduğu sanılmaktadır (a.g.e. , 51-53).
Milâttan önce 221’de Çin’de ekonomik bütünlüğün sağlanabilmesi için sikke ayarına gidildi ve ayrıca devlete ödenen vergilerde para gibi kullanılan ipeğin kalite ve top ağırlıklarına da standart getirildi. Böylece kaliteli ipek üretiminde ve bunun korunmasında devlet kontrolü büyük önem taşımaya başladı; kumaşların imal yeri, boyutları, ağırlık ve fiyatları hakkında bilgi verilmesi mecburi tutuldu. Artık dışarıdan gelen tüccar üreticiden doğrudan mal alamıyor, ihraç malı ipekliler için devlete ait veya devlet kontrolündeki merkezlere başvuruyordu. İpek yolunun belirli yerlerinde gümrük ve kalite denetimi yapan görevliler vardı. İlk kontrol başşehir Ch’an-gan’dan (Xi’an) hemen sonraydı; son kontroller ise Çin Seddi’nin Kansu eyaletini koruyan kısmındaki batıya açılan Tung-Huang kapısında yapılıyordu. Son dönemlerde ele geçen tarihî belgeler, seddin asker yerleştirilmiş gözetleme kulelerindeki bazı odalarının büro ve arşiv olarak kullanıldığını göstermektedir. İpek yolu güzergâhlarında zaman zaman rastlanan surlarla çevrili tesisler de kervanların konaklama emniyetini sağlamak içindir. Akşam olunca kulelerinden davul çalınarak kapıların kapanma saatinin geldiği ilân edilen müstahkem Selçuklu kervansarayları da aynı amaçla yapılmıştır.
İpek yolunun büyük bir bölümü milâttan önce II. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Hunlar’ın eline geçti. Yerleşim merkezlerinden Noyun Ula’da (Ulan Bator yakınlarında) çok sayıda ipekli dokuma parçaları bulunmuştur. Milâttan önce 140’da Çin’de imparator olan Vu di (Wu-ti), Hun hâkimiyetini yıkmak için büyük bir ordu kurmak istiyordu. Bu amaçla ve yeni pazarlar bulabileceği ümidiyle İpek yolunun ilk seyyahı kabul edilen kumandan Zhang Qian’ı (Chang Ch’ien) araştırma yapmak üzere görevlendirdi. 100 kişilik bir kervanla yola çıkan Zhang Qian, uzun ve maceralı bir yolculuktan sonra geri döndüğünde hükümdara gördüğü yerlerin zenginlikleri ve siyasî yapısı, özellikle Fergana atları ve Orta Asya’daki otuz altı şehir devleti hakkında bilgiler veren bir rapor sundu. Raporu değerlendiren Vu di, Hunlar’ı Gobi taraflarına çekilmek zorunda bıraktı. Öldüğü zaman Tarım havzası dahil Pamir sınırına kadar Orta Asya’yı ve İpek yolunun bu kesimini kontrolü altına almıştı.
Milâdın ilk yıllarında Çin’de ipek üretiminin en üst seviyesine ulaşmasına rağmen fiyatlarda büyük bir düşüş oldu. Üreticiyi zor durumda bırakan bu düşüşün sebebi ihracatta karşılaşılan sıkıntılardı. Üstelik Çin dışında Hoten’de de başlayan ipek üretimi daha sonra Hindistan, Kuça ve Turfan bölgelerine yayıldı. II. yüzyılda yaşayan coğrafyacı Batlamyus’un Antakya’dan Taş Kurgan’a (Taş Kule, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devri Arapça tercümesinde el-Burcü’l-hacerî) kadar olan güzergâh hakkında verdiği bilgilerin bir bölümü gidip gelen tüccarlardan dinledikleridir.
