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İSKENDERUN Skip to content Akdeniz bölgesinde Hatay iline bağlı ilçe merkezi.
Aynı adı taşıyan körfezin doğu kenarında, Amanos dağlarının dik bir duvar gibi yükselen yamacı önündeki kıyı ovasında kurulmuştur. Aşılması güç bir engel oluşturan Amanos dağlarını Belen geçidindeki alçalma noktasından yararlanarak aşan ve eski çağlardan beri önemini korumuş olan bir yolun (Halep-Antakya-İskenderun yolu) Akdeniz kıyılarına ulaştığı kesimde yer alması şehrin önemini arttırmıştır. Şehrin limanının batıda hafif bir çıkıntı meydana getiren bir burnun siperinde yer alması, eski dönemlerden beri burada gemilerin barınmasını kolaylaştıran bir başka coğrafî özelliktir.
İskenderun, milâttan önce 333 yılında Büyük İskender’in adına izâfe edilerek Alexandreia adıyla kuruldu. Şehri kuranın bizzat İskender’in kendisi olduğuna dair rivayetler bulunmakla birlikte kumandanlarından Antigone tarafından kurulduğuna dair bilgi daha çok kuvvet kazanmıştır. Şehrin yerinde veya yakınında daha önce Fenikeliler’in tesis ettiği Myriandus şehri bulunuyordu. Myriandus da sonradan yerini alacak olan İskenderun gibi İran, Mezopotamya ve Yukarı Fırat havzası ürünlerini batıya, Akdeniz dünyası ürünlerini ise yakın doğuya sevkeden bir liman olarak kullanılıyordu. Büyük İskender’in Dârâ’ya karşı başarı elde ettiği Issos savaş alanına yakın bir yerde bulunan Alexandreia’yı İskender adına kurulan öteki şehirlerden ayırmak için buraya önceleri Alexandreia Kata Issos denildi. İskenderun’un avantajlı liman özelliklerine sahip olmasına rağmen şehrin İskender sonrası sahiplerinden olan Selevkoslar’ın Antakya’nın limanı olarak Âsi ırmağı ağzındaki Seleucia Pieria’yı (bu liman günümüzde tamamen dolmuştur) kullanmış olmaları şehrin bu dönemde fazla gelişmediğini gösterir. İskenderun’un gelişmesini engelleyen bir başka faktör de çevresindeki bataklıklardı. Bu bataklıkların sebep olduğu bazı hastalıklar yüzünden şehrin adı daha sonraki Roma döneminde “Alexandreia Scabiosa” olarak geçmektedir.
Roma devrinde İranlılar’ın saldırısına uğrayan ve bu arada kalesi tahrip edilen (III. yüzyıl) İskenderun, IV. yüzyıldan sonra özellikle Akdeniz’in güney sahilindeki aynı adı taşıyan şehirden ayırt edilebilmek için Alexandreia Minor (Küçük İskenderiye) adıyla anılmaya başlandı. Günümüzde Batı dillerinde kullanılan Alexandrette (Fransızca), Alessandrotto (İtalyanca) isimlerinin sonundaki küçültme ekleri de şehre bu anlamı vermektedir. Esasen Araplar’ın kullandığı İskenderûne şekli de Ârâmîce küçültme biçiminden ileri gelmektedir. İskenderun VII. yüzyıl ortalarında müslüman Araplar’ın hâkimiyetine girdi. Harap olmuş bulunan kalesi Abbâsî Halifesi Vâsiḳ-Billâh zamanında İbn Ebû Duâd tarafından inşa ettirildi (Ebü’l-Fidâ, s. 255). İslâm devrinde Suriye’de meydana getirilen beş askerî-idarî bölgeden (cünd) biri olan Kınnesrîn cündü içinde yer alan İskenderun’un bu dönemde de henüz liman olarak ön plana çıkmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Çünkü Araplar da İlkçağ’daki Seleucia Pieria Limanı’nın yerini almak üzere Âsi ağzı yakınında Süveydiye (günümüzdeki Samandağı) Limanı’nı kurarak burayı kullanmaya başlamışlardı.
