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İSİM-MÜSEMMÂ Skip to content Allah’ın isimleriyle zâtı arasındaki ilişkiye dair tartışmaları ifade eden kelâm terimi.
Sözlükte ism “varlıklara verilen ad”, müsemmâ “adlandırılan varlık”, tesmiye de “adlandırma” demektir. İsim bir hakikate delâlet eden mutlak lafız, müsemmâ bu hakikatin kendisini oluşturan şey, tesmiye ise isim ile müsemmâ arasındaki irtibatı sağlayan mânadır. İsim, kelime çeşitlerinin hepsini içine almakta olup “cevher ve araz türünden bütün nesne ve mânalar için konulmuş lafız” diye tanımlanır (Ebü’l-Bekā, s. 56). Bu yönüyle söz, fiil veya nitelik türündeki bütün kavramları zihne taşıyan bir vasıta konumundadır. Nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de mutlak olarak geçen, “Âdem’e bütün isimleri öğretti” (el-Bakara 2/31) ifadesi cevher ve arazların tamamının isimlerini kapsamaktadır. Adlandırılan şey hariçte bulunan bir nesne olabileceği gibi zihnî bir varlık da olabilir.
Bir lafzın hangi anlam karşılığında kullanıldığını bilmek lafızla medlûlü arasındaki özel nisbeti bilmeye bağlıdır. Dilcilerin “isnad”, kelâmcıların “tesmiye” dedikleri bu nisbetin zorunlu olduğunu söyleyenlere göre isimlerin müsemmâya delâleti (vaz‘) tevkīfîdir. Halbuki bu nisbet bazan doğru, bazan da yanlış olabilir. Dolayısıyla kullanılan lafızların esas itibariyle kesbî mi yoksa tâlimî mi olduğu, dilin müsemmânın hakikatine paralel bir realitesinin bulunup bulunmadığı ve kelimelerin bizâtihi mevcut gerçekler olarak insana öğretilip öğretilmediği hususu tartışmalıdır. Hz. Âdem’e bütün isimlerin öğretildiğini bildiren âyetten hareketle bunun tâlimî olduğunu ve isimlerin hakikatlere uygun realitelerinin bulunduğunu ileri sürenlerin yanında aksini iddia edenler de vardır. Birinci görüşü savunanlar dille ifade edilenlerin mutlak hakikati aynen yansıttığını söylerken aksini savunanlar dilin hakikatin aynını değil onun algılanışını yansıtan bir söylem olduğunu, dolayısıyla aynı hakikatin değişik ifade şekillerinin bulunabileceğini kabul ederler.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “ism” kavramı isim ve fiil halinde yetmiş bir yerde geçmektedir. Bunların yarısından fazlası isim veya çoğulu olan esmâ , ikisi “adaş” anlamındaki semiy , geri kalanları da tesmiye masdarına bağlı isimlerdir. Fakat bu kullanımların hiçbiri, kelâm literatüründe yer alan isim-müsemmâ tartışmasıyla ilgili değildir. Hadis kaynaklarında da bu konuya işaret eden sahih bir rivayet yoktur.
Kelâmcılar, isim-müsemmâ konusuna isimlerle, adlandırdıkları varlıklar arasında nasıl bir ilişkinin kurulabileceği açısından yaklaşmışlar, ilâhî isim ve sıfatların Allah’ın zâtının aynı veya gayri oluşunu belirlemek için bu hususu incelemişlerdir. Kelâmcıların burada tartıştığı asıl mesele felsefecilerin yaptığı gibi fenomenler âlemine ilişkin varlıklar, meselâ “deniz” veya “kitap” gibi isimlerle bunların müsemmâları olan su ve kâğıt arasındaki ilişki değil Allah’ın zâtı ile isim ve sıfatları arasındaki ilişkidir. Allah, zâtı gereği duyularla algılanamayan bir varlık olup insanın tecrübî bilgisine doğrudan konu teşkil etmez. Bu sebeple “bilen, güç yetiren, bağışlayan” gibi isimlerin Allah hakkında ne ifade ettiğini belirlemek için tartışılan isim-müsemmâ konusu sıfat probleminin bir bölümünü oluşturur.
