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İSKENDER PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 979/1571)
Osmanlı beylerbeyi.
Çağdaşı öteki İskender paşalardan ayırmak için bazan Çerkez, bazan da Gazi veya Sarı lakaplarıyla anılır. 895’li (1490) yıllarda Aral gölü ile Hazar denizi arasındaki topraklarda dünyaya geldiği, babasını kaybetmesi üzerine ailesiyle birlikte Osmanlı ülkesine göç ettiği, 1510’lu yıllarda Trabzon’dan İstanbul’a gelerek Deli Hüsrev Paşa’ya intisap edip onun maiyetinde bazı seferlere katıldığı rivayet edilir. 1521’de Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliğine getirilen Hüsrev Paşa’nın yanında önce kapıcıbaşısı oldu, ardından çavuşbaşılığa yükseltildi. Hüsrev Paşa’nın Rumeli beylerbeyiliğine nakli üzerine onunla birlikte gitti. Bir süre sonra da sancak beyliğine terfi etti. 1541 yılında Budin Kalesi’nin doğrudan Osmanlı idaresi altına alındığı Macaristan seferine katıldı. 1546’da Diyarbekir, Şam ve Halep defterdarlıklarının toplandığı Arap ve Acem defterdarlığına tayin edildi. Ertesi yıl İstanbul’a çağrılarak Anadolu defterdarlığına getirildi (Peçuylu İbrâhim, I, 274).
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın 955’te (1548) çıktığı ikinci İran seferine katılan İskender Paşa, Tebriz’in zaptında önemli hizmetlerde bulundu. Aynı yıl içinde Van’ın ikinci ve kesin fethinden sonra kimsenin görev almak istemediği yıllık geliri 1 milyon akçe olan bu eyaletin kendi isteğiyle ilk beylerbeyi oldu (Selman, s. 65; Emecen – Şahin, XIX/23 [1998], s. 83). Van beylerbeyi iken harap haldeki Van Kalesi’ni onartıp savunma amaçlı olarak kullanılacak hale getirdi (BA, MD , nr. 6, s. 464). O sırada İran’ın Hoy Kalesi Beyi Dünbüllü Hacı Han’ın saldırı hazırlığı içinde olduğunu duyunca daha önce davranıp karlı bir kış günü Hoy’u zaptetti (Celâlzâde, vr. 398a-b ) ve Dünbüllü’nün başını padişaha gönderdi. Ertesi yıl yine İran’a ait Revan’a akınlar düzenledi ve çarşısına girerek yağmalattı (Hasan-ı Rûmlû, I, 341).
İskender Paşa 958 (1551) yılında Erzurum beylerbeyiliğine nakledildi. Bu görevi sırasında Gürcüler’le savaştı ve otuz üç gün süren kuşatmadan sonra Ardanuç Kalesi’ni alarak Osmanlı idaresine kattı (8 Cemâziyelâhir 958 / 13 Haziran 1551). Ardından doğuya doğru ilerleyerek Ardahan ve çevresini, Şavşat ve Göle’yi aldı. Narman Kalesi de İskender Paşa’nın gayretleriyle Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlandı.
Bu fetihler sırasında Gürcüler’in İran’dan yardım istemesi üzerine İskender Paşa Safevîler’e karşı bizzat hareket ederek çok sayıda esir ve ganimet almış, bunlar arasında Sâsânî hükümdarlarından Nûşirevân’a (Âlî Mustafa, Künhü’l-ahbâr , vr. 361a ) veya efsanevî İran Hükümdarı Cemşîd’e (Ârifî Fethullah Çelebi, s. 215) ait olduğu rivayet edilen la‘l kadehi Kanûnî’ye takdim etmiştir. 957 (1550) yılı sonlarında Kanûnî’nin İran seferinden dönmesinin ardından Şah I. Tahmasb, Hoy Kalesi’ni kaybetmiş olmanın hıncıyla hazırladığı büyük bir orduyu oğlu İsmâil Mirza kumandasında Erzurum’a göndermişti. Erzurum Kalesi önlerinde 5000 kişilik Osmanlı ordusu ile kalabalık Safevî ordusu arasında çok çetin bir savaş oldu ve sonunda İskender Paşa kuvvetleri yenildi; fakat kale düşmekten kurtuldu (959/1552). Paşa, üzüntü içinde padişahtan cezalandırılmayı beklerken Kanûnî gönderdiği mektupta şahın oğlunun kuvvetlerinin çok kalabalık ve kendisinin bu kadar dayanmasının bile takdire şayan olduğunu, elinden geleni yaptığını ve hatırını hoş tutmasını belirterek teselli etmiş; hil‘at, kılıç ve topuz göndererek gönlünü almıştır (Peçuylu İbrâhim, I, 298-299). Vezîriâzam Rüstem Paşa da gönderdiği mektupla İskender Paşa’nın gazâsını kutlamıştır.
İskender Paşa, Erzurum savaşından bir süre sonra Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliğine getirildi. Kanûnî’nin Nahcıvan seferi sırasında Arpaçayı civarında Safevî askerlerini bozguna uğrattı. 966’da (1559) Hasankale yakınlarında Karadere mevkiinde bir başka savaşa da katıldı. 974 (1566) yılına kadar aralıksız on dört yıl Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliği yapan İskender Paşa daha sonra Bağdat valiliğine getirildi (Kâtib Çelebi, s. 112).