Ortaçağ’da İskenderun müslüman Araplar’ın elinde devamlı olarak kalmamış, Doğu Roma ile (Bizans) İslâm devletleri arasında birçok defa el değiştirmiştir. XI. yüzyılda Büyük Selçuklu topraklarına katılan şehir daha sonra Eyyûbîler’e geçmiş, I. Haçlı seferleri sırasında 1097’de Tankred tarafından zaptedilmiştir. Bu dönemde kurulan Antakya Prinkepsliği’nin sınırları içinde kalan İskenderun, 1268’de Memlükler’in Antakya Prinkepsliği’ne son vermesi üzerine yeniden İslâm topraklarına katılmıştır. XIV. yüzyılın başında Ebü’l-Fidâ burayı tenha bir yer olarak gösterir. Bu devirdeki Doğu Akdeniz limanları hakkında geniş tasvirler yapan Sanuto da İskenderun’dan hiç söz etmez. Şehrin bu dönemdeki liman faaliyetinin sönük olması, İskenderun körfezinin batı sahillerinde önem kazanmış olan Ayas (günümüzdeki Yumurtalık) Limanı’ndan dolayıdır.
İskenderun XIV ve XV. yüzyıllarda Memlükler’in Halep valileri, bazan da Dulkadırlı emîrlerinin idaresi altında kaldı. Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Mısır seferi esnasında Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı. Osmanlı idaresi altına girdiği ilk yıllarda şehir hakkında bilgi veren Pîrî Reis burasını, “Bir alçak burnun üzerinde bir harap kal‘adır” şeklinde tarif eder. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında bir ara komşusu Payas’ın (Yakacık adı da verilir) daha fazla önem kazanması üzerine onun rekabetiyle karşılaşan İskenderun daha sonra Halep şehrinin iskelesi haline geldi ve giderek büyümeye başladı. XVII. yüzyılda Halep’e deniz yoluyla gelen tüccarların ve ticarî malların çoğu İskenderun’da karaya çıkardı. Daha güneydeki Lazkiye Limanı bu açıdan İskenderun’la rekabet edemez hale geldi ve İskenderun bu yörede tek önemli liman oldu. Bu yüzyıla ait bilgi veren Kâtib Çelebi, Halep’in iskelesi olan bu şehirde Fransız tâcirlerinin hiç eksik olmadığını yazmaktadır. Cihannümâ ’daki bu bilgi şehirdeki ticarî faaliyetin canlılığını ortaya koymaktadır. XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında şehirde tüccarlar tarafından satılan mallar arasında bal mumu, pamuk ipliği, ham ipek, ham pamuktan yapılan elbiseler sayılabilir. İskenderun Limanı ile Fransa’nın Marsilya Limanı arasında canlı bir ilişki mevcuttu. Antakya’nın önemli bir ihracat maddesi olan mavi boyalı bezleri özellikle Marsilya’da fakir halk tarafından çok aranıyordu ve bu bezler Marsilya’ya İskenderun’dan kalkan gemiler aracılığıyla gönderiliyordu. 1648 yılında şehre uğrayan Evliya Çelebi’nin verdiği bilgiye göre Halep’te ikamet eden Avrupa devletlerinin balyoslarının İskenderun’da vekilleri bulunuyordu. Limanda 200 kadar Frenk ve müslüman kalyonunu demirlemiş halde gördüğünü söyleyen Evliya Çelebi, kalesinin harap olduğunu ve bu kaleyi Vezir Nasuh Paşa’nın inşaya karar verdiğini, fakat tamamlatamadığını zikreder. Surlarının bulunmayışı İskenderun’u korunmasız bir şehir halinde bırakıyordu. Bu durum, hem yöre tâcirlerinin hem de Avrupalı tüccarın korsan tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalmasına yol açıyordu. Halep-İskenderun yolunun her zaman güvenceli olmaması, ayrıca liman çevresindeki bataklık sorununun halledilememesi gibi sebepler ve 1822 yılındaki şiddetli deprem şehri sarstı. İskenderun Belen’e bağlı bir köy durumuna düştü. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına yaklaşırken İskenderun ticaretinde ve liman faaliyetinde yeniden bir canlanma görüldü. Bu gelişme, şehrin limanının zamanın ölçülerine göre Halep şehrine iyi bir yol ile bağlanmış olmasından kaynaklanmaktaydı. Aynı dönemde Kuzey Suriye buğdaylarının ihraç limanı İskenderun’du ve Halep’le İskenderun arasında 10.000 deve gidip gelirdi. Liman faaliyeti artınca (1890’da limana giren gemilerin sayısı 600, 1905’te 711 idi) nüfusu da çoğaldı (Cuinet ’nin 1890 yılı için verdiği 6850 nüfus XX. yüzyıl başlarında 8000’e ulaşmıştı). İskenderun Limanı’nın kanunî ticareti yanında belgeler bu limanın yasal olmayan etkinliklerinden de söz etmektedir. Halep Osmanlı Bankası Şubesi’ne ait belgeler, 1900 yılında İskenderun Limanı’ndan ülkeye büyük miktarda sahte mecidiye sokulduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Aynı şekilde I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında bir türlü önlenemeyen altın kaçakçılığında daha çok İskenderun Limanı kullanılıyordu (Eldem, s. 202, 313).
