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İSLÂM GİRAY III Skip to content (ö. 1064/1654)
Kırım hanı (1644-1654).
Selâmet Giray’ın en büyük oğludur. Can Beg Giray zamanında Lehistan’a yapılan seferde esir düşerek yedi sene kadar orada kaldı. Esareti sırasında hareketlerinde serbest bırakıldığı gibi Lehliler’in Prusya’ya ve Dinyeper Kazakları’na karşı yaptıkları seferlere de katıldı. IV. Murad devrinde Osmanlı tersanesinde bulunan on boyarın iadesi şartıyla serbest bırakıldı. Bir süre Yanbolu civarında oturdu; 1635’te Bahadır Giray Kırım hanı olunca onun veliahdlığına (kalgaylık) getirildi. Bu görevi sırasında, zorbalığa kalkışan Mansur beylerinin Bahçesaray’da ortadan kaldırılmasında önemli rol oynadıysa da daha sonra Jane Çerkez beyine karşı yaptığı seferde başarılı olamadı. Bahadır Giray’ın ölümü üzerine (Ekim 1641) hanlık için girişimde bulundu, fakat Sadrazam Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın, küçük kardeşi Mehmed Giray’ı desteklemesi yüzünden amacına ulaşamadı ve İstanbul’a çağrıldı. Ardından Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye’de (Çanakkale) mecburi ikamete tâbi tutulan İslâm Giray, veliahtlığı sırasında eşik ağası olan Sefer Gazi Ağa vasıtasıyla hanlık makamı için faaliyete başlayınca onunla birlikte Rodos’a sürüldü. Ancak Sultan İbrâhim üzerinde büyük nüfuzu olan Cinci Hoca sayesinde iki ay kadar sonra İstanbul’a çağrıldı, ardından da idaresizliği öne sürülen kardeşi Mehmed Giray’ın yerine Kırım hanlığına getirildi (Haziran 1644). Böylece çekişmesiz olarak tahta geçen İslâm Giray kardeşi Kırım Giray’ı kendisine veliaht, Gazi Giray’ı da ikinci veliaht (nûreddin) seçti.
III. İslâm Giray döneminde, sadece Kırım’ın iç tarihi için değil Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde Türk-Rus ve Leh siyasî münasebetleri bakımından da önemli gelişmeler meydana gelmiştir. İslâm Giray Han, önce Çerkez beyleri arasındaki rekabet ve kavgalar sebebiyle Jane Beyi Hakşumak (Ak Çomak) üzerine yürüdü, onu ve adamlarını ortadan kaldırıp yurdunu yağmaladı (1644). Böylece Çerkezler üzerinde hanlığın hâkimiyetini sağlamlaştırdı. Önceki han zamanında Moskova’ya karşı girişilen büyük sefer İslâm Giray döneminde başarıyla sona erdirildi. Rus Çarı Mihail Romanov yeni hana her yıl gönderilen “uluğ hazine ve bölekler”i yollamakta kusur etmedi; İslâm Giray da 1644 yılı sonunda Rus elçileri önünde barış ve dostluk antlaşmasını yeminle tasdik etti. Ertesi yıl Çar Mihail ölünce 1645 kışında Gazi Giray kumandasında Rus topraklarına bir sefer daha yapıldı ve 6300 esir alındı. İslâm Giray, yeni çar Aleksey (Alexej) Mihayloviç’e yazdığı mektupta gönderilen kürklerin çok aşağı kalitede olduğundan yakınmış ve Don nehrinden çıkan sekiz Kazak şaykasının Osmanlı topraklarını yağmaladığını, Azak’a giden iki kadırgaya saldırdığını, bu yüzden kardeşi Gazi Giray’ı Rus topraklarına akına gönderdiğini ifade etmişti. 1646’da Azak Kalesi’ne yeni bir Kazak saldırısı haberi üzerine yine Gazi Giray idaresinde gönderilen bir ordu Rus, Kazak, Çerkez ve Nogaylar’dan oluşan kuvvetleri dağıtmayı başardı. Bunun üzerine çar dostluk antlaşmasını yenilemek için elçiler gönderdi. İslâm Giray Han, çarın iki yıllık hazine ve “bölek”lerini göndermesi ve Moskova’ya tâbi kazakların Kırım’a ve Osmanlı topraklarına tecavüzlerine meydan vermemesi şartıyla muahedeyi yeniledi. 1647 yılında Şırın Beyi Karaş Mirza, hanın iznini almadan 10.000 kişilik bir kuvvetle yeni bir sefer yaptıysa da karın çokluğundan ve Ruslar’ın yeni savunma hatları yapmış olmasından dolayı başarılı olamadı. Daha sonra Rusya’ya uzun müddet akın yapılmadı. Rus çarı 1651 ve 1652’de yıllık haracı düzenli bir şekilde göndererek dostça ilişkilerini sürdürdü. Ancak Kırım hanı Don kazaklarının akınlarından devamlı şikâyet ediyor ve bunun Osmanlı padişahıyla çar arasındaki münasebetleri bozabileceğini söylüyordu. Beyaz Rusya ve Ukrayna üzerinde Lehistan ile hayatî meseleleri olan Rus Çarlığı, Kırım hanı ve Osmanlı sarayı ile iyi münasebetlerin devamına özen gösteriyordu. Hatta İslâm Giray Han, 1653’te Rus çarına Lehistan’a karşı ortak hareket için ittifak teklifinde bulundu, fakat Ruslar ancak ertesi yıl harekete geçebildiler. Halbuki bu tarihte Lehistan ile barış yapılmış ve ardından da İslâm Giray ölmüştü.