Ortaçağ’da İpek yolu güzergâhına birçok devlet sahip olmak istemiş ve yolun sağladığı ekonomik faydalar sebebiyle zaman zaman birbirleriyle savaşmıştır. V. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Kuzey Çin’e ve İpek yolunun büyük bir kısmına Tabgaç Türkleri hâkimdi. Ancak Tabgaçlar bir asır sonra parçalandılar; bütün arazileri benimsedikleri Budizm’in de etkisiyle Çin hânedanına intikal etti. Bu asrın başlarında Bizans, sık sık savaştığı Sâsânîler’le İran’dan gelecek malların kendi tüccarlarına satılacağı merkezler konusunda anlaştı. Aynı zamanda birer gümrük kontrol mahalli olan bu merkezler kuzeyde Artaxate (Artaşat [bugün Ermenistan’da]), Mezopotamya’da Nusaybin ve daha güneyde Callinicum (Rakka) idi. VI. yüzyılın ortalarında Bizans’ta da başlayan ipek üretimi saray erkânı, din adamları ve zengin sınıfın lüksünü karşılamaya yetmiyordu. Sâsânî Hükümdarı Enûşirvân’ın, Türkler’i ipek transit vergisinden mahrum bırakarak iktisadî açıdan zayıflatmak maksadıyla Soğd’dan gelen tüccarların geçişine izin vermemesi, Bizanslılar’la Türkler arasında bir yakınlaşmaya ve Hazar denizinin kuzeyinden Kerç’e ulaşan kolun canlanmasına yol açtı. Ancak Sâsânîler, kısa sürede eski güzergâhın açık kalmasının kendi lehlerine olduğunu farkettiler. Sâsânî-Bizans çekişmesi sırasında VII. yüzyılın başlarında Kur’an’da da bahsi geçen savaşlarda önce Sâsânîler, ardından Bizanslılar galip geldi. Herakleios 627-628’de Destecird hükümdar sarayına girdiğinde pek çok ipekli elbise, kumaş ve işlenmemiş ipekle büyük miktarda Hindistan kaynaklı baharat buldu (Heyd, s. 20). Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından kısa bir süre sonra İran’a ve Bizans’ın büyük bir bölümüne hâkim olan müslümanlar da Medâin’i fethettiklerinde burada çok miktarda misk, amber, öd ağacı stoku ve kâfur ele geçirdiler (a.g.e. , s. 20).
Çin sınır valilerinden Peikiou tarafından VII. yüzyılın başında hükümdara sunulan bir rapor ve 629’da Hindistan’a gitmek üzere Çin’in Kansu eyaletinden yola çıkan Budist rahip Huen-Çang’ın (Hiouen-Thsang) kaleme aldığı hâtırat, Orta Asya ticaret yollarının o dönemdeki durumu hakkında geniş bilgi vermektedir. Peikiou’nun raporuna göre bu yollar üç koldan oluşuyor ve tâli yollarla birbirine bağlanıyordu. Çin sınırından başlayan ve Gobi çölünden geçen kuzey yolunun eriştiği ilk meskûn nokta o zamanki adı Igu olan Hami (Komul) idi. Yol buradan kuzeye yönelip Bar gölüne (= Bar Köl [eski adı Pului]) komşu dağları ve bugünkü Çungarya’yı geçiyor, Balkaş gölü civarında Thiele (Töles) Uygurları’nın topraklarına, sonra da Turkuya (Türk) hakanının yurduna ulaşıyordu; daha sonra ise batı yönünde uzanarak Talas (Tarâz) nehri üzerinden aynı adı taşıyan şehre varıyordu. Orta yol Turfan, Kara-Şar ve Kuça’dan sonra güneyde Tianjin dağları boyunca uzanıp Kâşgar’ın batısında Terek Boğazı’nı geçiyor, Fergana ve Üsrûşene üzerinden Soğd’un ticaret merkezleri olan Semerkant ve Buhara’ya yöneliyordu; buradan ise güneybatıya sarkıp Merv’den sonra da Sâsânî İmparatorluğu’na varıyordu. Üçüncü yol Türk hakanlığının güney kısmında ilerliyordu. Bu yolu izleyen kervanlar, Hoten ve Yarkent’e kadar Lob gölünün güneybatısından geniş bir çölü hiç konaklamadan geçmek zorunda idiler. Ardından Pamir’in yüksek yaylalarını, Bedahşan ve Tohâristan’ı aşıp Bamyan ve Gazne boğazlarından Hindistan’a ulaşırlardı (a.g.e. , s. 15-17). Genelde göçebe hayatı yaşayan Türkler arasında özellikle Suşe’de (Tokmak) ve Fergana’da ticaretle uğraşanlar vardı. Tarım havzası halkının müreffeh hayatı Huen-Çang’ın dikkatini çekmişti. Yorucu bir yolcuktan sonra Isık Göl’ün batısında Göktürkler’in başşehri Süyab’a (= Suyeh) gelen Budist rahip Kağan Tong Şehu’nun iltifatına mazhar oldu. Anlattıklarına göre rahip zaman zaman eşkıya saldırısına uğrayan kervanlara da rastlamıştı. Bazı dar geçitler yol kesenlerin işini kolaylaştırmaktaydı; bunlar arasında Hûncerâb (kan vadisi) gibi adını kanlı baskınlardan alanlar da vardı. İpek yolu IX ve XI. yüzyıllarda, büyük bir kısmını kontrolleri altında tutan Uygurlar’ın sayesinde düzenli bir şekilde işleyerek gelişti. İslâm coğrafyacıları İbn Hurdâzbih ve Makdisî, o dönemde İslâm sınırına kadar giden bütün konakların adlarını ve mesafelerini verirler. Câhiz ticaretle ilgili risâlesinde Çin, Hindistan, Orta Asya ve İran şehirlerinden gelen malları sıralar ve özellikle Çin malları arasında yer alan ipek, kılıç, kâğıt, mürekkep, eyer, altın-gümüş kaplar vb. hakkında ayrıntılı açıklamalarda bulunur (et-Tebaṣṣur bi’t-ticâre , s. 21).