İsim-müsemmâ meselesi, ilâhî sıfatlara ilişkin tartışmaların başlamasından sonra muhtemelen II. (VIII.) yüzyılda ortaya çıkmıştır. Konuyu ilk olarak Gaylân ed-Dımaşkī ve öğrencisi Cehm b. Safvân’ın gündeme getirdiği ve Mu‘tezile’nin de onları takip ettiği sanılmaktadır. Dârimî’nin, er-Red ʿale’l-Merîsî adlı eserinde (s. 7) “Allah’ın isimlerine ve onların gayri mahlûk olduğuna iman” şeklinde bir başlığın bulunması, problemin erken devirlerden itibaren tartışmaya başlandığını göstermektedir. Buhârî de Cehmiyye’nin Kur’an gibi ilâhî isimleri de mahlûk kabul ettiğini belirtir (Hadîs-i Şerifler Işığında , s. 36).
Cehmiyye, Mu‘tezile ve Şiî kelâmcıları ismin müsemmâdan ayrı, tesmiyenin ise aynı olduğu görüşündedir. Kādî Abdülcebbâr, isimle müsemmânın aynı olduğu görüşünün gerçek ve aklî ilkelerle uyuşmadığını belirtir. Nitekim “ateş” kelimesini söyleyen kimsenin ağzı yanmaz. Ayrıca ismin araz, müsemmânın cisim olması farklılık arzettiklerinin bir başka delilini oluşturur. Kādî Abdülcebbâr, isimle tesmiyenin aynı, tesmiyenin ise müsemmâdan ayrı olduğunu iddia edenlerin ismi de böyle değerlendirmeleri gerektiğini söyler (Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 542-543). Ona göre isimlendirme tevkīfî değil aklî olup isimlerin müsemmâya taalluku haber verme, delâlet etme ve bilgilendirme şeklindedir. Müsemmâyı tanımaya yardımcı olacak farklı isimlerin kullanılmasında bir sakınca bulunmadığı gibi bu noktada Allah ile yaratıklar arasında da bir fark yoktur (el-Muġnî , V, 173-185). Mu‘tezile’yi böyle düşünmeye sevkeden şey, isimle müsemmânın aynı olması halinde birden fazla kadîm varlığın oluşacağı endişesidir.
Şîa âlimlerinden Feyz-i Kâşânî, imamların görüşüne dayanarak ismin belli bir sıfatla nitelenen zâta delâlet eden lafız olduğunu kaydeder (ʿİlmü’l-yaḳīn , I, 97-98). Ona göre isim herhangi bir varlığa ait niteliği bildiren bir sıfat olabilir, bu durumda varlık itibariyle isim müsemmânın aynıdır. Bazan da lafızdan anlaşılan mâna için kullanılabilir, bu durumda ise isimle müsemmâ ayrıdır (Küleynî, I, 113-114). Ca‘fer es-Sâdık, isim-müsemmâ ilişkisi konusunda ayniyet veya gayriyet yerine bazı Selef âlimleri gibi ismin müsemmâyı nitelediği görüşünü tercih eder (Lâlekâî, I, 204).
İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî gibi Selef âlimlerine göre isimle müsemmâ aynıdır (a.g.e. , I, 204-205; II, 378; İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl , V, 35). İbn Batta ise ilâhî isimler konusunda “ne aynı ne de gayridir” denilemeyeceğini söyler (Seffârînî, I, 122). Selefiyye’nin erken devir âlimlerinden Dârimî’ye göre Allah’ın isim ve sıfatları birbirine muhalif olmadığı gibi zâtına da aykırı değildir (er-Red ʿale’l-Merîsî , s. 6-9). Dârimî, Cehmiyye ve Mu‘tezile’ye cevap verirken lafızla isimleri birbirinden ayırır, lafızların harflerden oluşmasına karşılık isimlerin böyle olmadığını söyler. Ona göre nasıl bir insanın resmi yakıldığında sahibi bundan zarar görmezse lafız halindeki isim de zâttan ayrıdır (M. Mahmûd Ebû Rahîm, s. 108-112).
