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İRFÂNİYYE Skip to content Bilgi kaynağının keşif ve ilham olduğunu savunan tasavvufî ve felsefî akım.
Sözlükte “bilmek, tanımak, kavramak” anlamına gelen irfân kelimesinden nisbet ekiyle oluşturulan irfâniyye , Yunanca “bilgi” mânasındaki gnosis ten türetilen gnostisizm karşılığında modern Arapça’da kullanılan bir terim olup başta Tanrı olmak üzere varlık ve olaylarla dinî konulara dair gerçek ve derunî bilginin duyu verilerine, akıl yürütmeye veya burhanî kanıtlamalara dayanmaksızın sadece keşif ve ilham yoluyla elde edilebileceğini ileri süren mistik ve felsefî akımı ifade etmektedir. Aralarında farklar bulunmakla birlikte pek çok din ve kültürde görülen bu akımın ilk defa nerede ve ne zaman ortaya çıktığı tartışmalıdır. Aklî-burhanî bilgiyle keşfî-ilhamî bilgi tarzındaki ayırımın, dolayısıyla bir tavır olarak irfânîliğin en az Helenistik dönemin başlarından itibaren var olduğu bilinmektedir. Yakın zamanlara kadar Avrupa’daki gnostik akımların Hıristiyanlık’tan doğmuş sapık dinî akımlar olduğu kabul edilmişse de yeni araştırmalar bunların Hıristiyanlık’tan önce mevcut bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca bugün Batılı dinler tarihi uzmanları irfânî anlayışın putperest dinlerden başka Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslâm kültüründe de karşılaşılan genel bir fenomen olduğu görüşündedirler. Öte yandan Mandeizm ve Maniheizm gibi tamamen gnostik olan dinler yanında kendilerini yeni ve müstakil bir din olarak takdim etmeyip mevcut bir dinin bâtını ve hakikati sayan gnostik hareketler de vardır.
Gerek bir bilgi sistemi ve bilginin elde edilmesinde bir yöntem gerekse bir dünya görüşü, muayyen bir zihnî tavır ve ahlâkî tarz olarak irfânîliğin İslâm’dan önceki Yakındoğu’da, özellikle de Mısır, Suriye, Filistin ve Irak gibi bölgelerde hâkim olan kültürlerin önemli bir dinî, mistik ve felsefî boyutunu oluşturduğu ve İslâm’ın yayılmasıyla birlikte müslümanların bu tür akımlarla tanışıp onlardan etkilendiği, böylece irfânîliğin İslâm kültüründe yeni tarz ve formlar kazanarak devam ettiği bilinmektedir. İslâm kültür havzasında ortaya çıkan irfânî anlayışın genellikle mutasavvıflar, Şiî-İsmâilî düşünceye mensup olanlar ve kısmen filozoflar tarafından temsil edildiği görülmektedir.
Mutasavvıflarda irfan kavramı, keşif ve ilham yoluyla kalbe gelen ve umumiyetle aklî bilgiden üstün bir değer taşıdığı düşünülen bilgi çeşidine işaret etmek üzere kullanılmaktadır. Tasavvuf literatüründe bu terime nisbeten geç dönemlerde yer verilmeye başlanmış olsa da mutasavvıflar başlangıçtan itibaren duyu, akıl veya her ikisiyle elde edilen bilginin keşif ve müşahede sonucu elde edilen bilgiden farklı olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. Meselâ Zünnûn el-Mısrî bilgiyi avamın bilgisi, hakîmler, edipler ve âlimlerin bilgisi, velîlerin bilgisi olmak üzere üçe ayırmıştır. Sonuncusunu, yalnızca kalpleriyle Allah’ı müşahede edenlerin ulaşabildiği, bizzat Allah’ın lutfuyla kazanılan bilgi olarak tavsif etmiştir (Ferîdüddin Attâr, s. 186-187). Tasavvuf kültüründe ilme’l-yakīn, ayne’l-yakīn, hakka’l-yakīn şeklinde ifade edilen bilgi tasnifi de irfânî anlayışla ilgilidir. Kısmen felsefede ve Şiî-bâtınî düşüncede de görülen bu ayırım yanında zâhir-bâtın, şeriat-hakikat, avam-havas gibi ayırımlar da yine irfânî düşünceyle