İpek yolunun Çin’deki başlangıç noktası olan Chang’an’da her milletten ve dinden insana rastlamak mümkündü; müslüman tüccarlar da Emevîler döneminden itibaren gelip gitmeye başlamışlardı. Burada bulunan ulucaminin (Qing Zhen Si) kuruluş tarihi 742 olarak verilir ki bu, Çin’in İslâm ordularına yenildiği Talas Savaşı’ndan (751) daha öncedir. Günümüzde İpek yolu bu şehirden sonra batıya doğru takip edildiğinde halen Moğolistan’a yün, ipek ve çay gönderen Lanzhou ile karşılaşılır. Lanzhou’nun 70 km. yakınında Binglingsi (bin Buda mağarası) vardır. İpek yolunda kayalara oyulmuş Budist manastır ve mâbedlerine rastlanır. Rahipler ipek üretimi ve ticaretiyle çok ilgilenmiş ve faaliyetlerini buralarda sürdürmüşlerdir.
Lanzhou’dan sonraki konak olan Linxia, Kansu’ya giden yollardan birkaçının birleştiği önemli bir merkez ve bir İslâm şehridir. Küçük Mekke de denilen şehirdeki yirmi kadar camiden sekizi komünist devriminden sonra yıkılmıştır. Burada bulunan 1300 yıllık Han Zeling (Hamuzeli) Türbesi müslümanlar tarafından ziyaret edilir. Qilian dağları ile Çin Seddi’nin batı kısmı arasında kalan, 1200 km. uzunluğunda ve büyük kısmı 200 km. genişliğindeki Hexi (Gansu) koridorunda demiryolu boyunca Wuvei, Youngchang, Shandan, Zhangye, Jiuquan ve Jiayuquan adlı yerleşim merkezleri sıralanmıştır. Geçidin en dar kısmı 15 kilometredir ve Çin Seddi burada son bulur. Hemen arkasındaki şehir Yumen’i izleyen Anxi, Taklamakan çölünün kuzey ve güneyinden geçen güzergâhların birleşme noktasıdır. Yol, güneyde Kunlun dağlarının kuzey etekleriyle Taklamakan çölünün güney kenarını takip ederek Dunhuang’tan sonra araları bir hayli mesafeli olan Baş Kurgan, Endere ve Niya’dan geçerek 2000 yıldır yeşimi, ipeği, halısı ve motiflerinin zarifliğiyle ünlü Hoten’e ulaşır. Hoten, milâttan önce II. yüzyılda bölgede hüküm süren otuz altı krallıktan biriydi. Hoten’den sonra Kargalik (Yecheng), Yarkent, Yengisar geçilerek Kâşgar’a varılır. Yarkent, yakın zamanlara kadar Hindistan ve Ladak’la olan ticareti sebebiyle Kâşgar’dan daha büyük bir şehirdi. Qing hânedanı döneminde buradan kervanlar ipek, çay, kıymetli taşlar, altın, kürk ve işlenmiş deri taşırlardı. Yarkent’in batısında Karakorum dağları ile Pamir arasında Hûncerâb Geçidi’nde Batlamyus’un sözünü ettiği Taş Kurgan bulunmaktadır. Daha sonra güneybatıda Vahan vadisinden ve Belh üzerinden günümüz Türkmenistan’ındaki eski Baktria’nın merkezi Merv’e ulaşılır. Anxi’den kuzeybatıya giden ikinci yol, Tianjin dağlarının güneyinden ve Tarım havzasından geçip Hami’den sonra Bar gölün güneyinden doğruca veya daha güneydeki Loulan’a uğrayarak Turfan’a ulaşır. Buradan da ya Urumçi, Kulja, Alma Ata (Almatı) ve Talas güzergâhıyla Mâverâünnehir’e veya Karaşehr, Korla, Kuça ve Aksu’dan Kâşgar’a uzanıp Terek Boğazı’nı geçerek Semerkant’a varır, ardından da İran ve Anadolu’ya ulaşırdı.