III. İslâm Giray’ın Lehistan’a karşı takip ettiği siyaset dostane başladı; tahta çıkar çıkmaz Lehistan kralına bir mektup göndererek daha fazla dostluk istediğini belirtti. Aynı mektupta, özellikle iki ülke arasında iyi münasebetleri bozan Zaporog Kazakları’na karşı ortak harekâta girişmeyi tavsiye ediyor ve nihayet vergi ve hediyelerin muntazaman gönderilmesi gerektiğini hatırlatıyordu. Fakat aynı yıl içinde Bogdan Chemilnicki idaresindeki Zaporog Kazakları Lehistan’a tâbiiyetten ayrılarak Kırım Hanlığı’na iltihak ettiler. Bu hadise Doğu Avrupa tarihinin en önemli olaylarından biridir. Türk kaynaklarına göre han gelen boyarlara saygı gösterdi ve Lehistan’a karşı yapılacak seferlerde yardım vaadinde bulundu (Naîmâ, IV, 285 vd.). Chemilnicki’ye de hatman lık pâyesi verdi. Hatman, Or beyi olan Argın Togan ile birlikte Leh ve Rus topraklarına sürekli akınlara başladı. Bu akınlar sırasında Kırım’a büyük miktarlarda ganimet girdi. O sıralarda Osmanlı pâyitahtı içeride iktidar mücadeleleri, dışarıda Girit savaşının doğurduğu buhranla sarsılmış durumdaydı. Dolayısıyla kuzeydeki gelişmeler karşısında çekingen bir politika izliyordu. Bu durumdan faydalanmak isteyen İslâm Giray Han serbestçe hareket etmeye başladı. Osmanlı idaresinin karşı çıkmasına rağmen 40.000 Kazak’ın kendisine tâbi olduğunu öne sürdü. 1648-1653 yılları arasında Kazaklar’la beraber Lehistan’a yapılan seferlerde önemli başarılar kazanıldı. 1649’da hanın aracılığı ile Lehistan kralıyla Kazaklar arasında bir anlaşma yapıldı (Zborov Anlaşması). Yine hanın baskısı altında Boğdan Voyvodası Lupul, Chemilnicki’ye ittifak teklifinde bulundu (1650). Bunun üzerine ertesi yıl Osmanlı padişahı tarafından himaye altına alındılar. Ancak aynı yıl, hanın bir adamının idaresindeki Tatar kuvvetleriyle Chemilnicki’nin Kazaklar’ı Lehler tarafından bozguna uğratıldı. Bu arada, Lehistan’a karşı İsveç’le de diplomatik münasebetlere girerek 1650’de bu ülkeye bir elçi gönderen İslâm Giray 15 Aralık 1653’te Lehler’le barış antlaşması imzaladı. Bu antlaşmaya tepki gösteren Kazaklar Moskova’ya başvurarak çara tâbiiyetlerini sundular (1654). Halbuki 1653’te daha İslâm Giray Lehistan’a karşı sefere çıkmadan önce Chemilnicki padişaha elçi göndererek bağlılık sunmuş ve “tabl ü alem” almıştı (a.g.e. , V, 278). III. İslâm Giray Han devri olayları Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuzeydeki durumu bakımından çok mühim gelişmelere yol açmıştır. Bu hadiseler, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın Çehrin Seferi’nin başlangıcını teşkil ettiği gibi bugün Ukrayna’nın dayandığı ilk Kazak devletinin oluşmasına zemin hazırlamıştır.