Osmanlı Devleti’nin son yıllarında İskenderun’un ihtiyaca uygun liman tesislerine kavuşması ve bu limanın demir yoluyla bağlantısının sağlanması hususunda teşebbüslere girişildi. 1913’te Bağdat demiryolundan Toprakkale’de ayrılarak İskenderun’a ulaşan şube hattının açılışı yapıldı. Ayrıca küçük deniz araçlarının yanaşabildiği birtakım iskeleler de inşa edildi. Fakat bunu izleyen yıllarda Suriye’nin Osmanlı Devleti’nden kopması İskenderun Limanı’nın hinterlandını küçülttü. Kuzey Suriye ticaret etkinliğinin Halep-Humus demiryolu aracılığıyla Trablusşam’a kayması İskenderun için önemli bir darbe oldu. I. Dünya Savaşı esnasında altı defa bombardımana uğrayan İskenderun harbin sonlarında 9 Kasım 1918’de İngilizler tarafından işgal edildi.
İtilâf devletleri arasındaki gizli anlaşmaların sonucu olarak 10 Kasım 1918 tarihinde Coutelas adlı Fransız savaş gemisinden karaya çıkan ilk Fransız askerî birliği İskenderun’a girdi. 14 Kasım’da da asıl Fransız kuvvetleri şehre çıkmaya başladı. 12 Temmuz 1919’da İngiliz birlikleri İskenderun’dan tamamen çekilerek onların yerini Fransız kuvvetlerinin alması kararlaştırıldı; Ekim 1919’da da Fransızlar’ın idaresine bırakıldı. 20 Ekim 1921 tarihinde imzalanan Ankara İtilâfnâmesi sonucunda Fransızlar Adana, Mersin, Osmaniye, Kilis ve Gaziantep’i boşaltmayı kabul ettikleri halde İskenderun’un boşaltılmayıp şehre İskenderun sancağı adıyla ve Suriye sınırları içinde özel bir idarî muhtariyet verilmesini kabul ettiler.
1937 yılında, Suriye ile Fransa arasındaki müzakereler sırasında Türkiye’nin müdahalesiyle İskenderun sancağı yerine bağımsız Hatay Devleti kuruldu. İskenderun da merkezi Antakya olan bu devletin sınırları içinde yer alıyordu. 1939’da Hatay Devleti’nin Türkiye’ye bağlanması üzerine İskenderun, merkezi Antakya olan Hatay vilâyetine bağlı bir kazanın merkezi oldu. Fransız işgali sırasında 1930 yılına ait rakamlara göre İskenderun’un nüfusu 13.000 kadardı; ilhaktan sonraki ilk nüfus sayımında ise (1940) 11.859 olarak tesbit edildi. İskenderun’da liman faaliyetinin artması ve şehrin büyümesi 1940’lı yıllardan sonra başladı. Anadolu demiryollarının Doğu Anadolu’ya kadar uzatılması İskenderun Limanı’nın hinterlandını genişletti. 1945 sayımında şehrin nüfusu 18.612’ye ulaştı, 1950’de ise 20.000’i aştı. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından birkaç yıl İstanbul ve İzmir’den sonra Türkiye’nin üçüncü büyük limanı olma özelliğini korudu.
