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ÎSÂ BEY Skip to content (ö. 881/1476 [?])
XV. yüzyıl ortalarında Üsküp ve Bosna sancak beyliklerinde bulunan uç beyi.
Kaynaklarda adı İshakbeyoğlu Îsâ Bey ve Gazi Îsâ Bey olarak geçer. Babası, Üsküp fâtihi meşhur Osmanlı uç beylerinden Paşa Yiğit’in evlâtlığı olup sonradan buranın idaresini üstlenen İshak Bey’dir. Bazı kaynaklarda onun büyük bir hıristiyan aileye mensup olduğu da belirtilir (İnalcık, Fatih Devri , s. 149). Îsâ Bey’in Dubrovnik beyleriyle olan yazışmalarında, ailenin Bosna’nın aristokrat sülâlelerinden Kosaç ve Pavlovicler’le akraba olduğundan söz edilmektedir. Hayatının ilk yılları hakkında bilgi yoktur; ayrıca kaynaklarda Rumeli’de faaliyet gösteren diğer Îsâ beylerle zaman zaman karıştırılmıştır.
Üsküp sancak beyi olan babası İshak Bey’in yanında Balkanlar’daki fütuhata katılan Îsâ Bey kardeşleriyle birlikte Kosova, Arnavutluk, Makedonya, Sırbistan ve Bosna bölgelerinde mücadele etti. Zamanla hem kumandan hem idareci olarak şöhret kazandı. 843’te (1439) Sırp despotluğuna son verildiği sırada Üsküp sancak beyliğinde bulunduğu sanılmaktadır. 1444 yılı başlarında babasının ölümünün ardından onun yerine Semendire (Smederevo) sancak beyliğini üstlendi. 24 Rebîülevvel 848’deki (11 Temmuz 1444) Segedin Antlaşması ile Semendire Sırbistan’a bırakılınca yeniden Üsküp’e döndü. Bu arada II. Murad’ın Varna (848/1444) ve II. Kosova (852/1448) savaşlarına katıldı; bu mücadelelerde büyük yararlılıklar gösterdi (Gazavât-ı Sultân Murâd , s. 65; Hoca Sâdeddin, I, 394). II. Mehmed devrinde (1451-1481), Balkanlar’daki fetihlerde önemli rol oynayan uç beyleri arasında yer aldı. Özellikle Sırbistan ve Bosna bölgeleri onun ve kardeşi Mustafa Bey’in faaliyet sahasını oluşturdu (İA , VIII, 613). 859’da (1455) önemli gümüş madeni yataklarına sahip olan Novoberda’nın fethi için II. Mehmed’e haber gönderdi ve padişah tarafından kalenin teslimini teklif etmekle görevlendirildi. Kale müdafilerine yaptığı teslim teklifi reddedilince, Osmanlı ordusu burayı kısa süren bir kuşatma sonunda ele geçirdi (Neşrî, II, 719). II. Mehmed’in daha sonra Bosna’ya akına gönderdiği Îsâ Bey bu görevi de başarıyla yerine getirerek Üsküp’e döndü (İbn Kemal, VII. Defter, s. 118). 860’taki (1456) başarısız Belgrad Kuşatması’nda önemli hizmetlerde bulundu. Osmanlı ordusunda bozgunluk emâreleri görüldüğü ve bir kısım askerin geri çekildiği sırada bizzat padişahın yanında bulundu ve savaş mahallini terketmedi. Nitekim İbn Kemal savaşa katılan birinden naklen, II. Mehmed’in bulunduğu yere yapılan saldırı sırasında padişahın çok ciddi bir tehlike altında kaldığını, bir yanında İshakbeyoğlu Îsâ Bey’in, diğer yanında Uzguroğlu Îsâ Bey’in bulunduğunu, Îsâ Bey’in kardeşi Mustafa’nın da Macarlar’la ön sırada çarpıştığını, savaşın şiddetli bir anında Îsâ Bey’in padişahın bulunduğu yerden biraz uzağa düştüğünü, sonradan yeniden toparlanıp yetişen diğer askerlerle birlikte padişahın etrafını çeviren Macar askerlerini geriye püskürttüklerini yazar (a.g.e. , VII. Defter, s. 133-134).
