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Osmanlılar’a karşı mücadele eden Arnavut beyi.
1405 yılında doğdu. Asıl adı Gergi (Gjergj, Georges) olup Batı kaynaklarında Scanderbeg (Skandarbeg) şeklinde de geçer. Arnavutlar tarafından millî kahraman olarak tanınan İskender Bey Arnavutluk’un ünlü Kastriyota ailesine mensuptur. Kastriyotalar, 1385’te Voissa bozgunundan sonra öteki Arnavut beyleri gibi Osmanlı Padişahı I. Murad’ı metbû tanımışlardı. İskender Bey’in babası İvan (Yuvan) Kastriyota, Osmanlı ve Bizans kaynaklarında Arnavutluk’un en önemli beylerinden biri olarak gösterilmektedir. Osmanlılar, Ergirikasrı sancağının kuzeyindeki yerlere ona nisbetle Yuvan-ili adını vermişlerdi. 835 (1432) tarihli Arvanid Sancağı Timar Defteri ’ne göre sancağın kuzey sınırları hemen hemen Matia (Mat) ırmağına kadar geliyordu. Yuvan’ın arazisi de bunun kuzeyinde uzanmaktaydı. Yuvan, Osmanlılar’ın fetret devrinde (1402-1413) Venedik Cumhuriyeti’nin himayesine girerek Osmanlı tâbiliğinden çıkmaya çalıştı. Ancak II. Murad tahta geçip durumunu sağlamlaştırınca Yuvan-ili’ne karşı yeniden büyük kuvvetler gönderme imkânı bulabildi. 1423’te Evrenosoğlu Ali Bey bu uca yerleştirildi. Aynı timar defterine göre 1431’de Ali Bey’in Ergiri’de sancak beyi olduğu görülmektedir (Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Sancak-ı Arvanid , s. 1). Yuvan, muhtemelen dokuz yaşında olan oğlu Gergi’yi o sıralarda Osmanlı sarayına rehin olarak gönderdi. Edirne’de II. Murad’ın hizmetinde bir iç oğlanı eğitimi gören Gergi müslüman oldu ve İskender adını aldı. Hatta İskender’in babası, oğlunun bir Osmanlı beyi sıfatıyla gelip topraklarını alması tehdidinden Venedik’i haberdar etmişti. Gerçekten İskender Bey, Arvanid-ili timar defterinde 841 (1437-38) yılına doğru Yuvan-ili’nde timar sahibi olarak görülmektedir. İskender Bey’in buradaki timar topraklarının bir kısmı Dimitri Gönima nahiyesindeydi ve bunlardan dokuz köy 1438 Mayısında Andre Karlo’ya verilmişti. Bununla birlikte kendisi Akçahisar (Kruya) kadısı ile beraber timar için “muzaf bitisi” verdiğine göre o tarihlerde Akçahisar subaşısı olmalıdır. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi’nde bulunan tarihsiz bir belgede (nr. E. 6665) İskender’in, babasının merkezi Mus’un (Mysja) zeâmet olarak kendisine verilmesini istediği, ancak bu talebin sancak beyi tarafından kabul görmediği belirtilir. Bu olay onun Osmanlılar’a bağlılığını sarsmış olmalıdır. Batı kaynaklarında, İskender Bey’in İzlâdi savaşında (1443) timarlı sipahi olarak bulunmuş olabileceği, bozgunu müteakip Osmanlı ordusundan kaçtığı ve daha sonra isyana kalkıştığı iddia edilmektedir. Bu son savaşlarda genellikle akıncılar ve Rumeli beyleri gevşek hareket ederek padişahı kızdırmışlar ve sonunda kendi başlarına çekilip gitmişlerdi. O sırada Osmanlı Devleti büyük bir buhran içine düşmüş bulunuyordu. Öte yandan Macarlar yeni bir Haçlı seferi hazırlıyor ve Osmanlılar’ın Rumeli’den atılacağına inanılıyordu. Bu bakımdan Chalcondylas’ın dediği gibi herkes mülkünü geri alma telâşındaydı (History , II, 96). Güney Arnavutluk’ta Gin Zenebissi, atalarının topraklarını almak için sancak merkezi Ergirikasrı üzerine harekete geçmişti.