alâkalı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Kuşeyrî sûfîlerin ıstılahında ilme’l-yakīnin kesin aklî delille (burhan), ayne’l-yakīnin açıklama ve bildirimle (beyan), hakka’l-yakīnin ise keşif ve müşahede ile (iyan) elde edilen bilgiyi ifade ettiğini söylemekte; birincisinin akıl sahiplerine, ikincisinin ilim sahiplerine, üçüncüsünün mârifet (irfan) sahiplerine ait olduğunu kaydetmektedir. Bu çerçevede keşif ve müşahede esnasında kişinin kendisiyle gayb konuları arasındaki perdelerin kalktığını ve ona sırların açıldığını belirten Kuşeyrî, müşahede ile elde edilen bilginin üstünlüğüne işaret ederek şeriatın emredileni yerine getirmek, hakikatin ise Allah’ın kazâsını, kaderini, gizlediğini ve açıkladığını müşahede etmek olduğunu söylemektedir (er-Risâle , s. 47, 50, 51-52). Bu tür ayırımlar neticesinde giderek sûfîlerin iki gruba ayrıldığı, bir kısmı zâhirle bâtın, şeriatla hakikat arasında kesin ve sürekli bir ilişki bulunduğunu söyleyerek Sünnî çizgiyi korurken İran, Hint, Grek ve hıristiyan kaynaklı gnostik akımların daha yoğun biçimde etkisinde kalıp az çok Sünnî çizgiden sapan bazı sûfîler de zâhirî ilimleri ve hükümleri mârifet ve hakikate ulaşmanın geçici araçları olarak değerlendirip vüsûl gerçekleşince bu araçların da değerini yitireceğini savunmaya kadar varan görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir (Gazzâlî, III, 230, 405; Goldziher, s. 138-139, 170-185).
İslâm’da irfan düşüncesinin zirvesini temsil eden ve irfanı bir söylem olarak ortaya koyma yanında onu bir düşünme biçimi olarak da inşa eden İbnü’l-Arabî, irfânî bilgiyle (mârifet) aklî yahut istidlâlî bilgi (ilim) arasında bir ayırım yapmaktadır. Ona göre irfânî bilgi, hakikatin vasıtasız idrakidir ve aklın vermiş olduğu ihtimalî bilginin aksine eşyanın gerçekliğini kesin biçimde ortaya koymaktadır. Bu hadsî ya da bâtınî bilgi, bütün yaratıkların varlığını aydınlatan ilâhî feyze ait olup belirli bir ruhî arınma derecesine ulaşan sûfînin kalbine yayılan nur şeklinde kendini göstermektedir. Böyle bir bilginin geçerliliğini tesbit etme konusunda aklın bir otorite kabul edilmesi mümkün değildir (Ebü’l-Alâ Afîfî, s. 98-103; Chittick, s. 147-152). Allah’ın bazı velîlerine mahlûkatın sırlarını bahşedeceğini kaydeden İbnü’l-Arabî, bu çerçevede dinî nasların gerçekliğinin de onlara açılacağını belirtmektedir. Bu noktada diğer birçok irfânî düşünür ve sûfî gibi İbnü’l-Arabî de ilim ve mârifet ayırımına uygun bir biçimde irfânî düşüncenin temel özelliklerinden birini oluşturan zâhir ve bâtın ikiliğine başvurmaktadır. Buna göre bütün mahlûkatta bir zâhir, bir de bâtın yaratmış olan Allah, Kur’an’ı da zâhir ve bâtın olarak yaratmıştır. Allah’ın her milletin diliyle nebîlere kitap indirmesi zâhir, kitabın anlamlarını âriflerin kalplerine indirmesi de bâtındır. Her ikisi de O’nun katından gelmekle birlikte bâtındaki hitap zâhirdeki hitaptan daha üstün ve asıl maksat da bu hitap olduğundan zâhirden bâtınî anlama geçmek zorunlu olmaktadır (Muhammed Âbid el-Câbirî, s. 385-386). İslâm dünyasında felsefî tasavvufun başlıca simalarından olan İbnü’l-Arabî, irfânî düşünceyi sadece epistemolojik olarak değil ontolojik boyutu itibariyle de sistemli bir hale getirmiştir. Nitekim onun, yaygın bir biçimde irfan olarak tasvir edilen ve birtakım farklılıklarla çeşitli düşünürlerde görülen vahdet-i vücûd öğretisi bu açıdan önemli bir yere sahiptir.