863’te (1459) Semendire’nin ikinci defa fethine katılan Îsâ Bey burada da önemli görevler üstlendi. Kalenin teslim olması için Vezîriâzam Mahmud Paşa tarafından Alibeyoğlu Ahmed’le birlikte görevlendirildi. Kalenin zaptından sonra da Mahmud Paşa ile birlikte seferlere katıldı (Tursun Bey, s. 97; İbn Kemal, VII. Defter, s. 148). 868’de (1463) Bosna bölgesinin zaptının ardından Bosna sancak beyi oldu, bu görevini 874’e (1469) kadar sürdürdü. Onu uç beyleri arasında “hüsn-i tedbir sahibi, kesret-i hadem ve fart-ı haşemle mukaddem” bir bey olarak tanıtan İbn Kemal, 875’te (1470) Eğriboz’un alınmasından sonra Mora’daki Vostitza üzerine gönderildiğini, kaleyi muhasara eden Îsâ Bey’in buranın ele geçirilmesinde önemli rol oynadığını belirtir (Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , VII. Defter, s. 293-295). Ayrıca yine onun, Otlukbeli Meydan Savaşı sırasında (878/1473) II. Mehmed tarafından Rumeli’de Macar sınırını muhafaza etmekle görevlendirildiği, Îsâ Bey’in Macarlar’la hoş geçinerek barış yapma isteklerini müsait karşıladığı ve onları oyaladığı ifade edilir (a.g.e. , VII. Defter, s. 371). Dolayısıyla Îsâ Bey’in aynı zamanda mahir bir siyasetçi olduğu ve ordunun Anadolu’da bulunduğu kritik bir ortamda Rumeli uç bölgesinde herhangi bir karşı hareketi önlemeye çalıştığı anlaşılmaktadır. Îsâ Bey’le ilgili olarak Osmanlı kaynaklarındaki son haber, onun 881’de (1476) Morava bölgesindeki bazı hisarları yıktığına dairdir (Oruç b. Âdil, s. 130). Öte yandan Üsküp’te yaptırdığı Îsâ Bey Camii’nin kitâbesi 880 (1475) tarihini taşımaktadır. Bu bilgiler, muhtemelen 1476 yılı civarında Üsküp’te vefat etmiş olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Oğlu Mehmed Çelebi, babasının Üsküp’teki imaretine Edirne’deki Uzgaş köyünü vakfetmiştir (890/1485; Gökbilgin, s. 333-334).
Üsküp ve Bosna serhaddinde kudretli bir uç beyi olarak faaliyet gösteren Îsâ Bey hakkında bazı menkıbevî hikâyeler de ortaya çıkmıştır. 1448 Kosova Savaşı sırasında kendisi ve babasıyla ilgili bir menkıbeyi İbn Kemal eserine almıştır (Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , VII. Defter, s. 537-538). Sancak beyliği sırasında Osmanlılar’a tâbi haraçgüzâr statüsündeki Dubrovnik’le ticarî münasebetleri geliştiren (1451) Îsâ Bey’in Üsküp sancak beyi olarak 1455’te Üsküp vilâyeti hariç olmak üzere Zvečan, Jeleč, Sjenica, Ras, Nikšic, Sarayova (Sarajevo, Saraybosna), Kalkandelen (Tetovo) bölgelerinden tahsis edilen haslarının tutarı yıllık 763.000 akçeye ulaşmaktaydı. Söz konusu bölgelerde kendisinin hizmetinde olduğu tahmin edilen hıristiyan sipahiler de bulunmaktaydı. Kalkandelen dışındaki diğer bölgelerde 189 timardan 160 kadarı kendi adamlarının elindeydi. Kalkandelen’de yine onun bölgesinde timar sahibi olan kırk bir hizmetkârı bulunuyordu. Îsâ Bey’in taalluku olarak zikredilen hıristiyan timar sahipleri, gulâm statüsünde değil hizmetkâr olarak defterlere kaydedilmişti. Bunlar, muhtemelen bir timar bulamadıkları için Îsâ Bey’in hizmetine girmiş olan hıristiyan askerler olmalıdır (İnalcık, Fâtih Devri , s. 149-150; Šabanović, Krajište Isa Bega Ishakovića , s. XLVII-LVI, 3-22, 23-51, 52-57, 60-66, 67-94, 95-116).