Bu umumi çözülme içinde İskender Bey de babasının beyliğini almak için memleketine koştu (Neşrî, II, 624). Aslında Arnavutluk’ta Osmanlı hâkimiyetine karşı isyanlar İskender Bey’den çok önce başlamıştı. Osmanlı idarecilerinin kendi topraklarında timarlı sipahi olarak bıraktıkları yerli beyler özellikle topraklarının mülkiyet ve veraset haklarını kaybetmiş olduklarından Osmanlı hâkimiyetine karşı isyana hazırdılar. Gerçekten ilk önemli isyan hareketini başlatan ve daha sonra İskender Bey’in kayınpederi olan Araniti toprak meselesi yüzünden ayaklanmıştı (Chalcondylas, II, 27). Bu isyanın umumi bir hal aldığı sırada Yuvan’ın da ayaklandığına dair bir işaret henüz yoktu.
İzlâdi’de Rumeli Beylerbeyi Kasım’ın ordugâhından kaçan İskender Bey gelip babasının topraklarını, Kuzey Arnavutluk’a giden yol üzerinde Svetigrad (Kocacık) Hisarı’nı ve Akçahisar’ı zaptetti. Bu arada Venedik’in himayesi altında, diğer Arnavut reisleriyle 1 Mart 1444’te Leş’te (Alessio) düzenlenen bir toplantıda anlaştı ve irtidad etti (Tursun Bey, s. 143). Osmanlı kaynaklarında bu yüzden “Hain İskender” diye anılan İskender Bey padişah tarafından âsi ilân edildi; bu arada Evrenosoğlu Îsâ Bey de Svetigrad Hisarı’nı zaptetmekle görevlendirildi. İskender Bey ilk başarısını burada kazandı, Osmanlılar ağır kayıplar verdiler (Neşrî, II, 624). O sırada büyük bir Haçlı ordusu Varna’ya doğru ilerlemekteydi. Arnavutluk’taki isyan hareketi papa tarafından destekleniyordu; papanın daha sonra bir Haçlı kahramanı ilân ettiği İskender Bey, XIX. yüzyıl Arnavut milliyetçilerince vatanlarının kurtuluşu için çalışan bir millî kahraman olarak anılacaktır. Gerçekte İskender Bey, akrabalık bağlarının bulunduğu Arnavut feodal beylerini, kabile reislerini etrafında toplamıştı. Bundan dolayı diğer Arnavut beylerinin ona karşı Venedik’le veya Osmanlılar’la birleşmesi şaşırtıcı değildir. Nitekim İskender Bey’e karşı yapılan savaşlarda birçok Arnavut beyi Osmanlı ordusunda timarlı sipahi olarak hizmet ediyordu. Bu isyan hareketi Kuzey Arnavutluk’ta taraftar buldu, ancak daha ziyade papa, Napoli kralı ve Venedikliler tarafından desteklendi. Yani İskender Bey hiçbir zaman bütün Arnavutluk’u ayaklandıramamıştı. Topladığı kuvvetler 8-10.000 civarındaydı; kendi adamları ise 2-3000 kişi kadardı. Gerilla taktikleriyle savaşan İskender Bey dağlık bölgedeki birkaç kalede (Stelush, Letrella ve özellikle merkezî konumdaki Kruya) tutunmuştu; bu kalelerdeki ateşli silâhları kullanmak üzere eğitilmiş kuvvetlerinin ihtiyacı, topladığı vergilerle ve daha çok yabancı müttefiklerinin yardımlarıyla karşılanıyordu.