İpek yolunun deniz bağlantıları da vardı. En doğuda Chang’an’dan Çin denizi limanlarına götürülen ipek ve diğer mallar batıya doğru uzun bir yolculuğa çıkacak olan gemilere yüklenirdi; bir kısmı da Seylan’a götürülür ve buradan aktarıldığı başka gemilerle Basra körfezine gönderilirdi. Basra’nın kurulduğu yere yakın Übülle (Apologos) bu bölgede rastlanılan ilk antrepo idi. Gemiler, Şattülarap’tan içeri girerek eski İran’ın başşehri Medâin’e ve Hîre’ye ulaşır, kurulan panayırlardan ticaret malları her yana dağılırdı. Hindistan’dan kalkan gemilerin bazıları Güney Arabistan, Yemen ve Habeşistan’a yönelirdi. Habeşistan da Adulis Limanı’ndan Hindistan’a buhur, hint hıyarı, zümrüt, fildişi gibi Afrika ürünleri gönderirdi. Ayrıca Madagaskar’a kadar Mogadişu, Melindi, Mombasa, Kilve gibi limanlara ticaret gemileri uğrardı. Bizanslı tüccarlar önce İskenderiye’ye gelir, sonra Eyle’den denize açılarak Kızıldeniz veya kara yoluyla bu ticarete iştirak ederlerdi; bunlardan Habeş gemileriyle Hindistan’a gidenler de olurdu. 525 yılında Yemen Hükümdarı Zûnüvâs’ın Bizanslı tüccarları öldürtmesinin ticarî menfaatlerine sekte vuracağını düşünen Habeşler ona savaş açtılar. Bu gibi istisnaî durumlar dışında Kızıldeniz yolu ve Kur’an’da “yaz ve kış seferleri” (Kureyş 106/2) şeklinde bahsi geçen Aden-Suriye arası karayolu ticaret seferleri uzun süre düzenli bir şekilde devam etmiştir. İpek yolunun denizle bir diğer bağlantısı da kuzeyden Hûncerâb yoluyla Sind ve Gucerât limanlarına gelen malların Basra körfezine veya Aden-Kızıldeniz yoluyla Mısır’ın İskenderiye Limanı’na ve oradan Batı’ya taşınması şeklinde idi.
Arabistan’ın büyük bölümü tarıma el-verişli olmadığı için ticaret çok gelişmişti. Yarımadanın her tarafında panayır kurulan şehirler vardı. Mezopotamya’dan Habeşistan’a, Mısır’dan Uman’a kadar ticaretle uğraşanlar tercümana gerek duymaksızın birbirleriyle anlaşabilirlerdi. Mekkeliler kendilerine verilen emanlarla buralarda rahatça alışveriş yapabilmekteydiler. Gençliğinde ticaretle uğraşan Hz. Peygamber’in Abd-i Kays elçileriyle sohbetinden yarımadanın doğusunda bulunan panayır yerlerini tanıdığı anlaşılmaktadır (Müsned , IV, 206). Kur’an’da daha çok cennet tasvirlerinde rastlanan istebrak, sündüs, zerâbî, abkarî, kâfur, mercan, yakut, misk gibi Farsça asıllı kelimeler (Jeffery, 58-59, 150-151, 211, 246, 260, 264, 289), uzun zaman devam eden ve Hîre’den Yemen’e kadar denizden ve karadan uzanan ticarî ilişkiler sonucu Arapça’ya girmiştir. Irak, İran, Suriye, Azerbaycan, Anadolu’nun büyük bir bölümü ve Mısır’ın fethedilmesiyle İpek yolunun hemen hemen bütün güzergâhları müslümanların eline geçti. Emevîler ve Abbâsîler döneminde bu ticaret yolu işlemeye devam etti. Ayrıca deniz ticaretine büyük önem verildi; Denizci Simbad hikâyelerinde ve binbir gece masallarında bunun yansımaları görülür. Abbâsîler döneminde müslüman denizciler, Bağdat’taki büyük tüccarların mağazalarını Çin ipeklileri, Hint baharat ve güzel kokuları ile doldurmak için daha önce İran ve Habeş gemilerinin ancak erişebildikleri Seylan adasının ötesine gidiyorlardı. Çinliler de özellikle Tang hânedanı döneminde Hindistan’ın Malabar sahilleri rotasıyla Basra körfezine giriyorlardı. Demir attıkları yer genellikle körfezin doğu kıyısındaki Sîrâf ve Kiş idi. Burada gemilerine Basra, Uman ve diğer yerlerden gelen malları yükler, Maskat’a kadar Arabistan sahilini takip ettikten sonra engine açılıp dört haftada Malabar