İslâm Giray zamanında Kırım içinde de önemli olaylar cereyan etmiştir. İstanbul’da çevirdiği entrikalarla hanlığı İslâm Giray’a verdiren “Uluğ-ağa” Sefer Gazi büyük nüfuz kazanmıştı. Nitekim Moskova’ya gönderdiği mektuplarda kullandığı, “hanın uluğ-ağası ve düstûr-ı ekrem müşîr-i efham vezîr-i a‘zam vekîl-i mutlakları bolgan Sefer Gazi Ağa” gibi unvanlar teamülün dışında bir azamet taşıyordu. Dört büyük Kırım kabilesi (Karaçu) tarafından desteklenen Sefer Gazi ile kapıkuluna dayanan Veliahd Kırım Giray arasındaki rekabet ülkede bir iç savaşın çıkmasına sebep oldu. Hanın maaşlı askeriyle saray halkının oluşturduğu kapıkulu, maaşlarını kesen Sefer Gazi Ağa’ya karşı Kırım Giray’la birlikte cephe alarak azledilmesini sağladılar. Sefer Gazi önce Kefe’ye kaçtı, fakat orada da hayatını tehlikede görünce mirzaların yanına gitti. Mirzalar, Rus ve Çerkez seferlerinde alınan ganimetlerin taksiminden memnun değillerdi. Bunlar, kapıkulu ile Kırım Giray’a karşı Sefer Gazi’yi destekleyerek onun eski makamına getirilmesini ve yeni ağaların kendilerine teslimini istediler, aksi takdirde çarpışmaya hazır olduklarını bildirdiler. Han ile mirzalar arasında Akmescid ve Karasu dolaylarında yapılan savaşta (1645) yenilen mirzalar kabileleriyle birlikte Orkapı’dan çıkarak steplere gittiler ve istekleri yerine getirilmediği takdirde Dinyeper ve Akkirman’a gidip yerleşeceklerini bildirdiler. Nihayet ulemânın aracılığı ve özellikle çarın ölümünü fırsat bilen hanın Rusya’ya yeni bir sefer girişiminde bulunması üzerine gelip itaat ettiler. O sıralarda Kırım’da büyük bir kıtlık hüküm sürmekteydi. Rus seferi bittikten sonra kavga yeniden alevlendi. İslâm Giray Han, İstanbul’a başvurarak Bahadır Giray zamanında Kırım’dan kovulmuş olan Mansûrîler’i geri çağırdı. 1647 baharında Orkapı dışında mirzalarla yeniden savaş başladı; geçici bir uzlaşmanın ardından tekrar karışıklık çıktı ve han ordusuyla harekete geçti. Bu defa kaçan mirzalar İstanbul’a başvurdular. Osmanlı hükümeti tahkikat için bir çavuş gönderdi. Han, Şırın, Sicivut ve Dayır mirzalarının mülklerini ikinci veliahd Gazi Giray’a verdiyse de nihaî zafer mirzalar tarafında kaldı. Mansûrîler’in iltihakı ile güçlenen mirzalar hana karşı yürüdüler. İslâm Giray bu defa savaşa girişmeyerek onların isteklerini kabul etti ve Sefer Gazi’yi eski makamına getirdi. Böylece hana karşı Kırım’ın ileri gelenleri tekrar galip gelmiş oldular. Zaten İslâm Giray zamanında dış siyasette görülen müstakil ve enerjik hareketler de esas itibariyle bu ileri gelenlerin eseriydi.
III. İslâm Giray devri, genellikle Moskova’ya ve Lehistan’a karşı kazanılan önemli siyasî ve askerî başarılar, ganimetin bolluğu ve bunun neticesinde tamga-akçesi vergisinin ilgası sayesinde Kırım tarihinde parlak bir dönem sayılmaktadır. Bazı kaynaklarda “gayet hakîm, mütedeyyin ve halim-meşrep biri” (Abdülgaffar Kırîmî, s. 124) olarak nitelenen İslâm Giray, Şâban 1064’te (Haziran 1654) oğullarının sünnet düğünü sırasında şîrpençe hastalığından ölmüştür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hacı Mehmed Senâi, III. İslâm Giray Han Tarihi: Historia Chana Islam Gireja III (nşr. Z. Abrahamowicz), Warsaw 1971.
Naîmâ, Târih , IV, 82-86, 115, 224-226, 285-287; V, 278-279.
Seyyid Mehmed Rızâ, es-Seb‘u’s-seyyâr fî ahbâri mülûki Tatar (nşr. Mirza A. Kâzım Bey), Kazan 1248/1832, tür.yer.
Halim Giray, Gülbün-i Hânân , İstanbul 1327, s. 100-105.
V. Velyaminov Zernov – Hüseyin Feyizhan, Kırım Yurtuna ve Ol Taraflarga Dâir Bolgan Yarlıglar ve Hatlar , St. Petersburg 1281/1864, tür.yer.
Abdülgaffar Kırîmî, Umdetü’t-tevârîh (nşr. Necib Âsım), İstanbul 1343, s. 124-133.
I. Novoselskiy, Borba Moskovskogo gosudarstva s Tatarami v pervoy polovine XVII veka , Moscow 1948, s. 308-414.
Cambridge History of Poland , Cambridge 1950, s. 514.
Halil İnalcık, “İslâm-Giray III”, İA , V/2, s. 1105-1108.
a.mlf., “Islām Girāy III”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 178-179.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 46-47 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.