İskender Bey’in Osmanlılar’la çeyrek asrı aşan mücadelesi birkaç safhaya ayrılır. 1448’e kadar pek önemsenmedi, hatta II. Murad tarafından kendi haline bırakıldı. Bu esnada İskender Bey, Dagno Arnavut beyinin öldürülüp bu şehrin Venedikliler tarafından işgali üzerine Venedik’le bozuştu ve 1447’de Dagno’yu kuşattı. Bu faaliyeti sırasında mahallî Osmanlı beylerinden destek aldı. Venedik onu hâlâ Osmanlılar’ın bir vasalı olarak görmekteydi. İskender Bey, 4 Ekim 1448’de imzaladığı anlaşma ile Dagno üzerindeki taleplerinden vazgeçti. Aynı yılın yaz aylarında ise II. Murad bizzat ordunun başına geçerek yanında Şehzade Mehmed olduğu halde Arnavutluk’a gelmiş ve kısa sürede Kocacık Hisarı’nı almıştı. Böylece Kuzey Arnavutluk yolu Osmanlılar’a açılmış oldu. Ancak o sırada Macar Kralı Hunyadi’nin büyük bir orduyla ilerlediği haberi gelince Akçahisar’ı kuşatmakta olan II. Murad Sofya’ya çekilerek ordusunu hazırladı. İskender Bey ve Mois Dibra’nın 1449’da Kocacık’ı geri alma teşebbüsleri sonuç vermedi; 1450 yazında tekrar Arnavutluk’a gelen II. Murad Akçahisar’ı kuşattı; kaleyi toplarla dövmeye başladı. İskender Bey, kalenin müdafaasını Urana’ya bırakarak dışarıdan Osmanlı ordusuna ve ikmal kollarına karşı âni hücumlarla çete savaşını sürdürdü. Bu arada Kocacık Hisarı’nın düşmesinden sonra Venedikliler’le yeniden anlaşarak Kruya’yı onlara vermeyi teklif etti. Fakat Venedik Osmanlı padişahıyla doğrudan karşılaşmaktan çekindi. Hunyadi’nin Balkanlar’a yeni bir seferinden endişe eden II. Murad ise dört buçuk aylık bir kuşatmadan sonra geri çekildi. Osmanlı padişahının bu çekilişi hıristiyan dünyasında sevinçle karşılandı ve Papa V. Nicolas, bir kahraman olarak ilân edilen İskender Bey’e yardım için bütün hıristiyan güçlere çağrıda bulundu. Arnavutluk’taki âsi beyleri destekleyen ve onları himayesine almaya çalışan Napoli Kralı V. Alfonso ona destek verdi. 26 Mart 1451’de yapılan anlaşmaya göre İskender Bey kralın tâbii oldu. Haziran ayında kralın askerleri Akçahisar’a yerleştiler. İskender Bey yılda 1500 duka tahsisat alacaktı. İskender Bey’in Napoli himayesine girmesi üzerine eski hâmisi Venedik ve Osmanlılar Arnavutluk’taki nüfuzlu aileleri ona karşı teşvik ettiler. Venedikliler Dukagin ailesini tuttular; Mois Dibra, Gjergj Balşa ve İskender’in yeğeni Hamza ise Osmanlılar’ın tarafına geçti.
O sırada Osmanlı tahtında II. Mehmed bulunuyordu. Genç padişah hükümdarlığının ilk yıllarında İskender Bey’e karşı kuvvetler göndermekle yetindi ve onu baskı altında tutmaya çalıştı. İstanbul kuşatması esnasında İbrâhim Bey kumandasında bir birliğin Arnavut-Napoli kuvvetlerine karşı hareket ettiği, fakat başarılı olamadığı bilinmektedir. İskender Bey, 1453’te Napoli’yi ziyaret ettikten sonra 1455 yazında 1000 kişilik bir Napoli kuvvetinin de yardımıyla Berat’ı kuşattı. Osmanlı kaynaklarında Arnavut Belgradı diye geçen bu şehir o sıralarda Ergiri’ye tâbi bir subaşılık idi. Evrenosoğlu Îsâ Bey kumandasında süratle yetişen bir Osmanlı ordusu onları bozguna uğrattı ve özellikle Napoli kuvvetlerine ağır kayıplar verdirdi (26 Temmuz 1455). Ardından âsilerin bulunduğu bölgelere akınlar yapılarak gözdağı verildi (Chalcondylas, II, 192). Ancak Berat önündeki mağlûbiyete rağmen İskender Bey’in hâmisi Arnavutluk’a yeni kuvvetler gönderdi. Fransız, Alman, Sırp, İngiliz gibi çeşitli milletlerden maceracılar papanın teşvikiyle gelip bu kuvvetlere katılmışlardı. Kuzeyden Macarlar’ın ilerlediği bir sırada bu taraftan başka Haçlı girişimi Osmanlı Devleti için son derece tehlikeli olabilirdi. II. Mehmed, Îsâ Bey’e akın emretti. Onun 1457’de büyük kuvvetlerle giriştiği seferde İskender Bey’in kuvvetleri, Tumenişi dağı yanında Albulena’da Türk ordugâhına bir baskın yaptılar. Hamza esir düştü. Bu başarı İtalya’da büyük bir zafer olarak kutlandı. Papa onu “papalığın generali” ilân ederek 500 duka altınla ödüllendirdi. 