Müteahhir dönem Selef âlimlerinden Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, isim-müsemmâ meselesinin halku’l-Kur’ân tartışmalarına bağlı olarak doğduğunu söyler. Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğunu ileri süren Cehmiyye, orada yer alan ilâhî isimlerin de mahlûk olup müsemmânın gayri durumunda bulunduğunu belirtmiş, Ehl-i sünnet âlimleri de, “İsim müsemmânın aynıdır” sözüyle buna karşılık vermiştir. İbn Teymiye’ye göre ismin müsemmânın aynı olduğu iddiasını ilk defa Lafzıyye mensupları ortaya atmış, sonra da bunu Ahmed b. Hanbel’e nisbet etmişlerdir, halbuki Ahmed b. Hanbel bu tartışmalardan uzak durmuştur. Bu konuda doğru olan ise her iki görüşü reddedip Allah ve resulünün ifade ettiği gibi, “İsim müsemmâya aittir” hükmünü vermek ve naslara tâbi olmaktır (Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , VI, 185-210; XII, 168-169). İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye ismin lafız, müsemmânın şahıs olduğunu, dolayısıyla birbirinden ayrı kabul edilmeleri gerektiğini söyler. İbn Kayyim, yaratıklar için kullanıldığında isim müsemmânın gayri olmakla beraber Kur’an’da zikredilen ilâhî isimlerin gayri mahlûk olduğunu, zâtın aynı veya gayri olarak nitelenemeyeceğini belirterek bu konuda hem Mu‘tezile hem de Lafzıyye’den ayrı bir görüş benimser (Bedâʾiʿu’l-fevâʾid , I, 16-18; Ahmed b. İbrâhim b. Îsâ, I, 68-71).
Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcıları tarafından genelde benimsenen görüşe göre Allah’ın isim ve sıfatları zâtına nisbet edilen mânalar olup zâttan bağımsız değildir. Bu sebeple birden fazla isim veya sıfatın zâta izâfe edilmesi tevhid inancına zarar vermez; isimler müsemmânın gayri olarak düşünüldüğü takdirde tevhid inancı zedelenmiş olur. Kur’an’da “hayır ve bereket lutfetmede erişilmez” demek olan “tebâreke” (er-Rahmân 55/78), mutlak mânada aşkınlık ifade eden “tesbîh” (el-Vâkıa 56/74, 96; el-Hâkka 69/52; el-A‘lâ 87/1) ve anma anlamına gelen “zikir” (el-Mâide 5/4; el-En‘âm 6/118, 119, 121, 138; el-Müzzemmil 73/8; el-İnsân 76/25; el-A‘lâ 87/15) kavramlarının hem doğrudan doğruya Allah ve rab kelimelerine hem de bunlara muzaf olan isim kelimesine nisbet edilmesi ve insanların taktığı kuru isimlere tapmalarının kınanması (el-A‘râf 7/71; Yûsuf 12/40; en-Necm 53/23) konunun naklî delillerini teşkil eder. Eğer isim müsemmânın gayri olsaydı söz konusu âyetlerde Allah’ın zâtı değil ismi birlenmiş ve putların kendilerine değil isimlerine tapınılmış (Cüveynî, s. 141-142), ayrıca, “Muhammed Allah’ın resulüdür” denildiğinde risâlet Muhammed’in kendisine değil ismine nisbet edilmiş olurdu.
Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî Allah’ın isimleriyle sıfatlarının aynı, sıfatları ile zâtının ayrı olduğunu söyler (İbn Fûrek, s. 38-39). İbn Hazm’ın kaydettiğine göre İbn Fûrek ve Bâkıllânî, “İsim müsemmânın gayridir” diyenlerin “teaddüd-i kudemâ” ithamından kurtulmak için lafza-i celâl dışındaki isimlerin aslında sıfat olduğunu ve Allah’ın bir tek isminin bulunduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir (el-Faṣl , V, 32). Eş‘arîler müsemmâ ile ilgileri yönünden isimleri üç gruba ayırır. a) “Şey, zât, mevcûd” gibi müsemmânın aynı olanlar. Allah lafzı bunun örneğini teşkil eder, zira bu lafız, kendisinde hiçbir itibarî mâna olmaksızın zât için kullanılan ve O’nun aynı olan bir isimdir. b) “Hâlik, râzık” lafızlarında olduğu gibi müsemmânın gayri olan isimler. Bu isimlerin başkasına da nisbeti câizdir ve bu durumda söz konusu nisbet müsemmânın gayri olur. c) “Alîm, kadîr” lafızları gibi müsemmânın ne aynı ne de gayri olan isimler (Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî, el-Esmâʾ ve’ṣ-ṣıfât , s. 26-27; Gazzâlî, s. 7; Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, II, 403). Eş‘arîler, ismin tesmiye mânasına kullanılması halinde müsemmânın gayri olacağını kabul eder. Onlara göre meselâ adı Muhammed olan birine, “İsmin nedir?” diye sorulunca “Muhammed” der. “Muhammed kimdir?” denince de “ben” cevabını verir. Sorunun birinde “ne”, diğerinde “kim” edatının kullanılmasından da anlaşıldığı üzere Muhammed ismi şahıs olan Muhammed’den farklı bir anlamda kullanılmıştır (Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, el-Kifâye , vr. 18b ).
Gazzâlî isim, müsemmâ ve tesmiyenin ayrı ayrı tabirler olduğunu, varlığın dış dünyada, zihinde ve lafızda olmak üzere üç merhalesinin bulunduğunu, birincisinin hakiki, diğerlerinin izâfî olduğunu kaydeder. Ona göre bu üç tür varlık birbirinden ayrı olmakla birlikte aralarındaki yakınlık ilişkisi sebebiyle bazılarınca ayırt edilememiştir. Gazzâlî, isimlerle varlıklar arasındaki aynîlik ve ayrılık ilişkisini hakikatlerin ortaya konması için bir yöntem olarak kabul eder. Mu‘tezile, Eş‘ariyye ve Gazzâlî’nin görüşlerini tahlil eden Fahreddin er-Râzî Gazzâlî’yi haklı bulur (Levâmiʿu’l-beyyinât , s. 18-26). Adudüddin el-Îcî ve Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî ise tartışmanın lafız halindeki isimle müsemmâ arasında değil ismin medlûlü ile asıl varlık arasındaki ilişkide söz konusu olduğu görüşündedir. Cürcânî konuyu, “İsmin medlûlü, mahiyet itibariyle mi yoksa ona ârız olan ve uygun düşen bir mâna itibariyle mi zâtın aynıdır?” şeklinde ortaya koyduktan sonra Eş‘arîler’in, “İsim müsemmânın aynıdır” derken lafız halindeki ismi değil medlûlünü kastettiklerini ve lafız halindeki isim için ise tesmiye tabirini kullandıklarını söyler (Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , II, 403).
Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî’ye göre insanlar, duyularla idrak edilemeyen Allah’ı duyulur âlemin kavramlarıyla idrak ederler. Bu onları Allah ile diğer varlıklar arasında bir benzerlik kurmaya götürmez, zira naslar her türlü yaratılmışlık özelliğini Allah’tan nefyeder (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 93-96). Mâtürîdî’nin bu ifadelerinden onun, isimleri Allah’ın zâtına delâlet eden ve medlûlü hatırlatan vasıtalar olarak kabul ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî ve Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî’ye göre isim müsemmânın aynıdır (Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 88-90; Baḥrü’l-kelâm , s. 19). Muhammed b. Eşref es-Semerkandî bu konuda Mâtürîdiyye’den ayrılır. Semerkandî, “İsim müsemmânın aynıdır” görüşünü Eş‘arîler’e nisbet ettikten sonra bunu eleştirir. Ona göre isim lafzını söyleyip müsemmâyı kastetmek mecazi bir kullanımdır. Eş‘arîler’in görüşü, Allah’ın birden fazla isminin bulunduğunu bildiren âyetlere (el-A‘râf 7/180; el-İsrâ 17/110) ve doksan dokuz isminin olduğuna ilişkin hadise (Miftâḥu künûzi’s-sünne , “ism” md.) aykırıdır. İsimle bir şeye delâlet eden lafız kastedilirse müsemmânın gayri, başka bir şey kastedilirse müsemmânın aynı olur (eṣ-Ṣaḥâʾifü’l-ilâhiyye , s. 395-398).
Allah’ın yaratıklarla münasebetinin zât mertebesinde değil ulûhet mertebesinde gerçekleştiğini savunan sûfîler isimle müsemmâyı aynı kabul eder. İbn Kasî, ilâhî isimlerden her birinin bütün esmâ-i hüsnâ yerine kullanılabileceğini söyler. Ona göre isimlerin bir bâtın, bir de zâhir yönü vardır. Allah isimlerinin bâtın yönüyle melekût âlemine, zâhir yönüyle de mülk âlemine hükmeder. Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî isim, müsemmâ ve tesmiye konularındaki tartışmanın lafzî bir ihtilâf olduğunu kaydettikten sonra ismin müsemmâdan ayrı olduğunu belirtmekte, isimleri kendi aralarında çeşitli tasniflere tâbi tutmaktadır (el-Fütûḥât , I, 205; II, 123-131). Sûfîler, ilâhî isimlerin semantik ve ontolojik boyutlarının yanı sıra ahlâkî boyutlarının da bulunduğuna dikkat çekerek insanın bu isimler vasıtasıyla ilâhî ahlâkla ahlâklanabileceğini, hatta ittisâle ulaşabileceğini ileri sürerler.
İsim ve sıfatlardan soyutlanmış bir tanrıyı kavramak imkânsızdır. Allah hakkında bilgi sahibi olmanın O’nun isim ve sıfatları dışında bir yolu yoktur, nitekim Kur’an da bu yöntemi izler. Ancak bu maksatla çeşitli kavramlar ve semboller kullanmak gerekir. Bu sembollere zaman zaman değişik anlamlar yüklenmiştir. İsim-müsemmâ tartışmalarının temelinde, terimlere yüklenen farklı mânalarla lafız-mâna ve dil-mantık ilişkisinin gerektiği şekilde anlaşılamamış olması yatmaktadır. Hemen hemen bütün gruplar, Allah’ın zâtı ve sıfatları itibariyle yaratılmışlık özelliği taşıyan her türlü nitelemeden münezzeh olduğunu kabul eder. Fakat muhtelif mezhep veya şahıslar isim, tesmiye, müsemmâ kelimelerine farklı anlamlar yükleyerek karşı görüşleri eleştirir. İsim-müsemmâ probleminin büyük ölçüde lafızlarıyla mânaları aynı olan bir terminolojiyi kullanmamaktan kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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M. Mahmûd Ebû Rahîm, el-İmâm ʿOs̱mân b. Saʿîd ed-Dârimî ve difâʿuhû ʿan ʿaḳīdeti’s-selef , Beyrut 1410/1990, s. 108-112.
Ziyâeddin el-Cemâs, et-Tefekkür fi’l-esmâʾ ṭarîḳu’l-ʿulemâʾ , Beyrut 1410/1990, s. 75-86.
Muhammed Aruçi, “el-Esmâʾ ve’ṣ-ṣıfât fîmâ beyne ʿulemâʾi’s-selef ve ehli’l-iʿtizâl”, İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 1, İstanbul 1997, s. 31-46.
Bekir Topaloğlu, “Esmâ-i Hüsnâ”, DİA , XI, 404-405.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 548-551 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.