sahilinde Coulam’a (Quilon), oradan da Seylan adasını sağda bırakarak doğrudan Malaka Boğazı’na yönelip ülkelerine ulaşırlardı. İbn Hurdâzbih, bilgili ve tecrübeli kişilerin yardımıyla seyyahlar için bir deniz yolu rehberi yazmıştır (Heyd, s. 34). Şattülarap deltasında Übülle’den başlayan yol bugünkü Şanghay yakınlarında yer alan King-sse’ye (Hang-tchou-fou, Hang-zhou) kadar uzanıyordu. Mervezî’nin anlattıklarına göre gemi limana girdiğinde görevli memurlar tarafından karşılanır ve yolcular köleler dahil kaydedilirdi. Gemi sahibi ve tüccarların da baba adı, yaşı, memleketi, kabilesi ve getirdikleri mallar cinslerine göre yazılır, bundan sonra gemiden inmelerine izin verilip malları depolanır ve mühürlenirdi (Fuṣûl ḥavle’s-Sîn ve’t-Türk , s. 11). Burada kadıları dahi olan müslüman tüccarlar ibadet ve dinî konularda herhangi bir sıkıntı ile karşılaşmazlardı. Ancak 875’te Çin’in kuzeydoğusunda vuku bulan büyük bir ayaklanma sırasında zarar gören müslüman tüccarlar, antrepolarını harabeye dönen ülkeden Malaka yarımadasındaki Kalah’a taşıdılar (Heyd, s. 36). Denizyolu karayolundan daha fazla rağbet görüyordu. Horasan halkı, Çin’e gitmek için kervan yolunu değil daha uzun ve dolambaçlı olmasına rağmen Basra körfezinden başlayan denizyolunu tercih ediyordu.
X. yüzyılda Merv ve Cürcân’da çok kaliteli ipek üretimi yapılmaktaydı. Sâsânî ipek tüccarlarının müşterileri İslâm fütuhatından sonra daha da artmıştı. Hazar’dan gemiyle veya güneyinden kara yoluyla batıya yönelen tüccarlar Kafkaslar ve Doğu Anadolu’daki merkezlerde ticareti canlı tutarlardı. 1048-1049’da Selçuklular’ın eline geçen Doğu Anadolu’daki Erzurum, İpek yolu üzerinde önemli bir ticaret merkeziydi. Buradan ve Kafkasya’dan Trabzon Limanı’na gönderilen mallar İstanbul’a ve Batı ülkelerine ulaşırdı. Mes‘ûdî Trabzon’un müslüman, Rum ve Ermeni tâcirlerin ziyaret ettiği, çok sayıda pazar yeri bulunan bir şehir olduğunu söyler (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , I, 198-199). Bu bölgede müslümanlarla hıristiyanlar arasında Emevîler döneminde başlayan ve İskandinav ülkelerine kadar yayılan ticarî ilişkilerden söz edilebilir. İsveç, Norveç, Finlandiya ve Baltık ülkelerinde en eskisi VII, en yenisi XI. yüzyıllara ait çok sayıda İslâmî gümüş sikke bulunmuştur (Heyd, s. 65-66).
XII. yüzyılda Çin’den çıkarıldıktan sonra Türkistan’a gelerek siyasî hâkimiyeti ellerine geçiren ve bölgede istikrarı sağlayan Karahıtaylar doğu ile olan ticarî münasebetleri daha da güçlendirdiler. Bu dönemde İran’da Çin elbiseleri giymek moda haline gelmişti. XIII ve XIV. yüzyıllardaki Moğol hâkimiyeti döneminde de İpek yolu önemini korudu. Timur’un seferlerine dair zafernâmelerde Doğu Türkistan’da İpek yolu üzerinde bulunan şehirlerin Semerkant’a mesafelerinin kervanla ne kadar sürdüğünün bildirilmesi yolun işlerliğini göstermektedir. XVI. yüzyılda ise tarihin bu en büyük ticaret yolu, Isık Göl çevresiyle Doğu Türkistan’da bulunan Moğol toplulukları arasındaki sonu gelmez savaşlar sebebiyle güvenliğini yitirmiş, bu yüzden kervanlar artık gidip gelmez olurken denizyolu önem kazanmıştır. Kara ve deniz İpek yolu tarih boyunca farklı ırk ve dinlerden pek çok insanı ve kültürlerini kaynaştırmış, özellikle müslüman tüccarların İslâmiyet’i Çin, Hindistan, Doğu Hint adaları ve Filipinler’e kadar yaymalarına vasıta olmuştur.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 369-373 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.