Bu görevdeyken Ulyânzâde tarafından çıkarılan isyanı bastırmakla uğraştı. Onun ısrarlı takibi üzerine bir heyet göndererek aman dileyen Ulyânzâde padişaha tâbi olması, Basra hazinesine yılda 15.000 altın göndermesi ve teminat olarak o diyar şeyhlerinin oğullarından birkaçının Basra Kalesi’nde ikamet etmeleri şartlarıyla affedildi. Buna bağlı olarak da Rahmâniye Kalesi dışında o civarın şeyh ve beyleri Osmanlı Devleti’nin tâbiiyetini kabul etti (a.g.e. , s. 124-125).
İskender Paşa 977 (1569) yılında Mısır valiliğine tayin edildi. Sinan Paşa’nın Yemen’deki isyanı bastırmak amacıyla Mısır valiliğinden geçici olarak alınması üzerine yapılan bu tayinle iki yıla yakın burada görev yaptı ve devlet hazinesine gelir temini bakımından önemli hizmetlerde bulundu. Hatta on sekiz kese olan hac giderlerini on altı keseye düşürmesi şikâyete sebep olmuştu (BA, MD , nr. 12, s. 449). Sinan Paşa’nın dönmesi üzerine İstanbul’a gelen İskender Paşa yeni bir görev beklentisi içinde iken vefat etti. Bir rivayette yanlışlıkla kendisine izâfe edilen Kanlıca’daki İskender Paşa Külliyesi’ndeki (Winkelhane – Schwarz, s. 16), bir başka rivayete göre ise Diyarbekir’de kendi camisinin doğusundaki türbeye gömülmüştür (YA , IV, 2329).
İskender Paşa genellikle çağdaşı, adaşı ve meslektaşı olup aynı tarihte ölen devşirme kökenli Bostancıbaşı İskender Paşa ile karıştırılmış (Hammer, Constantinopolis , I, 228; İskenderoğlu, s. 44-47), hatta yakın zamanlara kadar Kanlıca’daki külliyenin bânisinin kim olduğu tartışılmıştır. Ancak son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalar, bu külliyenin Magosa’nın fethinden iki gün sonra ölen Bostancıbaşı İskender Paşa tarafından yaptırıldığını ortaya koymuş bulunmaktadır (BA, MD , nr. 4, s. 116; Winkelhane – Schwarz, tür.yer.).
Kaynaklarda akıllı, heybetli, kâmil, âdil, müşfik, bilgin ve yiğit bir kimse olarak nitelenen, Arapça ve Farsça’yı iyi bilen İskender Paşa konağında ilmî toplantılar düzenlemekten, fıkhî ve tasavvufî sohbetlerden hoşlanırdı. Şiirlerinin toplandığı bir divanı yoksa da şiirle meşgul olduğu bilinmektedir. Günümüze sadece Budin Kalesi’nin alınışıyla ilgili bir dörtlüğü ulaşmıştır.
İskender Paşa’nın Ahmed, Derviş ve Mehmed adlarında üç oğlu vardır. Bunların hepsi güçlü birer şair olup çeşitli yerlerde sancak beyliklerinde bulunmuşlar, Ahmed Paşa Rakka, Lahsâ ve Habeş beylerbeyiliği yapmıştır. İskender Paşa’nın soyu bu oğlundan devam etmiştir.
İskender Paşa görev yaptığı yerlerde cami, medrese, mektep, han ve hamamlar inşa ettirmiştir. Van valiliği sırasında burada yaptırdığı ve çeşitli vakıflar tahsis ettiği medrese ile mescidi I. Dünya Savaşı’ndaki Rus işgali sırasında harap olmuştur. İskender Paşa’nın Bitlis’in Rahva Geçidi’ndeki kervansaray niteliği taşıyan hanı ise özellikle kış mevsiminde yolcular için âdeta bir sığınak haline gelmiştir. Ahlat’ta Van gölü kıyısında eski kale içinde camisiyle hamamı bulunan İskender Paşa, Ahlat Kalesi varoşunun şenlenmesi için cuma günleri burada pazar kurulmasını sağlamıştır.
Erzurum beylerbeyiliği sırasında aldığı Ardanuç’ta Akkoyunlular zamanından kalma harap durumdaki camiyi yeniden inşa ettirerek ibadete açmış, bu caminin giderleri için de o civarda satın aldığı arsa üzerinde yaptırdığı altmış dükkânın gelirini bağışlamış, ayrıca yaptırdığı ev, fırın, boyahane gibi gayri menkullerin gelirlerini de bu camiye vakfetmiştir. Rus işgalinde minaresi yıkılan cami bir süre depo olarak kullanılmış, 1918 yılında geri alındıktan sonra ahşap bir minare ilâvesiyle tekrar ibadete açılmıştır.
İskender Paşa Diyarbekir’de plan ve projesi kendisine ait olması muhtemel büyük bir cami, bir konak, ayrıca medrese, hamam ve beş adet un değirmeniyle bir adet çeltik değirmeni, Dicle’ye nâzır ve Hamamlı adıyla anılan bir de köşk yaptırdığı gibi Hamravat suyunun şehre getirtilmesini sağlamış, muhtemel bir ablukaya karşı kale içinde bulduğu kaynağı da ıslah ederek şehrin su ihtiyacına katkı sağlamıştır. Padişah tarafından kendisine temlik edilen bu suyu değirmenlerin işlemesine vakfetmiştir. Bağdat’ta da vakıfları bulunduğu sanılan İskender Paşa’nın (İskenderoğlu, s. 40) Diyarbekir’deki camisinin evkafı ve tevliyeti evlâtlık olup halen İskenderoğlu adıyla anılan ailesinin idaresi altındadır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 565-566 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.