1459’da Osmanlı orduları Sırbistan’da faaliyette bulunurken Rumeli Beylerbeyi Mahmud Paşa, Evrenosoğlu Îsâ Bey’i tekrar Arnavutluk üzerine gönderdi. Türk akıncıları burada tekrar dehşet saldılar. O sıralarda İskender Bey’in hâmisi V. Alfons ölmüş ve Napoli Krallığı karışmıştı. Bu şartlar karşısında diğer âsi Arnavut beyleri gibi İskender Bey de papanın itirazlarına rağmen Osmanlı padişahına boyun eğdi; bir barış anlaşması imzalayarak (1460) her yıl saraya belli miktarda vergi (koyun olarak) verme ve padişahın seferlerine katılma şartlarını kabul etti (Kritovulos, s. 134). İskender Bey, yeni Napoli kralı Ferdinand’ın vasalı olarak âsilere karşı onun yardımına koştu (Ağustos 1461). Anlaşma maddelerine uymadıkları için Arnavutluk’a yeni akıncı birlikleri sevkedilince İskender Bey 11 Şubat 1462’de ülkesine döndü. Ertesi bahar bizzat padişah büyük bir orduyla o tarafa hareket edince boyun eğerek 27 Nisan 1463’te bir anlaşma daha yaptı (Âşıkpaşazâde, s. 159). Bunun üzerine Fâtih Sultan Mehmed o yıl Arnavutluk’a değil Bosna’ya yürüdü. Ancak yazın Osmanlı-Venedik savaşı başlayınca İskender Bey Venedikliler’le anlaştı (20 Ağustos 1463). Akçahisar’a Venedik kuvvetleri yerleştiğinden Arnavutluk’ta Osmanlılar’a karşı büyük bir tehdit oluştu. Bu durumda Ohri sancak beyi Balaban Paşa, İskender Bey’e karşı taarruza başladı. 1464 ve 1465 yıllarında devam eden bu çarpışmalardan kesin bir sonuç alınamadı. Nihayet 1466 baharında Fâtih Sultan Mehmed bu meseleyi halletmek için büyük bir ordunun başında Arnavutluk’a gitti. Şiddetli akınlarla âsileri yıldırmak istedi; baskınlarda bulunmak isteyen İskender Bey’i dağlarda takip ettirdi. Akçahisar önüne gelen padişah, çok sarp bir yerde yapılmış olan bu kaleyi almanın güçlüğünü görerek kuşatmayı Balaban Paşa’ya bıraktı. Arnavutluk âsilerini baskı altında tutmak üzere Orta Arnavutluk’ta İlbasan Kalesi’ni yirmi beş günde inşa ettirdi (Tursun Bey, s. 142).
İskender Bey ise yardım almak için Roma’ya ve metbûu Napoli kralının yanına gitti. 12 Aralık 1466’da gittiği Roma’da papa kendisine 5000 duka vermişti. Bu arada Macaristan’a ve Raguza’ya da adamlar gönderdi; fakat önemli bir sonuç elde edemeden 1467 Nisanı başlarında Arnavutluk’a geri döndü. Akçahisar’ı kuşatan Osmanlı kuvvetlerine karşı akınlar düzenledi. İlbasan Kalesi kuşatıldı (Kritovulos, s. 188). Bunun üzerine II. Mehmed Haziran 1467’de büyük bir orduyla Arnavutluk’a girdi. Osmanlı kuvvetleri önce İlbasan’ın güneyindeki Buzurşek Boğazı’nda kontrolü sağladılar. Akıncılar oradan sahile doğru ilerlediler. Venedikliler’in elindeki limanlara taarruzlarda bulundular. İskender Bey kaçıp Alessio (Leş) şehrine sığınmıştı. Padişah Draç’a (Durazzo) ilerlerken Mahmud Paşa, Matia ve Boyana ırmaklarını aşarak Skutari (İşkodra, İskenderiye) şehrini yağmalayıp ateşe verdi (Tursun Bey, s. 144). Ardından padişah Akçahisar’ı kuşattı. Fakat sarp kale bu defa da alınamadı ve şehrin muhasarasına devam için bir miktar kuvvet bırakıldı. Her tarafta kalelere kuvvetli garnizonlar yerleştirildi. Bir Venedik kalesi olan Leş’te bulunan İskender Bey 17 Ocak 1468’de burada öldü. Ölümünden sonra Osmanlılar, İskender Bey’in mirası üzerinde hak iddia eden Venedikliler’i Arnavutluk’tan çıkardılar.
Arnavutluk folkloründe millî kahraman olarak yaşayan İskender Bey’le ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmalar Georges T. Petrovitch tarafından Scander-Bey, Essai de bibliographie raisonnée: Ouvrage sur Scanderbeg écrits en langue française, anglaise, allemande, latine, italienne adlı eserde toplanmış ve kitap 1881’de Paris’te yayımlanmıştır. Daha sonra başta Arnavutluk’ta olmak üzere birçok yerde İskender Bey’le ilgili olarak çok sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 561-563 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.