İslâm dünyasında irfânîliğin tezahür ettiği alanlardan biri de sûfî irfânîlikle iç içe geçmiş bulunan Şiî-İsmâilî düşüncedir. İsmâilîlik’te bazı İslâmî inançlar gnostik ve Yeni Eflâtuncu unsurlarla karıştırılmış, ayrıca eski İran dinî-gnostik inançlarından bazı unsurlar da yeni bir felsefî-dinî form için devam ettirilmiştir. Hz. Ali’ye ve diğer imamlara izâfe edilen mitolojik ve yarı tanrısal nitelikler İslâmiyet’le esasta hiçbir ilişkisi bulunmayan bu unsurların sonucudur (Goldziher, s. 247). Akîde, felsefe, tarih ve siyaset gibi pek çok alanın imamın etrafında şekillendirildiği İsmâilî irfânîliğinin de en önemli hususiyeti, nasların anlamlarını zâhir ve bâtın şeklinde ikiye ayırarak ileri derecede te’vil metoduna başvurmasıdır. Burada Hz. Ali bir te’vil otoritesi olarak görülmekte ve ona nisbet edilen, “Kur’an zâhir ve bâtındır” şeklindeki, muhtelif rivayetlerle bazı sahâbîlere ve büyük Şiî imamlara atfedilen sözler, sûfî literatür yanında bu gelenekte de bâtınî te’vili meşrulaştırmada önemli ölçüde mesnet teşkil etmiştir.
İlk devir İsmâilî düşüncesine göre, gönderilen kitaplar ve şeriatlar peygamberden peygambere değişmekle birlikte bâtınî özellikler değişmeden kalmaktadır. Bu sebeple bâtın daima zâhirden üstündür; zâhir öze ulaşmak için kırılması gereken bir kabuk mesabesindedir. Bununla birlikte bâtını kavramak, sâlikin mânevî terakkisine ve şeriatın verilerini irfânî hakikatlere iletecek olan te’vilin şartlarına uygun olarak yerine getirilmesine bağlıdır. Genellikle harf ve sayıların birtakım sırrî ve mânevî özellikler taşıdığı iddiasına dayanılarak yapılan bâtınî te’viller sonucunda ortaya çıkan irfânî sistemde bir kozmoloji anlayışı ve devrî kutsal tarih görüşü önemli yer tutmaktadır.
İsmâilî düşüncenin sonraki devrelerinde zâhir ve bâtın arasındaki ilişki konusunda kısmen değişiklikler meydana gelmiş, bu ilişkide zâhiri nisbeten önemseyen tavırlar yanında zâhirin tamamen terkedilmesi gerektiğini savunan birçok görüş ve akım ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca kozmoloji görüşünde de bazı farklılıklar meydana gelmiştir. IV. (X.) yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Dâî en-Nesefî’nin Yeni Eflâtuncu ve sudûrcu evren anlayışı kendini göstermeye başlamış, sonraları Kirmânî’nin mitolojik unsurlarla karışık on akıl öğretisinde olduğu gibi daha önceki gnostik öğretilerden istifade ile oluşturulan bazı kozmolojik sistemler benimsenmiştir (bk. İSMÂİLİYYE ).