İskenderun’un birbirini dik kesen cadde ve sokaklarıyla düzgün bir planı vardır. Bu plan esas itibariyle 1928 yılında Fransızlar’ın yaptığı planı yansıtır. Sahilde, palmiye ağaçlarıyla süslü “Akdeniz tipi” şehir görünüşündeki Atatürk Bulvarı (Fransız dönemindeki Boulevard Cayla) uzanır. Mareşalçakmak, Beştemmuz (Fransız döneminin Marechal Foch caddesi), Kanatlı caddeleri sahile paralel uzanır. Sahile dik olarak inen Kışla, Yavuzsultanselim, Yenişehir, Şehitpamir, Ulucami ve Raifpaşa caddeleriyle Yenicadde ise yukarıda adı geçen caddeleri keser. Ulucami caddesinin Beştemmuz caddesiyle kesiştiği alan şehrin canlı iş merkezini oluşturur.
Günümüzde İskenderun önemli bir sanayi şehri durumundadır. Gıda, gübre, çimento fabrikalarından başka 1970’te temeli atılan, 1975’te üretime başlayan Türkiye’nin üçüncü demirçelik sanayii (Karabük ve Ereğli’den sonra) İskenderun’un ticarî hayatında daha büyük gelişmelere vesile oldu. Bu fabrikaya 1979’da ikinci, 1985’te üçüncü yüksek fırın eklenerek kapasitesi genişletildi. Sanayi, ticaret ve ulaşım alanındaki hızlı gelişmeye paralel olarak şehrin nüfusu da arttı. 1955’te 46.580 olan nüfus ilk defa 1975’te 100.000’i aştı (107.437); 1985’te 152.096’ya, 1990’da 154.807’ye ulaştı, 1997’de de 161.728’e yükseldi. Bu nüfus artışına paralel olarak şehrin mekân açısından büyümesi de sürdü.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Havkal, Ṣûretü’l-arż , s. 182.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân (Cündî) , I, 216.
Ebü’l-Fidâ, Taḳvîmü’l-büldân (nşr. J. T. Reinaud – M. G. de Slane), Paris 1840, s. 255.
Pîrî Reis, Kitâb-ı Bahriye (nşr. Ertuğrul Zekâi Ökte v.dğr.), İstanbul 1988, IV, 1576-1577.
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , s. 597.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , III, 46-47.
C. Niebuhr, Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern , Copenhagen 1774, III, 18.
Cuinet , II, 201-208.
P. Jacquet, Antioche , [baskı yeri yok] 1931, s. 56, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70.
A. Faik Türkmen, Mufassal Hatay , İstanbul 1937, s. 101, 102.
W. Heyd, Yakın-Doğu Ticaret Tarihi (trc. Enver Ziya Karal), Ankara 1975, s. 184, 409, 465, 610.
Tayfur Sökmen, Hatay’ın Kurtuluşu İçin Harcanan Çabalar , Ankara 1978, s. 14, 20, 35, 60-61, 77-86.
R. Kireççi, İskenderun , [baskı yeri yok] 1996.
Işın Demirkent, Haçlı Seferleri , İstanbul 1997, s. 118.
Kemal Çelik, Millî Mücadele’de Adana ve Havalisi (1918-1922) , Ankara 1999, s. 9, 10, 41, 54, 64, 65, 99.
Edhem Eldem, Osmanlı Bankası Tarihi , İstanbul 2000, s. 202, 313.
Cemal Alagöz, “Coğrafya Gözüyle Hatay”, DTCFD , II/2 (1944), s. 214.
İdris Bostan, “Osmanlı Topraklarında İlk Petrolün Bulunuşu ve İskenderun’da İlk Petrol İşletme Çalışmaları”, Coğrafya Araştırmaları , II, Ankara 1990, s. 129-135.
Suraiya Faroqhi, “Traders and Customs Officials in 1660s Iskenderun”, New Perspectives on Turkey , sy. 5-6, İstanbul 1991, s. 107-121.
Mustafa Budak, “TBMM Gizli Celse Zabıtlarına Göre Lozan Konferansı ve İskenderun Sancağı”, İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 2, İstanbul 1996, s. 39-46.
Saliha Koday, “İskenderun Limanı”, Türk Coğrafya Dergisi , sy. 33, İstanbul 1998, s. 211-235.
Besim Darkot, “İskenderûn”, İA , V/2, s. 1090-1093.
J. H. Mordtmann, “Iskandarūn”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 138.
Halil Sahillioğlu, “Antakya”, DİA , III, 231, 232.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 22. cildinde, 580-582 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.