Sancak beyi olarak sağladığı büyük gelirlerin bir bölümünü hayrata sarfeden Îsâ Bey Üsküp’te kendi adını taşıyan bir cami (Îsâ Bey Camii), mescid, kervansaray, hankah, medrese yaptırdı; ayrıca su kemerleri inşa ettirerek şehrin su ihtiyacını karşıladı. Bu eserlerden medrese ve hankah için tanzim ettirdiği Safer 874 (Ağustos 1469) tarihli bir de vakfiyesi bulunmakta olup bu vakfiye Gliša Elezović tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Ayverdi, Avrupa’da Osmanlı Mimârî Eserleri III/3 , s. 250-252). Vakfiyeden anlaşıldığına göre hankah/zâviyenin mutfağı bir imaret görevi yapmakta ve buradan ihtiyaç sahiplerine yiyecek verilmekteydi. Vakfiyede sözü edilen kütüphaneden bugün bir iz kalmamıştır. Tahsis edilen vakıfların ise çok büyük ve zengin olduğu, birçok arazi, dükkân, değirmen ve bağı içine aldığı dikkati çekmektedir. Ayrıca Îsâ Bey, yeni fethedilen Ras ve Hodidjed (Hodidede ya da bugünkü Saraybosna’nın doğusunda Gradište kasabası, bk. Šabanović, Krajište Isa Bega Ishakovića , s. 60) adlarıyla anılan bölgelerde Yeni Şehir (Novi Pazar-Sandžak) ve Sarayova şehirlerinin kurulmasında yaptırdığı eserlerle önemli rol oynadı. Nitekim Kemurazâde Seyfeddin, Sarayova’da II. Mehmed adına bir cami yaptırdığını (862/1458), Hünkâr Camii (Careva Dzamija) adıyla bilinen caminin bundan dolayı yaptıranın değil sultanın adını taşıdığını yazar (TOEM , II/12 [1329], s. 774-776). Ayrıca yine Sarayova’da Bentbaşı’nda, Kolobara Hanı ve Çarşısı (1462) yanında mesnevi tekkesi, imaret, han ve hamam inşa ettiren Îsâ Bey, bunlar için Cemâziyelevvel 866 (Şubat 1462) tarihli bir vakfiye de düzenlemiştir. Vakıf gelirleri arasında değirmen, nehir kenarında hanın yanında yaptırılan dükkânlar, civarındaki bazı köy ve mezraalar bulunmaktadır (Ayverdi, Avrupa’da Osmanlı Mimârî Eserleri II/3 , s. 389-391). Özellikle yaptırdığı sarayın muhteşem olduğu ve bundan dolayı şehre Sarayova adının verildiği rivayet edilir. Nitekim 1489 tarihli bir kayda göre Sarayova’nın bulunduğu yer Brodaca adlı köyün ekinliği olup burası daha sonra Îsâ Bey tarafından alınarak imar edilmiştir (Şahin, s. 22). Bu bakımdan Îsâ Bey aynı zamanda Sarayova’nın kurucusu olarak da anılır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih , s. 145-146.
Tursun Bey, Târîh-i Ebü’l-Feth (nşr. Mertol Tulum), İstanbul 1971, s. 97, 136.
Oruç b. Âdil, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , s. 130.
Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Unat) , I, 311; II, 719.
İbn Kemal, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , VII. Defter, s. 116, 118, 124, 133-134, 148, 293-295, 371, 537-538.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , I, 394, 452-454.
Sicill-i Osmânî , III, 610.
Muvakkit, Târîh-i Diyâr-ı Bosna (Kemura’nın Balkanski Institut u Sarajevu ’daki yazma nüshası), I, 57.
Gökbilgin, Edirne ve Paşa Livâsı , s. 333-334.
Halil İnalcık, Fatih Devri Üzerinde Tetkikler ve Vesikalar: I , Ankara 1954, s. 149-150.
a.mlf., “Murad II.”, İA , VIII, 613.
Hazim Šabanović, Krajište Isa Bega Ishakovića Zbirni Katastarski Popis iz 1455. Godine , Sarajevo 1964, s. XLVII-LVI, 3-22, 23-51, 52-57, 60-66, 67-94, 95-116.
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a.mlf., “Ishakovići”, Enciklopedija Jugoslavije , Zagreb 1960, IV, 371.
a.mlf., “Ishakovići”, Vojna Enciklopedija , Beograd 1972, III, 653.
Ayverdi, Avrupa’da Osmanlı Mimârî Eserleri II/3 , s. 361-363, 389-391; III/3, s. 250-254.
a.mlf., “Yugoslavya’da Türk Âbideleri ve Vakıfları”, VD , sy. 3 (1956), s. 195.
Safvet Beg Bašagić-Redžepašić (Mirza Safvet), Kratka Uputa u Prošlost Bosne i Hercegovine (Od g. 1463-1850) , Sarajevo 1989, s. 12.
a.mlf., Znameniti Hrvati Bošnjaci i Hercegovci u Turskoj Carevini (Bošnjaci i Hercegovci u Islamskoj Književnosti içinde), Sarajevo 1986, s. 376.
İlhan Şahin, “Osmanlı Döneminde Sarayova (Saraybosna)’nın Kuruluşu ve Yükselişi (1455-1561)”, Bosna-Hersek , İstanbul 1992, s. 22.
Ćiro Truhelka, “Tursko-slavjenski spomenici dubrovačke arhive”, Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini , XXIII, Sarajevo 1911, s. 197.
Kemurazâde Seyfeddin Fehmi, “Saray Bosna’da Ebniye-i Hayriyyenin Musavver Tarihi: Hünkar Câmi-i Şerîfi”, TOEM , II/12 (1329), s. 774-776.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 475-476 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.