İrfânîliğin İslâm filozoflarındaki tezahürleri Kindî’den itibaren filozoflarda farklı ölçülerde görülmekteyse de bu tavır geniş bir biçimde ilk defa İbn Sînâ’nın meşrikī felsefesinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. İbn Sînâ, Meşşâîlik geleneğine paralel olarak düşünme yoluyla elde edilen bilgiye ciddi bir değer atfetse de bu konuda sezgiyi daha önemli ve kestirme bir yol olarak görmüştür. Eserinde irfan terimini de kullanan İbn Sînâ, el-İşârât ’ın “Maḳāmâtü’l-ʿârifîn” başlığını taşıyan bölümünde âriflerin makam ve hallerini anlatırken belirli bir riyâzet ve arınma sonucunda ârifin metafizik gerçeklere ve bazı ilâhî sırlara nasıl erdiğini tasvir etmektedir. Ayrıca çeşitli gnostik geleneklerde rastlanan remizleri kullanmak suretiyle yazdığı Ḥay b. Yaḳẓân , eṭ-Ṭayr ve Selâmân ve Ebsâl adlı sembolik hikâyelerinde gnostisizmin çeşitli konuları yanında insanın, aydınlanmasına engel olan bedenî ve nefsânî güçlerini aşarak bilginin semavî kaynağıyla temas kurabileceği ve varlık mertebeleri içerisindeki yerini kavrayabileceği fikrini işlemektedir.
İslâm felsefesinde irfânî düşünce geleneğinde Sühreverdî’nin öncülüğünü yaptığı, daha sonra Molla Sadrâ ve Mîr Dâmâd gibi İranlı filozoflarca temsil edilen İşrâkī felsefenin özel bir yeri vardır. Sühreverdî, geleneksel irfânî anlayışı sürdürerek filozofların görüşlerinin aksine bilginin akıl tarafından formların soyutlanması suretiyle değil nesnelerin vasıtasız kavranmasıyla elde edildiğini savunmuştur. Bu doğrudan farkına varmayı her türlü bilginin temel özelliği kabul eden Sühreverdî, Zerdüştîlik’teki nur kavramını yeniden canlandırarak idraki varlığın kendini aydınlatması olarak telakki etmiştir (Fazlurrahman, s. 156-157). Sühreverdî’nin, köklerinin eski Mısır, İran ve Yunan medeniyetlerine kadar uzandığını kaydettiği bu felsefeye göre gerçek bilgi ancak bir aydınlanma ve müşahede üzerine kurulabilir. Bu çerçevede mantıkî deliller, mistik müşahede ile elde edilen bilgilerin teorik bir tutarlılık içinde ortaya konulması için bir araç durumundadır. Böylece Sühreverdî’nin felsefesinde yer alan nur metafiziğinin ilkeleri, mantıkî istidlâllerin bir sonucu olarak değil bedenlerinden mânen kendilerini soyutlayanların müşahedeleri sonucu elde edilmiştir (Ḥikmetü’l-işrâḳ , II, 12-13, 156-157).
Farklı görünümlerine rağmen dinî meseleler ve varlık hakkında gerçek bilginin, ruhî hayatın derinleştirilmesine ve hikmete uygun yaşamaya bağlı olduğuna duydukları inanç genelde irfânî akımları, özelde ise İslâm dünyasındaki irfânî yaklaşımları bir araya getirmektedir. İrfânî akıma mensup olanlar belirli bir riyâzet ve ahlâkî olgunlukla elde edilen yetkin ve bâtınî bilgi aracılığıyla bilhassa dinin derûnî gayelerini keşfetmek istemektedirler.
İrfânîlik vâkıasının iki belirgin yönünün bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bunlardan biri evrene yönelik amelî ve ahlâkî bir tavrı, diğeri ise başlangıcı ve sonu itibariyle evreni ve insanı açıklayan bir nazariyeyi temsil etmesidir. Fakat yine de amelî bir tavır olarak irfan, nazarî irfanın zirvesi olduğu ve nazarî irfan da pratik irfanı temellendirdiği için her ikisi de birbirine bağlıdır ve biri diğerini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte genel olarak İslâm dünyasındaki irfânîliğe bakıldığında birbirini tamamlayan iki akımın varlığı söz konusu olmaktadır. Bu akımların birinde klasik dönem tasavvufunda olduğu gibi esasen tavır alma yönü (pratik yön) ağır basmaktadır. Ahlâkî boyutu sebebiyle gerek entelektüel çevrelerde gerekse halk kesimlerinde oldukça geniş bir tabanı olan bu amelî tavır ferdin dış dünyadan uzaklaşması ve kaçışı, bu dünyadaki durumundan duyduğu hoşnutsuzluk, Tanrı ile vuslat ve O’nunla bir tür birliğe ulaşma çabası şeklinde algılanır. Nazarî irfânîlikte ise felsefî tasavvuf, işrâkī gelenek ve Şiî-İsmâilî düşüncede ortaya çıktığı gibi, dinî nasların tefsir ve te’vili ile başlangıçtan sona kadar yaratılışın bütün gelişimini açıklayan dinî-felsefî bir teorinin oluşturulması çabası söz konusudur.
Başta Helenistik ve özellikle Hermetik dinî felsefe olmak üzere eski kültürlerden ulaşan gnostik mirastan beslenen İslâm irfânîliği, bir dereceye kadar bu mirasa göre oluşturmaya çalıştığı bâtın anlayışını hem felsefe, din ve mezhep hem de Şîa’da olduğu gibi siyaset düzleminde kullanmıştır. İslâm irfânîliğinin bunu, kendi dinî ve siyasî yapısıyla Hermetizm’in temsil ettiği kadim gnostisizmin Tanrı, âlem ve insan arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklayan doktrinel yapı arasında bir benzerlik kurarak gerçekleştirdiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca İslâm irfânîliğinin varlık, insan, zaman ve tarih görüşü bir çerçeve durumundaki nübüvvet-velâyet çifte kavramından elde edilmişse de bu çerçeve içinde işlev gören ana unsur Muhammed Âbid el-Câbirî’ye göre doğrudan ve açıkça Hermetik kültüre dayanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Sînâ, el-İşârât , IV, 68, 86-104.
Kuşeyrî, er-Risâle , Kahire 1318/1900, s. 47, 50, 51-52.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , III, 230, 405.
Sühreverdî el-Maktûl, Ḥikmetü’l-işrâḳ (nşr. Henry Corbin, Mecmûʿa-i Düvvüm-i Muṣannefât-i Şeyḫ-i İşrâḳ içinde), Tahran 1373, II, 12-13, 156-157.
Ferîdüddin Attâr, Tezkiretü’l-evliya (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1991, s. 186-187.
I. Goldziher, el-ʿAḳīde ve’ş-şerîʿa fi’l-İslâm (trc. Muhammed Yûsuf Mûsâ v.dğr.), Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-hadîse), s. 138-139, 170-185, 247.
Ebü’l-Alâ Afîfî, Muhyiddîn İbnu’l-Arabî’nin Tasavvuf Felsefesi (trc. Mehmet Dağ), Ankara 1975, s. 98-103.
Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Neşʾetü’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm , Kahire 1977, I, 186-223.
H. Corbin, Avicenna and the Visionary Recital (trc. W. R. Trask), Texas 1980, tür.yer.
a.mlf., İslâm Felsefesi Tarihi (trc. Hüseyin Hatemi), İstanbul 1986, s. 65-112, 131-145.
Fazlurrahman, İslâm (trc. Mehmet Dağ – Mehmet Aydın), İstanbul 1981, s. 156-157.
W. C. Chittick, The Sufi Path of Knowledge , Albany 1989, s. 147-152.
P. E. Walker, Early Philosophical Shiism: The Ismaili Neoplatonism of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī , Cambridge 1993, s. 124-133.
a.mlf., Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī: Ismaili Thought in the Age of al-Ḥākim , London 1999, s. 62-103.
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia (ed. Mehdi Amin Razavi), Richmond 1996, tür.yer.
Muhammed Âbid el-Câbirî, Arap-İslâm Kültürünün Akıl Yapısı (trc. Burhan Köroğlu v.dğr.), İstanbul 1999, s. 329-480.
Joseph Dan, “Jewish Gnosticism”, Jewish Studies Quarterly , II/4, Germany 1995, s. 309-328.
Hans Jonas, “Gnosticism”, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (nşr. Paul Edwards), New York 1972, III, 336-342.
Ioan Petru Culianu, “Gnosticism”, ER , V, 566-578.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 444-447 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.